Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2011. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-33). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Konstanz, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-123).

Thesis (M.S.)--Baylor University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66).

edited by Robert C. Feenstra. / Includes indexes. / Bibliography: p. [299]-314.

The back bone of international trade has always been international transport. Without good transport networks, the movement of goods and services from one frontier to another would be an uphill task, and would greatly hinder development in international trade. The impact of such poor transport networks would reflect negatively on economies that rely on international trade for the growth of their nations. Nevertheless, perfect transport networks would be useless if the performance of the business of carriage was not regulated by a law developed to meet the standards established by time, and that would regulate the relationship of the parties under contracts of carriage, mainly the carrier, consignor and consignee, so as to ensure certainty and equality in the allocation of risks between the parties thereunder. This research focuses on the carriage of goods by sea. Like most other modes of transport, one of the major issues that arises in the business of carriage of goods by sea is the conflict between the carrier, consignor and consignee, with regards to the allocation of risk in the carriage. Over the years, early rules that were developed to regulate the relationship of the parties under contracts of carriage of goods by sea placed the carrier in a dominant position over the consignor. The carrier issued a standard bill of lading which exempted him from almost all liability for damage or loss of the goods in his care. The consignors and bona fide third parties, not satisfied with the terms of carriage contracts brought a lot of pressure to bear on their governments to enact legislation protecting their interests in the transaction. The United States of America were the first to pass such national law revising the position of the parties under contracts of carriage. In 1893 the United States of America passed the Harter Act. This Act aimed at imposing limits of liability on the carrier to which no derogation could be brought. However, this was a dangerous precedence which was going to hinder international trade rather than improve on it, as different nations developing local legislation on carriage meant conflict of laws. In order to avoid the extensive nationalisation of carriage laws, the international maritime community set to develop rules that would regulate carriage by sea. Over the years convention has succeeded convention such that today four international regimes (The Hague Rules, Hague-Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules and Rotterdam Rules), exist regulating carriage of goods by sea. This research takes an in-depth look at these regimes that were developed to regulate carriage by sea, and the author aims to identify a particular regime that meets the standards of modern day practice of carriage of goods, and advocate for the ratification of this regime, to the exclusion of all others so as to foster uniformity, certainty and equality in the business of carriage of goods by sea.

Governments spend large sums of monies on various services provided to both firms and households. However, most open economy studies do not take government spending on industries into account. The present study deals exclusively with government spending on industries. This spending is incorporated into neoclassical production functions in terms of a public input. The purpose of this thesis is three fold: (i) to investigate the impact of terms of- trade changes in a small public input economy;(ii)to explore the international transmission of government spending on public inputs; and (iii) to examine the relationship between government spending on public inputs and the pattern of international trade. The thesis consists of three essays. In a three-period setting, the first essay examines the impact of terms-of-trade changes on the allocation of resources in a small open economy. The private sector of the economy produces two final goods by means of private inputs and a public input. The public input is produced by the public sector. The allocation of resources between the private and public sectors is endogenous and the public input is supplied with a lag of one period. The essay demonstrates that the timing of terms-of-trade changes is critical. The impact of terms-of-trade changes in the presence of labour unemployment is also considered. The second essay develops a two-country, one-good, and two factor general equilibrium model with a pure public input and international factor mobility. International transmission of government spending on a pure public input and the implications of potential international coordination are investigated in the short-run and the long-run. The essay also considers the international transmission of government spending on a pure public input in the context of a three-country model where two countries have formed an economic union. The third essay develops a two-country, two-good, and two factor general equilibrium model with a congestible public input. The model is used to investigate the relationship between government spending on a congestible public input and the pattern of international trade. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Com (Business Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Business Management / unrestricted

Competition law is an integral building block in the attainment of regional integration, with Regional Economic Communities (RECs) on the continent making specific provision for competition policy in their founding and developmental agreements. However, in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Partner and Member states have implemented competition law in varying degrees, in some cases there is a complete vacuum. In this paper I wish to analyse the development and implementation of competition law in the respective regions, by dissecting the manner in which the regions have gone about promoting competition law in the regions, I shall further analyse the domestic development of competition law in some of the Partner and Member States. Due to the voluntary nature of the RECs some Member and Partner States of SADC and the EAC are also members of COMESA, this creates a multiplicity of regional obligations as well as domestic obligations. In light thereof I will further analyse the effect of overlapping membership of RECS, and whether it creates any unintended problems, and if so, how this has been dealt with or can be dealt with.

Crucially important to a seller of any merchandise is to know, whether or not he will in fact be paid for the goods he ships to his buyer. The question becomes even more important when a foreign element is added to the transaction in the form of a buyer located in a far-away country about which no one knows too much. The exporter faces a risk of not being able to obtain the money due to him even if he himself has fulfilled his part of the bargain. Facing that problem he may end up using all sorts of methods and mechanisms to lower his risk exposure to an acceptable level, still realising, that the possibility of something going wrong cannot be eliminated completely. Some of the methods of payment risk management, which the exporter can employ, fall outside the realms of that agreement of sale which he has with the buyer and some, on the other hand, he must include into the contract itself Different methods of effecting payment clearly belong to the latter group due to the fact that the parties always have to agree on some method of effecting payment, using which the buyer fulfils his part of the agreement. It is submitted that it would be impossible to discuss a broad topic such as this without leaving something important outside the scope of the paper. That has been done in the context of this paper by leaving out all procedural aspects that do not have an effect on the exporters security of payment. Especially in the section that discusses documentary credits, the workings of the credit and banking procedures have been cut to minimum in order to include aspects that in my mind were important. It follows that this paper is in, principle about the possibilities that an exporter has, to use methods of payment beneficially and economically during the period of drafting the contract of sale. Furthermore, it must be mentioned that by assuming that the exporter is a bona fide merchant I've decided to leave out the vast material and case law relating to the fraud exception in the context of documentary credits.