<p>Developing resiliency in supply chains became vital in the recent years due to global diversification and vulnerability to risks. Firms need to identify, evaluate, and mitigate risks in supply chain to maintain continuity and create competitive advantage. Although the problem of supply chain disruptions has existed for a long time, less attention has been given by researchers in exploring the adoption of advanced technologies to build resilient supply chains. This study explored the potential of mitigating supply chain disruptions with the use of Industry 4.0 technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Supply chain data analytics platform which develops digital twin environment for supply chains. </p> <p><br></p> <p>This research gathered expert’s opinion on the resilience capabilities developed in supply chain by digital twin adoption, stages and practices involved in digital twin assimilation through Delphi survey with subject matter experts and supply chain practitioners. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to attain deep understanding on the resilience capabilities gained by digital twin and stages in digital twin adoption. Comparison of the results from Delphi survey and interviews was carried out to synthesize the results to yield a comprehensive understanding of resilience capabilities gained through digital twin and adoption stages of supply chain digital twin. This research has conducted interviews with 21 subject matter experts and completed three rounds of Delphi survey (with participants n = 15, 11, 11 in three rounds respectively) to develop a framework for digital twin adoption to enhance supply chain resilience. </p> <p><br></p> <p>This research determined that digital twin develops real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities, planning and decision support system, and automating decisions and action execution capabilities in supply chain. In addition, digital twin positively impacts resilience elements such as agility, supply chain reconfiguration, robustness, and collaboration in supply chain, which improves the supply chain performance. The results from this study were utilized to develop a framework for enabling supply chain resilience through digital twin. The framework included antecedents, consequences, and various moderators that impact digital twin adoption and diffusion in supply chains. Finally, this research developed a five-stage roadmap for adopting digital twin capabilities in supply chain. </p>

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) groups specialized transducers that provide sensing services to Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited energy and storage resources. Since replacement or recharging of batteries in sensor nodes is almost impossible, power consumption becomes one of the crucial design issues in WSN. Clustering algorithm plays an important role in power conservation for the energy constrained network. Choosing a cluster head (CH) can appropriately balance the load in the network thereby reducing energy consumption and enhancing lifetime. This paper focuses on an efficient CH election scheme that rotates the CH position among the nodes with higher energy level as compared to other. The algorithm considers initial energy, residual energy, and an optimum value of CHs to elect the next group of CHs for the network that suits for IoT applications, such as environmental monitoring, smart cities, and systems. Simulation analysis shows the modified version performs better than the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol by enhancing the throughput by 60%, lifetime by 66%, and residual energy by 64%.

IoT is an abbreviation of the term Internet of Things. The term describes everydayitems such as light bulbs that are connected to the Internet. IoT is a field that isgrowing very quickly with some researchers and industry leaders predicting thatthere will be up to 200 billion connected IoT devices in the world by 2020. Many IoTdevices are developed by smaller companies looking to capitalize on a specific needin the market. Because of this, the companies may favor launching a product as fastas possible which could mean that the devices may have not been adequately testedfor different vulnerabilities.The IoT and Smart Home market is currently experiencing rapid growth and all signspoint towards that continuing in the future. This thesis focuses on testing forvulnerabilities to Denial of Service attacks in common-off-the-shelf IoT devices thatcan be found in a smart home environment. The purpose of this thesis is to createmore knowledge about the vulnerabilities that can be found in Internet connecteddevices that are used daily.This thesis includes experiments using OpenVAS, which is a vulnerability scannerdeveloped by Greenbone Security used to test for vulnerabilities to Denial of Serviceattacks in IoT devices. The devices that are tested are Sony PlayStation 4, IKEATrådfri Smart Lighting, Google Chromecast (First Generation), Apple TV (ThirdGeneration) and D-Link DCS-930LB Wi-Fi IP-Camera. The firmware/software of allthe devices are updated as of April of 2019.The results of the conducted experiments show that all the tested devices besidesChromecast and IKEA Trådfri had vulnerabilities to Denial of Service attacks.PlayStation 4 was the device with the highest amount of vulnerabilities (9) and thevulnerability with highest possible severity (10.0). The effects of a Denial of Serviceattack range from an annoyance, when a gaming console is unavailable, to a securityrisk when an IP camera can be temporarily disabled.

Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming increasingly popular replacements for their analogue counterparts. However, there is still demand to keep analogue equipment that is already installed, while also having automated monitoring of the equipment, such as analogue water meters. A proposed solution for this problem is to install a battery powered add-on component that can optically read meter values using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and transmit the readings wirelessly. Two ways to do this could be to either offload the OCR process to a server, or to do the OCR processing locally on the add-on component. Since water meters are often located where reception is weak and the add-on component is battery powered, a suitable technology for data transmission could be Long Range (LoRa) because of its low-power and long-range capabilities. Since LoRa has low transfer rate there is a need to keep data transfers small in size, which could make offloading a less favorable alternative compared to local OCR processing. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to research the feasibility, in terms of energy efficiency, of doing local OCR processing on the add-on component. The feasibility condition of this study is defined as being able to continually read an analogue meter for a 10-year lifespan, while consuming under 2600 milliampere hours (mAh) of energy. The two OCR algorithms developed for this study are a specialized OCR algorithm that utilizes pattern matching principles, and a Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) OCR algorithm. These two algorithms have been compared against each other, to determine which one is more suitable for the system. This comparison yielded that the SAD algorithm was more suitable, and was then studied further by using different image resolutions and settings to determine if it was possible to further reduce energy consumption. The results showed that it was possible to significantly reduce energy consumption by reducing the image resolution. The study also researched the possibility of reducing energy consumption further by not reading all digits on the tested water meter, depending on the measuring frequency and water flow. The study concluded that OCR processing is feasible on an energy critical driven system when reading analouge meters, depending on the measuring frequency.

On a scorching summer day in 2015, a campus maintenance worker was observed emptying a trash bin. Upon closer observation, it was noted that the bin was not full; in fact, it was less than one third full. There were other bins that were full and needed to be emptied urgently. It was confusing and problematic to see that bins that needed more attention were not prioritized. After extended research, it was found that maintenance operates on daily routes to pick up trash at designated times, regardless of the level of trash in the bins. Therefore, to tackle this issue, the author decided to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to develop a prototype that will optimize trash collection and reduce costs of waste management and pollution; this device is named the Eco-Smart Can.

As if today’s society, globalization, digitalization and labor mobility is daily increasing, and individuals are, in one way or another, constantly surrounded by Internet. Technical change, in general, is one of the fundamental engines of economic growth and structural transformation in modern societies. Internet has long been seen as the most disruptive technology of our time, but now new technologies are entering the market, including the concept around Internet of Things (IOT). New dynamics is being put on the market, and companies are forced to re-think their way of working with innovation. The market for IOT is developing, rapidly, which creates a huge pressure on companies to maintain innovative and relevant in the market. Companies are willing to invest, but due to challenges and questions marks, they end up doing nothing. The overall purpose of this thesis was to investigate how IT consulting companies can implement and apply the concept of Internet of Things (IOT), and what type of challenges they were facing. In order to achieve this purpose, this study was empirically grounded in a case study at the Finnish-Swedish IT Consultancy Company, Tieto, at division Telecom and Media located in Stockholm, Sweden. The division is partly responsible the internal research on the topic of IOT, and has as a goal of increasing profitability regarding the use of this disruptive technology. The results indicate that Tieto, as well as other companies, are investigating in the ecosystems of IOT. Companies are also starting to realize the use of partnerships, and that they might be required to join under one, if they want to provide an end-to-end IOT solution. However, the results also indicate that there are several challenges in the progress when adapting and implementing IOT. Some of these challenges were found to be: maturity in the market is slowing down the process; complexities in the partnerships; complexities in the IOT service; the demand of forming new operational models; and the realization of that one cannot be everywhere. Nevertheless, the IOT solutions generate enormous complexitivities, both in the technical aspects and the partner related aspect. The findings of this study have implication on that even though the market is facing many challenges, the future for IOT is looking promising, and IOT is predicted to contribute with tremendous growth within all industry segments. / I dagen samhälle, sker ökning inom globalisering, digitaliseringen och rörlighet i det dagliga arbetet. Individer är, på ett eller annat sätt, ständigt omgivna av Internet. Teknisk förändring, i allmänhet, är en av de grundläggande drivkrafterna för ekonomisk tillväxt och strukturomvandling i det moderna samhället. Internet har länge setts som den mest revolutionerande teknik i vår tid, men nu etablerar sig nya tekniker på marknaden, bland annat konceptet kring Sakernas Internet. Ny dynamik läggs ut på marknaden, och företagen tvingas ompröva sitt sätt att arbeta med innovation. Marknaden för Sakernas Internet utvecklas snabbt, vilket skapar en enorm press på företag bibehålla innovation, för relevans på marknaden. Företag vill investera, men på grund av aspekter och frågetecken, slutar med att de gör ingenting. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur IT-konsultbolag anpassade och tillämpade sig till konceptet kring Sakernas Internet (IOT), och vilken typ av utmaningar de stod inför. För att uppnå detta syfte, var denna studie empiriskt grundad på i en fallstudie vid den finsk-svenska IT-konsultföretaget Tieto, vid division Telecom och Media i Stockholm, Sverige. Divisionen är delvis ansvariga interna forskning i ämnet av IOT, och har som mål att öka lönsamheten när det gäller användningen av denna revolutionerande teknik. Resultaten tyder på att Tieto, liksom andra företag, undersöker i ekosystemen kring i IOT. Företagen börjar också inse användningen av partnerskap, och att de skulle kunna verkställas för att det ska kunna erbjuda en end-to-end IOT tjänst. Men resultatet tyder också på att det finns flera utmaningar i utvecklingen när anpassning och genomförande av IOT. Några av dessa utmaningar befanns vara: mognad på marknaden saktar ner processen; komplexiteten i partnerskap; komplexiteten i IOT lösningar; efterfrågan att bilda nya organisationsmodeller; och förverkligandet av att man inte kan vara överallt. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att IOT lösningar genererar enorma komplexitiviteter, både i de tekniska aspekterna samt i dem partner relaterade aspekterna. Resultaten från denna studie har återverkningar på att även om marknaden står inför många utmaningar, så ser framtiden för IOT ser lovande ut, och IOT förväntas bidra med en enorm tillväxt inom alla industrisegment

This thesis provides insight to the dynamics that come with the emergence of IoT in the furniture and kitchen manufacturing industry. The study is empirically grounded in an explorative case study that involves interviews with six manufacturing companies in the different industry sectors. The purpose has been to shed light on how incumbent companies adapt and implement IoT and the study highlight product features, aspects and challenges that companies are investigating and dealing with as they set out to work with IoT and connected products. The results indicate that companies are viewing IoT as an enabler that better can respond to customer needs and provide users with new experiences. By implementing the concept of IoT companies are currently evaluating how internal knowledge and skillsets correspond to the new technical requirements that the emerging digital setting outlines and by directing internal research they are learning more about IoT and connected products as they proceed. One current major problem is that there are no open protocols that can connect all products regardless of supplier. Nevertheless, implementation of IoT does not solely involve technical aspects and companies are also faced with the dilemma on how to design and develop corresponding commercial processes. To this point early product implementations have arrived on the consumer markets and the future vision is to achieve full integration that imbeds connectivity and interaction among all products in the home.

In today’s overloaded media landscape, television viewers are constantly confronted with the problem of what media content to select. This media overload speaks directly to the theory of bounded rationality when viewers work to understand all available choices. This thesis presents and evaluates an Internet of Things driven media recommendation concept (IoT TV) which could ease decision making for viewers by providing more personalized media content recommendations. This study evaluates the concept using three focus groups to understand what aspects of IoT TV are important for viewers. IoT TV concept addresses factors such as timing and emotions which influence a media choice extensively. The conducted thematic analysis identifies the four themes: time saving and passing, monitoring people and devices, media choice, and privacy. These themes are treated as the results of this study because the themes describe the important aspects which have to be considered before launching IoT TV. IoT TV will make media content selection easier by saving time and matching content according to emotions. Consequently, IoT TV connection with smart devices which share data about viewers’ time and emotions would solve the problem of media overload. / I dagens överbelastade medielandskap stöter tv-tittare ständigt på frågan om vilket medieinnehåll de ska välja. Denna medieöverbelastning väcker teorier om begränsad rationalitet när tittarna kämpar för att förstå alla tillgängliga valmöjligheter. Denna uppsats presenterar ett rekommendationskoncept för medier drivna av sakernas internet (IoT-tv), som skulle kunna underlätta tittarnas beslutsfattande genom att ge mer personaliserade medieinnehållsrekommendationer. Studien utvärderar konceptet genom tre fokusgrupper för att förstå vilka aspekter av IoT-tv som är viktiga för tittare. Konceptet IoT-tv tar i beaktande sådana faktorer som tajmning och känslor som kan påverka medievalet betydligt. Den utförda tematiska analysen pekar ut följande fyra teman: tidsbesparing och -passning, människo- och enhetsövervakning, medieval samt integritet. Dessa teman behandlas som studiens resultat eftersom de beskriver viktiga aspekter som bör beaktas innan IoT-tv lanseras. IoT-tv kommer att underlätta val av medieinnehåll genom att spara tid och synkronisera innehållet med aktuella känslor hos tittaren. Således skulle smarta tv-enheter med IoT-anslutning som delar data om tittarens tid och känslor, lösa problemet med medieöverbelastning.

The current technological environment is evolving increasingly fast, and the development of new devices, technologies, and architectures has opened an emergent era where the digital and physical world work together. The implementation and use of systems based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical systems (CPS) have been extended during the last decades in numerous scenarios in industry and other domains. However, some of the major barriers to this approach are the lack of interoperability and the amount of engineering effort required for their integration.   The research presented in this thesis targets issues related to digitalization and automation. It is framed by the Industry 4.0 paradigm, which promotes the rise of efficiency and sustainability on industrial production. The interoperability between heterogeneous systems and different domains is one of the main challenges of Industry 4.0. The quest for solutions that help to increase interoperability is an important part of this research.   This thesis proposes a set of architectural design principles and tools in order to reduce engineering effort by means of finding solutions that enable autonomous integration and increase interoperability without human intervention. The research is focused on the IoT field, taking into account resource-constrained devices, system of systems integration, and data models.   A detailed investigation of various interoperability mismatch problems is presented in this thesis. The proposed solution is an adapter system that can aid in the generation of new service consumer interfaces at both compile-time and run-time. The proposed approach requires a new point of view in the service description field that can provide a holistic description of the information required for the generation of consumer interfaces. In addition, aspects related to interoperability, such as the multiple IoT frameworks in the current market, naming conventions, syntactic modeling and translation, and security, are also partially analyzed.   On a separate track, service composition in resource-constrained devices  is analyzed in terms of latency, using the orchestration provided by the Arrowhead Framework.

The original FlexiChain and its descendants are a revolutionary distributed ledger technology (DLT) for cyber-physical systems (CPS) and their embedded systems (ES). FlexiChain, a DLT implementation, uses cryptography, distributed ledgers, peer-to-peer communications, scalable networks, and consensus. FlexiChain facilitates data structure agreements. This thesis offers a Block Directed Acyclic Graph (BDAG) architecture to link blocks to their forerunners to speed up validation. These data blocks are securely linked. This dissertation introduces Proof of Rapid Authentication, a novel consensus algorithm. This innovative method uses a distributed file to safely store a unique identifier (UID) based on node attributes to verify two blocks faster. This study also addresses CPS hardware security. A system of interconnected, user-unique identifiers allows each block's history to be monitored. This maintains each transaction and the validators who checked the block to ensure trustworthiness and honesty. We constructed a digital version that stays in sync with the distributed ledger as all nodes are linked by a NodeChain. The ledger is distributed without compromising node autonomy. Moreover, FlexiChain Layer 0 distributed ledger is also introduced and can connect and validate Layer 1 blockchains. This project produced a DAG-based blockchain integration platform with hardware security. The results illustrate a practical technique for creating a system depending on diverse applications' needs. This research's design and execution showed faster authentication, less cost, less complexity, greater scalability, higher interoperability, and reduced power consumption.