For an engine running at a constant speed, both exhaust and intake processes are periodic in nature. This inspires the muffler designer to go for the much easier and faster frequency domain modeling. But analogous to electrical filter, as per Thevenin’s theorem, the acoustic filter or muffler requires prior knowledge of the load-independent source characteristics (acoustic pressure and internal impedance), corresponding to the open circuit voltage and internal impedance of an electrical source. Studies have shown that it is not feasible to evaluate these source characteristics making use of either the direct measurement method or the indirect evaluation method. Hence, prediction of the radiated exhaust or intake noise has been subject to trial and error. Making use of the fact that pressure perturbation in a duct is a superposition of the forward moving wave and the reflected wave, a simple hybrid approach has been proposed making use of an interrelationship between progressive wave variables of the linear acoustic theory and Riemann variables of the method of characteristics. Neglecting the effect of nonlinearities, reflection of the forward moving wave has been duly incorporated at the exhaust valve. The reflection co-efficient of the system downstream of the exhaust valve has been calculated by means of the transfer matrix method at each of the several harmonics of the engine firing frequency. This simplified approach can predict exhaust noise with or without muffler for a naturally aspirated, single cylinder engine. However, this proves to be inadequate in predicting the exhaust noise of multi-cylinder engines. Thus, estimation of radiated noise has met only limited success in this approach. Strictly speaking, unique source characteristics do not exist for an IC engine because of the associated non-linearity of the time-varying source. Yet, a designer would like to know the un-muffled noise level in order to assess the required insertion loss of a suitable muffler. As far as the analysis and design of a muffler is concerned, the linear frequency-domain analysis by means of the transfer matrix approach is most convenient and time saving. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is very desirable to be able to evaluate source characteristics, even if grossly approximate. If somehow it were possible to parameterize the source characteristics of an engine in terms of basic engine parameters, then it would be possible to evaluate the un-muffled noise before a design is taken up as a first approximation. This aspect has been investigated in detail in this work. A finite-volume CFD (one dimensional) model has been used in conjunction with the two-load or multi-load method to evaluate the source characteristics at a point just downstream of the exhaust manifold for the exhaust system, and upstream of the air filter (dirty side) in the case of the intake system. These source characteristics have been extracted from the pressure time history calculated at that point using the electro-acoustic analogy. Systematic parametric studies have yielded approximate empirical expressions for the source characteristics of an engine in terms of the basic engine parameters like engine RPM, capacity (swept volume or displacement), air-fuel ratio, and the number of cylinders. The effect of other parameters has been found to be relatively insignificant. Unlike exhaust noise, the intake system noise of an automobile cannot be measured because of the proximity of the engine at the point of measurement. Besides, the intake side is associated with turbocharger (booster), intercooler, cooling fan, etc., which will make the measurement of the intake noise erroneous. From the noise radiation point of view, intake noise used to be considered to be a minor source of noise as compared to the exhaust noise. Therefore, very little has been done or reported on prediction of the intake noise as compared to the exhaust noise. But nowadays, with efficient exhaust mufflers, the un-muffled intake noise has become a contributing factor to the passenger compartment noise level as a luxury decisive factor. Therefore, in this investigation both the intake and the exhaust side source characteristics have been found out for the compression ignition as well as the spark ignition engines. Besides, in the case of compression ignition engines, typical turbocharged as well as naturally aspirated engines have been considered. One of the inputs to the time-domain simulation is the intake valve and exhaust valve lift histories as functions of crank angle. It is very cumbersome and time-consuming to measure and feed these data into the program. Sometimes, this data is not available or cannot be determined easily. So, a generalized formula for the valve lift has been developed by observing the valve lift curves of various engines. The maximum exhaust valve lift has been expressed as a function of the swept volume of the cylinder. This formulation is not intended for designing a cam profile; it is for the purpose of determining approximate thermodynamic quantities to help a muffler designer for an initial estimation. It has also been observed during the investigation that from the acoustic point of view, sometimes it is better to open the exhaust valve a little earlier, but very slowly and smoothly, and keep it open for a longer time. Although the exact source characteristics for an automobile engine cannot be determined precisely, yet the values of source characteristics calculated using this methodology have been shown to be reasonably good for approximate prediction of the un-muffled noise as well as insertion loss of a given muffler. The resultant empirical expressions for the source characteristics enable the potential user to make use of the frequency-domain cum-transfer matrix approach throughout; the time consuming time-domain simulation of the engine exhaust source is no longer necessary. Predictions of the un-muffled sound pressure level of automotive engines have been corroborated against measured values as the well as the full scale time-domain predictions making use of a finite-volume software.

Orientador: Airton Nabarrete / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:07:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selim_AndreBaroni_M.pdf: 8247651 bytes, checksum: 306a914d67d3207fb1d8f193b3bf7bd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa estudar a influência do balanceador de massas e das forças de inércia dos componentes internos móveis do motor na dinâmica do motor de combustão interna apoiado sobre amortecedores de vibrações. Para o estudo da influência do balanceador de massas, diversas análises experimentais foram realizadas com um motor em dinamômetro. Chegam-se nas conclusões através da comparação dos deslocamentos medidos do motor com e sem balanceador de massas. Para que a influência das forças de inércia dos componentes internos móveis do motor fosse estudada, um modelo matemático foi criado. Neste modelo consideram-se as forças vindas dos componentes internos móveis atuando em um corpo rígido, neste caso o bloco do motor, apoiado sobre quatro amortecedores de vibrações com seis graus de liberdade. Variam-se dados construtivos como massas e geometria dos componentes internos móveis do motor observando a sua influência sobre o comportamento dinâmico do motor de combustão interna. A validação deste modelo matemático ocorre por meio da comparação de seus resultados com os resultados reais observados nas análises experimentais / Abstract: This work aims at studying the influence of mass balancer and inertia forces coming from engine internal components on internal combustion engine dynamics supported by vibration dampers. For mass balancer study several experimental analyses were performed with a dynamometer. The conclusions are obtained by comparison between measured engine displacements with and without mass balancer. To study the influence of inertia forces from engine internal components, a mathematical model was developed. In this model the inertia forces act on a rigid body, the engine crankcase, supported by four vibration dampers and with six degrees of freedom. Some modifications are made on engine internal components such as mass and geometry observing what is their influence on internal combustion engine dynamics. The mathematical model is validated by comparison against experimental analyses / Mestrado / Dinâmica / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The quest for higher efficiency of the internal combustion engine will always be pursued. Increasingly stringent emission regulations are forcing manufacturers to downsize on engine displacement and increase specific power. By adding a turbocharger, the airflow throught he engine and hence the specific power can be increased.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study involved the modeling and verification of the finger follower valve train arrangement with the focus on the non-linear behaviour of high speed valve springs. The project was divided into three phases namely; the measuring of valve train dynamics, modeling of the valve train and the verification of the dynamic models by comparing the results from the two aforementioned two phases. Acceleration and force were measured on a running engine. A force transducer was specially developed for this purpose. Digital signal processing was used in the analysis and implementation of all measured data. The spring model was developed systematically from a solid model, into a finite element model, and finally into a dynamic model. All development steps were continually checked with experiments and calculations. The primary concept used in the spring modeling lends itself to modal analysis theory in conjunction with the superimposing of non-linearities onto a linear model. The dynamic model was verified and good correlations were found, especially at high engine speeds where valve train dynamics play an important role. Parameter adjustments could be made in the dynamic model and the effect that some engine mechanisms, such as engine oil aeration, had on the valve train dynamics were identified. The project was concluded with a case study of a cam profile optimisation project. Dynamic problems were found that would normally not have been identified without the dynamic model.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is concerned with unsteady, one-dimensional flow, which closely mimics those found in the manifolds of internal combustion engines. The physical equations describing problems of this nature are presented and some of the important concepts introduced. These equations and concepts were verified by comparison to published results. The Method of Characteristics (MaC) for unsteady one-dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer was used to analyse the gas flow through the inlet and exhaust systems of an engine. The theoretical derivation of unsteady gas dynamic boundary conditions is presented and the integration with the unsteady pipe flow explained. A simulation flow model was developed to analyse the flow by using the Mae. Thisflow model was then incorporated into an engine simulation program, ESA,to simulate internal combustion engines and to predict the performance of a specific engine. A cam-profile model and an in-cylinder thermodynamic model are used to complete the ESAsoftware. Experimental work was done on a modified Nissan Z24/NA20 engine to evaluate the simulation model. The manifolds of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were modified to isolate one of the cylinders for a proper single cylinder model. More experimental work was done on a Volkswagen 1.6£ 8-valve and a 1.6£ 20-valve engine to obtain performance data on two inlet manifolds developed using the ESAsoftware. Performance data and pressure traces in the inlet manifold of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were recorded for comparison with the ESA software. Good correspondence was found between tested and modelled data and the differences varied between ±5% on engine performance data and pressure wave frequency predictions, and ± 10% on pressure pulse amplitudes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor bestendige, eendimensionele vloei, wat die gasvloei in spruitstukke van binnebrandenjins naboots. Die nodige vergelykings wat hierdie tipe probleme beskryf asook van die belangrikste konsepte, word bespreek. Hierdie vergelykings en konsepte is met behulp van gepubliseerde data geverifieer. Die Metode van Karakteristieke (MVK) vir bestendige, eendimensionle vloei met wrywing en warmte oordrag, is gebruik om die gasvloei deur inlaat en uitlaat sisteme van 'n enjin te analiseer. Die teoretiese afleiding van bestendige gasdinamiese randvoorwaardes asook hul integrasie met die bestendige pypvloei, word verduidelik. 'n Simulasie vloeimodel is ontwikkelom die vloei met behulp van die metode van karakteristieke te analiseer. Hierdie vloeimodel is deel van 'n omvattende enjinsimulasie program, ESA. Dit word gebruik om binnebrandenjins te simuleer en enjinwerkverrigting te voorspel. 'n Nokprofielmodel en 'n termodinamiese ontbrandingsmodel word gebruik om die enjinsimulasie program af te rond. Eksperimentele toetse op 'n gemodifiseerde Nissan Z24/NA20 enjin is gebruik om die simulasie model te evalueer. Die spruitstukke van die Nissan Z24/NA20 is aangepas om een van die silinders te isoleer om so 'n geskikte enkelsilindermodel te skep. Verdere eksperimentele toetse is gedoen op Volkswagen 1.6£8- klep en 1.6£ 20-klep enjins. Werkverrigtingsdata is verkry op twee nuwe inlaatspruitstukke wat met behulp van die ESAsagteware ontwerp is. Werkverrigtingsdata en drukverdelingsdata in die inlaatspruitstuk van die Nissan Z24/NA20is aangeteken om te vergelyk met die resultate van die ESAsagteware. Goeie ooreenstemming is verkry tussen toets- en gemoduleerde data. Die verskille varieer tussen ±5% op enjin werkverrigtingsdata en drukpulsfrekwensie voorspellings, en ± 10%op drukpuls-amplitudes.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Statistical experimental design techniques are powerful tools that are often approached with suspicion and apprehension by experimenters. The trend is to avoid any statistically structured and designed experimentation program, and to rather use the traditional method of following ones "gut feel". This approach, more often than not, will supply a satisfactory solution, but there is so much more information availablefor the same amount of effort. This thesis strives to outline the method and application of the Taguchi methodology of experimental design. The Taguchi method is a practical, statistical experimental design technique that does not rely on the designer's knowledge of the complex statistics typicallyneeded to design experimental programs, a fact that tends to exclude design of experiments from the averageengineers' toolbox. The essence of the statistical design of experiments is this: The traditional method of varying one variable at a time and investigating its effect on an output is no longer sufficient. Instead all the input variables are varied at the same time in a structured manner. The output trends resulting from each input variable are then statisticallyextracted from the data in the midst of the variation. Taguchi method achieves this by designing experiments where every level of every input variable occurs an equal number of times with every level of every other input variable. The experimental designs are represented in orthogonal arrays that are chosen and populated by the experimenter by following a simple procedure. Four case studies are worked through in this text and, where possible, compared to the "traditional" approach to the same problem. The case studies show the additional information and time savings availablewith the Taguchi method, as well as clearlyindicating the importance of using a stable system on which to do the experiments. The Taguchi method generated more information in fewer experiments than the traditional approaches as well as allowing analysis of problems too complex to analysewithout a statisticaldesign of the experimentation procedure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Statistiese eksperimentele ontwerptegnieke is besonder kragtige instrumente wat baie keer met agterdog deur ekspermenteerders beheen word. Die neiging is om enige statistiese gestruktureerde and ontwerpte eksperimentele program te vermy, en om liewer die tradisionele metode, wat op 'n mens se intuïsie staatmaak, te gebruik. Hierdie benadering sal baie keer 'n bevredigende oplossing gee, maar daar is veel meer inligting vir dieselfde hoeveelheid inspanning verkrygbaar, wanneer die Taguchimetode gebruik word. Hierdie tesis strewe om die metode en toepassing van die Taguchimetodologie van eksperimentele ontwerp voor te lê. Die Taguchimetode is 'n praktiese statistiese eksperimentele ontwerptegniek .wat nie op die ontwerper se kennis van komplekse statistiek om eksperimentele programme te ontwerp berus nie. Hierdie komplekse statistiek neig ook om eksperimentele ontwerp van die gemiddelde ingenieursvaardigehede uit te sluit. Die kern van statistiese eksperimentele ontwerp is die volgende: Die tradisionele metode van een veranderlike op 'n slag te varieer om die effek op die uitset te ondersoek, is onvoldoende. In plaas daarvan, word al die insetveranderlikes gelyktydig gevarieer in 'n gestruktureered manier. Die neigings van elke veranderlike is dan statisties ontleed van die data ten midde van die variasie van al die ander veranderlikes. Die Taguchimetode bereik die ontwerpte eksperimente deur elke vlak van elke insetveranderlik in 'n gelyke aantal keer met elke vlak van elke ander insetveranderlike te varieer. Hierdie is verteenwoordig deur ortogenale reekse wat gekies en gevul is deur 'n eenvoudige wisselpatroon te volg. Vier gevallestudies is deurgewerk en, waar moontlik, vergelyk met die tradisonele siening van dieselfde probleem. Die gevallestudies wys hoe toereikbaar die additionele inligting in die Taguchimethode toepassings is. Hulle beklemtoon ook die belangrikheid van 'n stabiele sisteem waarop die eksperimente berus. Die Taguchimetode het meer inligting verskaf met minder eksperimente as die tradisionele toenaderings, en ook toegelaat dat die analise van probleme, te kompleks om te analiseer sonder om 'n statistiese ontwerp van eksperimentele prosedure te volg, opgelos kon word.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The automotive industry in South Africa is expanding as a result of pressure on the world economy that forces vehicle manufacturers to outsouree work to developing countries. In order to add value to automotive engine development, the capability to perform state-of-the-art engineering must be developed in this country. Threedimensional fluid flow simulation is one such area and is being developed in this study in order to enhance the ability to develop combustion systems. Another capability being developed at the University of Stellenbosch is the simulation of valve train dynamics. It was realised that there is a lack of research results of in-cylinder flow characteristics and how they influence combustion chamber processes. This project focuses on the investigation of two different combustion chamber geometries and how they influence the flow and combustion processes in two different combustion chambers. The aim is to gain a better understanding of combustion chamber flow as an indirect result from comparing the flow in two fundamentally different engines under similar operating conditions. The difference in the engines is that one was developed for reduced exhaust gas emissions while the other was developed to achieve high performance. The numerical simulation capability is developed in the process of achieving this goal. To achieve the above-mentioned aim, a literature study was performed on the different combustion chamber flow characteristics and how they are influenced by different configurations. An experimental method of measuring combustion characteristics is studied in order to establish the ability to perform the latter. Theory of numerical flow simulation is also studied with this same goal in mind. Experimental testing is performed and combustion analysis is done on the results. In conjunction to the experimental work, numerical flow simulations are performed on the two different combustion chambers. The results from experimental testing and numerical simulations have shown that obstructions in the flow into the combustion chamber, together with a port configuration that cause flow around the longitudinal axis of the cylinder, increases the rate at which fuel burns in the combustion chamber and thereby reduce the production of toxic emissions from the engine. The study also proved that reducing resistance to flow increases the amount of air that is breathed by the engine and thereby results in increased torque generation. Through this study, opportunities for further research are identified. The results of the study can be used when new combustion systems are developed, especially in the light of ongoing tightening of emission regulations. The contribution to numerical flow simulation capabilities developed in this study add value to the ability to develop new combustion systems in the future, especially when complimented by some of the further research topics identified. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die motorbedryf in Suid-Afrika is besig om vinnig te ontwikkel as direkte gevolg van druk op die wêreldekonomie wat internasionale motorvervaardigers forseer om werk na ontwikkelende lande uit te kontrakteer. Hoogs gesofistikeerde ingenieurstegnieke moet ontwikkel word in Suid-Afrika met die doelom waarde toe te voeg aan enjin ontwikkeling. Drie-dimensionele vloei simulasie is een van hierdie vermoëns en word tydens hierdie studie ontwikkelom die verbrandingstelsel ontwikkelings-vaardighede te bevorder. Nog 'n vaardigheid wat tans ontwikkel word aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch is die vermoë om nok-en-klepstelsel dinamika te simuleer. Daar bestaan egter 'n leemte in navorsingsresultate van vloei eienskappe binne in die verbrandingsruim en hoe dit verbrandingsruim prosesse beïnvloed. Die projek fokus dus op 'n ondersoek van twee verskillende geometriese konfigurasies van die verbrandingsruim en hoe dit die vloei- en verbrandingsprosesse in die twee konfigurasies beïnvloed. Die doel is om 'n beter begrip te ontwikkel van verbrandingsruim prosesse as 'n indirekte gevolg van die vergelyking tussen twee fundamenteel verskillende enjins onder eenderse bedryfstoestande. Die verkil tussen die twee enjins is dat een ontwikkel is met die doelop verlaagde uitlaatgas emmissies en die ander ontwikkel is om verbeterde werkverrigting. Die numeriese simulasie vermoë is ontwikkel in die proses om die doel te bereik. Om bogenoemde doel te bereik is 'n literatuurstudie gedoen wat verskillende vloeieienskappe in die verbrandingsruim ondersoek, asook hoe dit deur verskillende konfigurasies beïnvloed word. 'n Eksperimentele metode III die bepaling van verbrandingseienskappe is ook bestudeer met die doelom laasgenoemde uit te voer. Teorie aangaande numeriese vloei simulasie is ook bestudeer met bogenoemde doel. Eksperimentele toetse is gedoen en verbrandingsanalise uitgevoer op die resultate. In kombinasie met die eksperimentale werk is numeriese simulasies van die prosesse in die twee verbrandingsruim konfigurasies uitgevoer. Die resultate van die eksperimentele toetse en numeriese simulasies toon dat obstruksies in die vloei na die verbrandingsruim, gesamentlik met die poort konfigurasie wat veroorsaak dat lug om die longitudinale as van die silinder vloei, die tempo waarteen die lug-brandstof mengsel verbrand verhoog en sodoende die vrystelling van skadelike uitlaatgasse na die atmosfeer verminder. Die studie het ook getoon dat die vermindering van weerstand teen vloei, die hoeveelheid lug wat in die verbrandingsruim invloei vermeerder en sodoende die wringkrag wat deur die enjin gelewer word verhoog. Deur die studie is verdere navorsingsgeleenthede uitgewys. Die resultate van die studie kan gebruik word in die ontwikkeling van nuwe verbrandingstelsels, veral in die lig van verstrengende regulasies rakende uitlaatgas emmissies. Die bydrae tot numeriese vloei simulasie vermoëns ontwikkel in hierdie studie voeg waarde toe tot die vermoë om nuwe verbrandingstelsels te ontwikkel, veral wanneer dit gekomplimenteer word met van die verdere navorsingsonderwerpe wat geïdentifiseer is.

<p>Biomass is one of the main natural resources in Sweden.Increased utilisation of biomass for energy purposes incombined heat and power (CHP) plants can help the country meetits nuclear phase-out commitment. The present low-CO2 emissioncharacteristics of the Swedish electricity production system(governed by hydropower and nuclear power) can be retained onlyby expansion of biofuels in the CHP sector. Domestic Swedishbiomass resources are vast and renewable, but not infinite.They should be utilised as efficiently as possible in order tomeet the conditions for sustainability in the future.Application of efficient power generation cycles at low cost isessential for meeting this challenge. This applies also tomunicipal solid waste (MSW) incineration with energyextraction, which is to be preferred to landfilling.</p><p>Modern gas turbines and internal combustion engines firedwith natural gas have comparatively low installation costs,good efficiency characteristics and show reliable performancein power applications. Environmental and source-of-supplyfactors place natural gas at a disadvantage as compared tobiofuels. However, from a rational perspective, the use ofnatural gas (being the least polluting fossil fuel) togetherwith biofuels contributes to a diverse and more secure resourcemix. The question then arises if both these fuels can beutilised more efficiently if they are employed at the samelocation, in one combined cycle unit.</p><p>The work presented herein concentrates on the hybriddual-fuel combined cycle concept in cold-condensing and CHPmode, with a biofuel-fired bottoming steam cycle and naturalgas fired topping gas turbine or engine. Higher electricalefficiency attributable to both fuels is sought, while keepingthe impact on environment at a low level and incorporating onlyproven technology with standard components. The study attemptsto perform a generalized and systematic evaluation of thethermodynamic advantages of various hybrid configurations withthe help of computer simulations, comparing the efficiencyresults to clearly defined reference values.</p><p>Results show that the electrical efficiency of hybridconfigurations rises with up to 3-5 %-points in cold-condensingmode (up to 3 %-points in CHP mode), compared to the sum of twosingle-fuel reference units at the relevant scales, dependingon type of arrangement and type of bottoming fuel. Electricalefficiency of utilisation of the bottoming fuel (biomass orMSW) within the overall hybrid configuration can increase withup to 8-10 %-points, if all benefits from the thermalintegration are assigned to the bottoming cycle and effects ofscale on the reference electrical efficiency are accounted for.All fully-fired (windbox) configurations show advantages of upto 4 %-points in total efficiency in CHP mode with districtheating output, when flue gas condensation is applied. Theadvantages of parallel-powered configurations in terms of totalefficiency in CHP mode are only marginal. Emissions offossil-based CO2 can be reduced with 20 to 40 kg CO2/MWhel incold-condensing mode and with 5-8 kg CO2 per MWh total outputin CHP mode at the optimum performance points.</p><p>Keywords: Biomass, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Natural Gas,Simulation, Hybrid, Combined Cycle, Gas Turbine, InternalCombustion Engine, Utilization, Electrical Efficiency, TotalEfficiency, CHP.</p>

This work assesses the feasibility of designing and implementing the wave rotor (WR), the pulse detonation engine (PDE) and the internal combustion wave rotor (ICWR) as part of novel Brayton cycles able to reduce emissions of future aircraft. The design and evaluation processes are performed using the simplified analytical solution of the devices as well as 1D-CFD models. A code based on the finite volume method is built to predict the position and dimensions of the slots for the WR and ICWR. The mass and momentum equations are coupled through a modified SIMPLE algorithm to model compressible flow. The code includes a novel tracking technique to ensure the global mass balance. A code based on the method of characteristics is built to predict the profiles of temperature, pressure and velocity at the discharge of the PDE and the effect of the PDEs array when it operates as combustion chamber of gas turbines. The detonation is modelled by using the NASA-CEA code as a subroutine whilst the method of characteristics incorporates a model to capture the throttling and non-throttling conditions obtained at the PDE's open end during the transient process. A medium-sized engine for business jets is selected to perform the evaluation that includes parameters such as specific thrust, specific fuel consumption and efficiency of energy conversion. The ICWR offers the best performance followed by the PDE; both options operate with a low specific fuel consumption and higher specific thrust. The detonation in an ICWR does not require an external source of energy, but the PDE array designed is simple. The WR produced an increase in the turbine performance, but not as high as the other two devices. These results enable the statement that a pressure rise combustion process behaves better than pressure exchangers for this size of gas turbine. Further attention must be given to the NOx emission, since the detonation process is able to cause temperatures above 2000 K while dilution air could be an important source of oxygen.