This thesis aims to provide a greater understanding of what entry mode Swedish companies choose when entering the African telecom sector. Furthermore, the report will also study the benefits and difficulties with the African telecom sector and include the Swedish company's market selection. The rapidly growing continent of Africa has recently gained interest, and the fast-growing telecommunication sector plays a significant role in further development in the region. Africa, in general, has been understudied, and our thesis aims to clarify uncertainties regarding how companies, both smaller and larger, have entered the market.  The report will have a literature review where traditional entry modes and market selection theories are brought up and current challenges and opportunities in the African telecom sector. These theories have also been showcased in a conceptual framework to view how they interact with each other. Moreover, the methodology chapter will introduce each strategy and then argue why the chosen method is used. This report will conduct an abductive approach with a qualitative research method. The methodology will also introduce the thesis respondents and how the interviews were conducted. Moreover, the empirical data will be divided into three sections; opportunities and difficulties, market selection, and market entry mode, where each respondent tells their experiences within the subjects. Furthermore, the empirical data also includes an interview with a scholar who has previously written about the African telecom market. The analysis is divided into the same sections as in the empirical findings and discussed from the literature review and the professional's point of view. The conclusion reveals that the main opportunities are primarily the underdeveloped market and a large number of people, while the most significant difficulties are corruption and, in many cases, inadequate infrastructure. The findings further include that smaller Swedish companies tend to enter one or few countries within the African telecom sector while larger companies enter more countries simultaneously. Moreover, it also mentions how important the network is and that the entry mode will differ depending on the company's size. Larger companies tend to seek acquisition, while smaller companies are more dependent on exporting and joint ventures.

Debido a que el mercado de traducción e interpretación en el Perú se encuentra en vías de desarrollo, la internacionalización se convierte en la alternativa de carrera deseada por traductores e intérpretes para tener un mayor prestigio. Esto podría llevar a que los traductores que pertenecen a un mercado internacional perciban un mayor estatus ocupacional en comparación con los que pertenecen al mercado peruano de traducción. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo contrastar las percepciones del estatus profesional de los traductores peruanos del mercado nacional con los del mercado internacional según siete dimensiones: formación profesional, experiencia profesional, influencia, aspectos gremiales, visibilidad, reconocimiento social y remuneración. La percepción del estatus profesional de los traductores peruanos permitirá aproximarse a la situación de la profesión en el Perú. Se propone aplicar encuestas utilizando como base de datos asociaciones y escuelas de traducción e interpretación peruanas, además de perfiles de traductores peruanos actualizados en redes sociales como LinkedIn y Facebook. Con la información obtenida de las encuestas, se propone realizar entrevistas semiestructuradas a ocho traductores e intérpretes que se desempeñan en el mercado nacional e internacional. / Given that the translation and interpretation market in Peru is still emerging, internationalization has become the desired career alternative for translators and interpreters to gain more status. Therefore, Peruvian translators who belong to an international market would perceive a higher occupational status compared to those that belong to the local Peruvian translation market. This research aims to contrast the perceptions of the professional status of Peruvian translators working in the local market with those working in the international market according to seven dimensions: professional education, professional experience, influence, group membership, visibility, social recognition. Thus, the perceptions of the professional status of Peruvian translators are crucial to approach the status of the translation profession in Peru. Data collection is devised firstly by means of the implementation of a survey using Peruvian translation and interpretation associations and schools as databases, as well as up- to- date profiles of Peruvian translators in social networks such as LinkedIn and Facebook. Furthermore, using the data obtained from the survey, we will conduct semi-structured interviews to eight Peruvian translators who work in both the local and international markets. / Trabajo de investigación

The internationalization of Higher Education has caused a sweeping global shift of policies for governments and Higher Education institutions alike. This thesis aims to examine the case of China, and the three-decade evolution of internationalization as an influential norm, guiding the creation of comprehensive policies and plans through a multi-stage process. By examining the actors, motives and mechanisms behind Chinese Higher Education policies between 1990 and 2019, the impact of norm cascade and ultimate internationalization are revealed. The building and diffusion of internationalization as a norm includes the prioritization of global university rankings in addition to the increasing spotlight on research within the Higher Education sector. Constructivist theory was selected as the Theoretical Framework and employs concepts including norm-building and diffusion. This qualitative case study will examine the policies and rationales for the implementation of education initiatives as encouraged by leading actors and agents and the subsequent successes and obstacles from adoption to full implementation.

El Perú en los últimos años ha tenido un incremento en la oferta hotelera. Las categorías de tres, cuatro y cinco estrellas entre los años 2013 y 2018 elevaron su número de 769 a 1170 establecimientos, respectivamente. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar si los factores específicos del país, los factores estructurales de la firma, y los factores estratégicos y de control impulsaron el proceso de Internacionalización de las cadenas hoteleras extranjeras en Lima Metropolitana y Cusco durante el periodo 2013 al 2019. En el primer capítulo, se planteó el marco teórico donde se detallaron los antecedentes epistemológicos. Para ello, se utilizaron recursos de investigación como: Ebsco, Jstor Kopernio, Proquest y Scopus. También, se consultaron repositorios académicos de universidades nacionales; de los cuales, 17 formaron parte de los antecedentes internacionales y 4 como antecedentes nacionales. En el tercer capítulo, se detalló la metodología de la investigación y se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental. Se realizaron 33 encuestas a colaboradores de 20 marcas de hoteles, que pertenecen a 10 cadenas hoteleras extranjeras. Dicha información se procesó mediante el Software SPSS y se analizó mediante el modelo de correlación de Spearman. Finalmente, se presentaron las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación donde se logró validar la hipótesis general. De este modo, se visualizó que en la encuesta un 64% está totalmente de acuerdo que uno de los factores que influye en la expansión de las cadenas hoteleras extranjeras es la estabilidad económica del país. Además, se recomendó para futuros estudios realizar una investigación cualitativa para tener otra perspectiva del sector. / Peru in recent years has had an increase in hotel supply. The three, four and five star categories between 2013 and 2018 increased their number from 769 to 1170 establishments, respectively. The objective of this research is to identify if the specific factors of the country, the structural factors of the firm, and the strategic and control factors drove the process of Internationalization of foreign hotel chains in Metropolitan Lima and Cusco during the period 2013 to 2019. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework was presented where the epistemological antecedents were detailed. For this, were used research resources such us: Ebsco, Jstor Kopernio, Proquest and Scopus. Also, academic repositories of national universities were consulted; of which, 17 were part of the international background and 4 as national background. In the third chapter, the research methodology is detailed and a non-experimental quantitative approach is analyzed. Were carried 33 surveys out with collaborators of 20 hotel brands, which belong to 10 foreign hotel chains. This information was processed using the SPSS software and analyzed using the Spearman correlation model. Finally, the research conclusions and recommendations are presented where the general hypotheses are validated. Thereby, it is seen in the survey that 64% fully agree that one of the factors that influence the expansion of foreign hotel chains is the country's economic stability. In addition, qualitative research is recommended for future studies to have another perspective of the sector. / Tesis

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During the last three decades, research and activity within international entrepreneurship have accelerated. The international entrepreneurial process consists of, for instance, international opportunities that are recognized as a critical function. Over time, the research view of the entrepreneur within the entrepreneurial process has shifted from being an individual to being more frequently discovered as plural, and more recent studies emphasize that the entrepreneurial team is the primary catalyst for new venture creation. However, the complexity differs for the entrepreneurial teams that internationalize since uncertainty and increased risk, which may require appropriate levels of collective cognition affecting the teams and international opportunities. This thesis aims to combine aspects of international entrepreneurship and international business with exploring to what extent the collective cognition of entrepreneurial teams determines the discovery and exploitation of international opportunities within Swedish SMEs. By investigating from the entrepreneurial team perspective, this thesis strives to present a more accurate picture of the impact of collective cognition on organizations' international opportunities. An abductive research approach combined with a qualitative method has been applied to ensure a more extensive understanding of the subject. The literature review provides definitions as well as an in-depth understanding of the thesis’ four core concepts; collective cognition, internationalization, international opportunities, and entrepreneurial teams. Finally, the theoretical framework concludes with a conceptual framework model explaining how the concepts are related. The empirical findings tie together with the theoretical framework, and the concepts are further analyzed in relation and contrast to each other. Lastly, the findings are gathered in the final chapter, concluding that entrepreneurial teams’ international opportunities are influenced by collective cognition in Swedish SMEs, which can play an essential role in the internationalization and discovery and exploitation of further international opportunities. / Nej

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Das Ziel des Diskussionspapiers ist es zu erklären, warum die erwartete Internationalisierung der ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferer in den vergangenen Jahren nicht in dem Maße stattgefunden hat, wie das vielfach erwartet wurde. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: Welche Erklärungen können für die zurückhaltende Internationalisierung originär ostdeutscher Automobilzulieferer angeführt werden? Um die Frage strukturiert zu bearbeiten, werden drei besondere Motive für die Internationalisierung von ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferern beschrieben. Dabei wird nicht auf allgemein bekannte Beweggründe eingegangen, sondern auf die vorherrschenden Motive in der ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferlandschaft abgehoben. Diese Motive sind die Follow-the-customer-Strategie, die Marktabsicherung und damit die Verhinderung des Aufbaus von Wettbewerbern durch den Kunden sowie die Steigerung im Lieferantenranking für eine bessere Wahrnehmung beim Kunden. Nachfolgend wird eine statistische Auswertung der Internationalisierung von ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferern durchgeführt. Nach der kurzen Vorstellung der Struktur der Befragten werden das Zukunftsfeld Internationalisierung sowie die Aktivitäten in BRIC-Staaten und ASEAN-Staaten gründlich ausgewertet. Anschließend werden vier Erklärungen für die zurückhaltende Internationalisierung originär ostdeutscher Automobilzulieferer gegeben. Sieben Feststellungen werden detailliert herausgearbeitet und mit Beispielen aus der Praxis belegt. Dabei stehen die ostdeutschen Automobilzulieferer im Zentrum der Betrachtung und werden hinsichtlich Mindestgröße, finanzieller Herausforderung, Übernahmedynamik, Projektanfragen mit Auslandsfertigung und kapazitativen Beschränkungen beschrieben. Aufbauend auf den gewonnen Erkenntnissen werden in den Schlussfolgerungen Feststellungen komprimiert vorgestellt und Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit den Ergebnissen für den ACOD und die Länderinitiativen sowie für relevante politische Entscheidungsträger herausgearbeitet. Abgerundet wird der Bericht mit einem Ausblick zu weiterführender Forschung in diesem Bereich und kritischen Anmerkungen.

This study aims to explore the factors, aspects, and trends considered in the International Market Selection (IMS) process. Consequentially, it develops a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by home region oriented multinational enterprises (MNEs) during international expansion. The research question focuses on how home region oriented MNEs approach and execute market selection within the internationalization process. The importance of IMS is emphasized, as many MNEs struggle with Internationalization, and only a few achieve global presence. While previous academic literature highlighted the significance of market selection, a comprehensive model encompassing all relevant criteria on a macroeconomic level was lacking. To address this gap, in-depth interviews are conducted with practitioners and experts to gather qualitative insights. The main findings reveal that MNEs primarily face three key challenges when internationalizing and selecting new markets: Company internal aspects, product market aspects, as well as the macroeconomic situation. This thesis focuses on the macroeconomic assessment aspect and develops a holistic, transparent, applicable, and current framework: the multicriteria decision making framework. The framework bases on 53 indicators, structured according to the PESTLE model and helps selecting the right market based on macroeconomic conditions. To demonstrate the framework's applicability, a case study is conducted in collaboration with a global chemical company targeting the Latin American market. Using the framework, a clear recommendation on country attractiveness is provided. The company could leverage this information to maintain or intensify operations in high-scoring countries such as Chile, Mexico, or Brazil, while exercising caution or avoiding low-scoring countries such as Argentina or Venezuela. Accordingly, does this study not only explore behaviors and challenges faced by home region oriented MNEs but also introduce an applicable framework for IMS in the real business world. The framework's practicality makes it valuable for future research and contributions in the field of IMS.

In the last couple of decades internationalization of firms has increased all over the world, and banks are not an exception. Different factors are impacting the decision of entering a new market and digitalization is certainly one of the main factors contributing to the internationalization process. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate what the internationalization process looks like for banks originating from the Nordic region and the impact of digitalization on the process as well as how digitalization impacts the banks' effectiveness. The data were acquired using a qualitative multiple case study of five leading banks originating from the Nordic region through semi-structured interviews. Afterward, the collected data was discussed in the literature review chapter in the analysis chapter to detect similarities and differences.  The findings in this thesis revealed that the factors that are evaluated are both internal and external before entering a market and that the significance of each factor varies depending on what bank it is. Additionally, the role of digitalization has also played a big part in how the process of the banks looks and how the current process of internationalizing is done. Instead of expanding which has been the previous focus for these leading banks, the focus has the recent years switched to withdrawing from foreign markets with their physical presence to focusing on offering their services from their home markets and on digital investments. Along with how digitalization has affected Nordic banks' internationalization process, this thesis also presents how effectiveness and assessment are impacted by digitalization.