The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

The potential for relay intercropping and double cropping was assessed in field trials over three consecutive years at Gatton, Queensland. The rationale was to use controlled traffic technology to facilitate relay and double cropping and thus research a cropping system that could exploit late winter crop rainfall. In Field Trial I, grain sorghum and sunflower, broadacre crops already grown within the Southern and Darling Downs regions of Queensland and New South Wales were intercropped into wheat; sunflower was intercropped with wheat in Field Trial II. Sole summer plantings were made at the same time as intercrops were planted. The wheat crop was cut and stubble removed to facilitate this. Various planting dates (three for Field Trial I; four for Field Trial II) for the relayed summer crops were used to determine if an optimum planting time existed. Plant height, tiller number, light interception, grain yield, soil moisture and economic return were used as parameters to compare the intercrop with sole plantings in Field Trial I. Grain yield, soil moisture, rainfall infiltration and economic return were measured in Field Trial II. Research also involved the modification and testing of a tractor to carry out the sowing of the intercrop. In Field Trial I, light interception was shown to vary at different stages of the wheat crop and the use of these stages to determine optimum planting dates of the relay crop is suggested. In both trials, no differences were recorded in the grain yield between intercropped and sole cropped wheat treatments suggesting the trafficking of the plot did not affect the wheat. As neither sorghum or sunflower established as intercrops, competition was not a factor in affecting wheat yields. Moisture readings in both trials showed little change below a depth of 100 cm; however some treatment differences were present at shallower depths. In Field ii Trial I, sole summer sorghum, especially the first planting date, showed reduced water capture/ higher soil evaporation due to wheat removal initially and later transpiration loss due to crop growth and increased weed pressure. Sole wheat treatments showed increased moisture storage after harvest due to lack of water use by the crop and increased infiltration/reduced runoff due to stubble retention. Improved soil moisture recharge after rainfall events was apparent in double cropped treatments suggesting not only improved water utilisation but also improved capture and storage is possible within this system. Sorghum, commonly used throughout south eastern Queensland as a summer crop option, proved unsuitable for relay intercropping in Field Trial I for Planting Dates 1 and 2. Minimum soil temperatures for these plantings were marginal as they were close to the 15o Celsius level recommended for sorghum. However, even though establishment was poor for the intercropped plantings, it was higher for sole sorghum plantings. Wheat allelopathic effects may be involved. To avoid the temperature limitations of sorghum, sunflower was selected as an alternative intercrop in the later planting dates of Field Trial I and all dates for Field Trial II. Reasons for the poor establishment and yield of sunflowers in the earlier intercrop planting dates compared to sole plantings remain unknown but also may be related to allelopathic effects from intercropped wheat. Low soil temperature was not a factor affecting establishment Yields for planting dates were recorded in the intercropped sunflower treatments for Field Trial II and the optimal planting time for sunflowers in a wheat/sunflower relay intercrop was identified as when physiological maturity of the wheat had occurred. This may relate to the wheat crop stage. In Field Trial II, no significant differences in soil moisture were recorded between treatments from overall water use for the trial period. There were differences in water use between intercropped and sole cropped treatments for iii some rainfall events. Three rainfall events were chosen for closer study in each of the field trials conducted. Each event varied in the length and time as well as the duration and intensity of the rain that fell for the period. For the first rainfall period the moisture content of the first planting date of the sole summer treatment and to a lesser extent the second planting date of the same treatment increased, most likely due to wheat removal. In the third rainfall period the double cropped sunflower treatment with stubble tended to store less moisture and this may be due to the active crop growth at this time. It was evident in both field trials of the need for an effective weed control program in the intercrop plots. Weeds were controlled in wheel tracks by glyphosate sprays. Cultural methods may help but a herbicide suitable for both components of the intercrop would be very useful. A tractor was successfully modified to a 3 metre wheelspace and a clearance of 70 cm. This proved sufficient for planting the relay intercrop in Field Trial II without negatively affecting the yield of the standing crop. The row spacing of 18 cm for wheat in a 3 metre fixed bed and wheeltrack configuration assisted with guidance and interplanting of the relay crop. The relay crop was sown as single alternating rows.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_e_dr_botfca.pdf: 848383 bytes, checksum: 44d5e9fbafc7f7b8fefd5bb90ee2d35a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivo: 1) avaliar a produtividade de grãos da cultura de milho em épocas de consorciação com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça em SPD; 2) avaliar o desempenho das plantas forrageiras consorciadas em épocas e a resposta à adubação nitrogenada aplicada após a colheita do milho, quanto à produtividade e valor nutritivo; 3) verificar, na B. brizantha, o acúmulo de nitrogênio total e proveniente do fertilizante nitrato de amônio (NPPF) com doses de nitrato de amônio (15NH4NO3) aplicado em cobertura nas plantas forrageiras após a colheita da cultura do milho; 4) avaliar o residual da adubação nitrogenada nas plantas forrageiras na cultura do milho cultivado em sucessão; 5)avaliar o aproveitamento do nitrogênio (15N), aplicado em cobertura na B. brizantha, pela cultura sucedânea do milho. Para atingir tais propósitos, foram conduzidos três estudos simultaneamente, conduzidos em condições de campo durante os anos agrícolas de 2003/04, 2004/05 e 2005/06 na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – Campus de Botucatu, em NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Estruturado, cultivado em SPD. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No estudo I, os tratamentos foram: 1) cultivo do milho solteiro; 2) milho com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu consorciada na semeadura; 3) milho com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu consorciada na adubação de cobertura; 4) milho com Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça consorciado na semeadura; 5) milho com Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça consorciado na adubação de cobertura. No segundo e terceiro anos de condução do experimento (anos agrícolas 2004/05 e 2005/06), após a colheita da cultura do milho, foi aplicado nitrato de amônio em cobertura nas quantidades equivalentes a 0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 de N... / The present work aimed to: 1) evaluate corn grain yield under different intercropping epochs with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça under no-tillage system; 2) evaluate the performance of the forages intercropped and the answer of these crops to nitrogen rates applied after corn harvest, considering the productivity and nutritional value; 3) verify, in B. brizantha, the total nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen accumulated from the fertilizer ammonium nitrate (NPPF) under different ammonium nitrate rates (15NH4NO3) applied in the forages as cover crop after corn harvest; 4) evaluate the nitrogen profit (15N), applied as cover crop in B. brizantha, by corn cultivated in succession. To reach the proposed objectives, it was carried on three simultaneous studies, carriers on at field conditions, during the cropping years of 2003/04, 2004/05 and 2005/06 at Lageado Experimental Farm, College of Agricultural Sciences, in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in a structured Oxisol cultivated under no-tillage system. The experimental design was in blocks completely randomized, with four replicates. In the experiment I, the treatments were: 1) corn cultivated alone; 2) corn with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu as consortium seeded at corn seeding; 3) corn with B. brizantha cv. Marandu as consortium seeded at corn cover fertilization; 4) corn with Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça as consortium seeded at corn seeding; 5) corn with P. maximum cv. Mombaça as consortium seeded at corn cover fertilization. In the second and third experimental years (2004/05 and 2005/06), after corn grain harvest, it was applied cover rates of ammonium nitrate, equivalent to 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 of N. Only under B. brizantha were allocated micro parcels in which it was applied enriched ammonium nitrate (15NH4NO3), to evaluate the N recovery by Brachiaria ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os remanescentes florestais, refúgios de biodiversidade, estão sob grande pressão antrópica. A Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (Mata Atlântica do Interior) foi a formação florestal mais devastada no bioma Mata Atlântica. Frente ao quadro de destruição florestal, mudanças climáticas e problemas socioeconômicos, somos desafiadosa desenhar e adaptar novos modelos de restauração florestal, associados ao processo de desenvolvimento e geração de renda das comunidades locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi contribuir com a pesquisa em restauração florestal, avaliando práticas de cultivo intercalar de plantas leguminosas e/ou sistemas agroflorestais, como catalisadores da restauração ecológica, na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, estado de São Paulo. A hipótese central testada é se o controle de plantas espontâneas em plantios de restauração ecológica pode ser realizado através de cultivos intercalares e se os cultivos intercalares interferem na fertilidade do solo e no desenvolvimento das espécies florestais.Durante 24 meses foram monitorados e avaliados: a dinâmica das plantas espontâneas, a evolução da fertilidade do solo eo desenvolvimento das espécies florestais em cada tratamento proposto.O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos em 4 repetições, sendo: (TE) - Testemunha, sem nenhum cultivo intercalar; (SAF) - Sistema Agroflorestal, plantio de feijão na entrelinha da cultura florestal; (FG) - Feijão guandu, plantado na entrelinha da cultura florestal; (LAB) - Labe-labe, plantado na entrelinha da cultura florestal.Os dados foram analisados em ambiente R, através da ANOVA e testeTUKEY a posteriori. Os resultados das plantas espontâneas apontam para a Brachiaria brizantha como a espécie dominante no tratamento TE e que todos os tratamentos foram capazes de controlar a Brachiaria brizantha. Para a fertilidade do solo, não foram observadasdiferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e/ou anos para as variáveis Ca,H+Al, Mg, M.O., N, SB e V%. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e/ou anos para as variáveis P, K, CTC e pH.Em relação ao desenvolvimento das espécies florestais, quando comparados ambos os grupos ecológicos (pioneiras e não pioneiras), observou-se que todos os tratamentos possuem menor mortalidade e maior altura média quando comparados aTE.Os resultados das análises de área basal, para ambos os grupos ecológicos, sugerem que um menor período de uso das entrelinhas favoreça o crescimento em área basal, porém promove alta mortalidade no grupo das não pioneiras.Conclui-se que os manejos de entrelinha com sistemas agroflorestais ou com cultivo de leguminosas, foram eficientes em criar condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de espécies florestais, porém o tempo de uso da entrelinha teve influência direta sobre a mortalidade das não pioneiras. / The remaining forests fragments, refuges for biodiversity, are under great anthropogenic pressure. Semi deciduousAtlantic Forest (Mata Atlantica Interior) was the most devastated forest formation in the Atlantic Forest biome. Facing forest destruction, climate change and socioeconomic problems, we are challenged to design and adapt new models of ecological restoration, associated with the rural development and income generation for local communities. The objective of this study was to contribute to research on ecological restoration, assessing management practices through the cultivation of leguminous speciesand agroforestry systems, as catalysts for ecological restoration in the region of Pontal Paranapanema, state of São Paulo. During 24 months it was monitored and evaluated the dynamic of weeds, the evolution of soil fertility and the development of forest species in each proposed treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized with 8 treatments and 1 control in 4 repetitions: (TE) - Control, without intercropping cultivation; (SAF) - Agroforestry System with beansintercropped; (FG) - pigeonpea intercropped with forest; (LAB) - Labe-labe intercropped with forest. Data were analyzed in R environment, by ANOVA and Tukey tests retrospectively. The results point to Brachiaria brizantha as dominant specie in TE, and that all treatments were able to control the spontaneous species. There were no significant differences between treatments and / or years for the variables Ca, H+Al, Mg, OM, N, SB and V%. Significant differences were found between treatments and / or years for the variables P, K, CTC and pH. When both functional groups compared, all treatments have lower mortality and higher average height, compared to the control plots. The results of basal area for both functional groups, suggest that a shorter period of use of lines favor the growth of basal area, but promotes high mortality in the group of non-pioneer tree species. The results suggestthat agroforestry and leguminous species cultivation of pigeonpea and labe-labe, are effective in creating favorable conditions for the development of forest species, but intercropping period has a direct influence on mortality of non-pioneer tree species.

O cultivo de plantas oleaginosas é uma das principais atividades de subsistência para pequenos agricultores na Paraíba. Porém estes cultivos são afetados por pulgões. Alternativas agroecológicas têm sido consideradas como uma estratégia eficiente no controle de insetos sugadores. Este estudo tem o objetivo de relatar a influência do consórcio de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) e algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) com fibra colorida nas populações de Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e do principal inimigo natural Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) ao longo do tempo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2009, 2010 e 2011 na Área Experimental da Embrapa - Algodão localizado no município de Lagoa Seca - PB, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos: cultivo de erva-doce solteiro, algodão solteiro e erva-doce consorciada com algodão, distribuído em quatro repetições. O levantamento populacional dos pulgões e seus respectivos inimigos naturais na área experimental ocorreu em intervalos semanais do início até o fim do ciclo produtivo da erva-doce e do algodão com fibra colorida em cada ano de estudo. A dinâmica e distribuição dos insetos tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce em ambos os sistemas de cultivo foram analisados através da ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0,05). A análise de associação interespecífica ao longo dos três anos de estudo foi baseada na presença e ausência de pulgões e seus inimigos naturais nos dois tipos de cultivos. Foram utilizados modelos matemáticos de equações de diferença para explicar o comportamento dos pulgões e do seu predador. A taxa de crescimento da presa (K1), qualidade da planta de algodão (Qa) e qualidade da planta de erva-doce (Qe), taxa de chegada da praga na planta, resposta numérica do predador foram inclusos nos modelos e analisados em diagrama de bifurcação. Tanto no algodão quanto na erva-doce solteira foi encontrado mais pulgões ápteros e alados do que no sistema consorciado. Independentemente do sistema de cultivo, as regiões da planta de algodão com maior concentração de A. gossypii foram a apical e a mediana, enquanto que a região da planta de erva-doce com maior número de H. foeniculi áptero e alado foi a apical. A produção de picos populacionais de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi se deu em idade distinta das plantas solteiras ou consorciadas. A. gossypii e H. foeniculi na maioria dos casos não coocorreram no consórcio. A movimentação do predador C. sanguinea foi geralmente associada ao sistema de cultivo consorciado e isto se deve provavelmente em função de A. gossypii e H. foeniculi áptero ou alado que ocorreram em épocas distintas ao longo do ano. A qualidade da planta, tanto no sistema de cultivo de algodão ou erva-doce solteiro quanto em algodão ou erva-doce no sistema de cultivo consorciado, mudou o comportamento dos insetos com K1 superior a 1,4. Portanto, o consórcio de algodão com erva-doce pode ser ferramenta importante para o manejo integrado de pulgões. / The cultivation of oilseeds is considered as major activity of small farmers in Paraiba State. However, these crops are affected by aphids. Agroecology alternatives have been considered as an efficient strategy in sucking insects. This study has the objective of reporting the influence of colored fiber cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) intercropped with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on populations of Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemy Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) over the time. The study was conducted on 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons in Experimental Station of the Embrapa - Cotton, placed in the municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with three treatments: sole fennel, sole cotton, and colored fiber cotton intercropped with fennel, distributed in four replications. The population study of aphids and their natural enemy was carried out weekly within of each season. The dynamic and distribution of insects in sole cotton, sole fennel, or in cotton-fennel intercropping systems were analyzed by the ANOVA and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (P = 0.05) test. Interspecific association was used to analyze the dynamic herbivore-plant and predator-prey over the three years study, based in aphid and their natural enemy presence or absence in sole crop or intercropping systems. Difference equations have been used to explain the behavior of aphids and their predator. Growth rate of pest (K1), quality of cotton plant (Qa) and fennel plant (Qe), pest immigration rate and the numerical response of predator were included in the model and showed in bifurcation diagrams. Both sole cotton and sole fennel hosted more aphids than cotton-fennel intercropping system. Independently of the crop system, in the cotton plants, A. gossypii populations were highest in the apical and middle regions, whereas in fennel, H. foeniculi apterous and alate populations were highest in the apical regions. A. gossypii and H. foeniculi peaked in different ages of sole crop or intercropping system. In many cases there was no co-occurrence of A. gossypii and H. foeniculi in intercropping systems. C. sanguinea was associated with the intercropping systems in response to A. gossypii and H. foeniculi that were found in distinct times over the year. The plant quality in both cotton and fennel in sole crop or intercropping system, changes the insect behavior with K1 higher than 1.4. Therefore, cotton-fennel intercropping can be used in aphids integrated pest management.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar a zona do solo de onde o K foi absorvido e acumulado na soja (safra) e nas plantas em sucessão (segunda safra: milho, braquiária e milho consorciado com a braquiária). Para tanto, utilizou o elemento rubídio (Rb) como marcador do nutriente potássio (K), o qual foi posicionado na superfície do solo, a 30 cm e 60 cm de profundidade. A contribuição relativa de as camadas do solo para a ciclagem de K será assumida como proveniente dos primeiros 30 cm de solo (Rb na superfície), de 30 cm a 60 cm (Rb a 30 cm) e de 60 cm a 90 cm de profundidade (Rb a 60 cm). Ainda, a ciclagem de K foi obtida indiretamente, a partir da recuperação de Rb, com base na hipótese de que a mesma equivale à recuperação de K do solo. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional de Jataí, no ano agrícola 2015/2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas constituem os sistemas de produção (soja, soja/milho, soja/braquiária e soja/milho-braquiária), e as subparcelas correspondem às profundidades onde foi posicionado o Rb (superfície do solo, 30 e 60 cm de profundidade). Na soja, a maior parte do K (60%) acumulado foi absorvida da camada superficial do solo, e nas plantas em sucessão a contribuição foi das camadas subsuperficiais, abaixo de 30 cm de profundidade (braquiária - 74%, milho-braquiária - 71% e milho - 81%). A recuperação do K reciclado da parte aérea da soja foi maior para a forrageira (84%), seguida pelo consórcio milho-braquiária (13%) e milho (2,5%). / This research was carried out to identify the soil depth from where K was absorbed and accumulated in the soybean (first season) and in the plants of succession (second season: corn, brachiaria and corn-brachiaria intercropped). In order to do so, it was used the rubidium element (Rb) as marker of potassium nutrient (K), which was positioned on the soil surface, 30 cm and 60 cm depths. The relative contribution of the soil layers to the K cycling will be assumed as the amount coming from the first 30 cm of soil (Rb at the surface), from 30 cm to 60 cm (Rb at 30 cm) and from 60 cm to 90 cm depth (Rb at 60 cm). Also, the cycling of K was obtained indirectly, from the recovery of Rb based on the hypothesis that it has equal recovery of K from the soil. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Goiás, Jataí Regional, in the season of 2015/2016. The experimental design was split-plot with randomized blocks and four replicates. The plots constitute the production systems (soybean, soybean/corn, soybean/brachiaria and soybean/corn-brachiaria intercropped), and the subplots correspond to the depths where the Rb was placed (soil surface, 30 and 60 cm deep). In soybean, most of the K uptake (60%) was taken from the soil surface layer, and in the plants in succession the contribution was from the subsurface layers, below 30 cm depth (brachiaria - 74%, Brachiaria-corn - 71% and corn - 81%). The recovery of recycled K of the soybean above ground was higher in the forage (84%), followed by the corn-brachiaria intercropped (13%) and corn (2.5%).