中國題材英文作品翻譯成中文時，出現了一種特殊翻譯現象：「回譯」。本課題將源文本的「中國」視為在英文語境中形成的建構物，而回譯則是在中文語境中對這個「中國」建構物進行的重構。本研究參考蒙娜．貝克的社會敘事翻譯理論，將回譯理解為一種「重敘」，並借鑒敘述學「聚焦」概念，進一步把重敘中國人物、事件的回譯現象具化為一種「重新聚焦」過程，意在探究隨著聚焦者觀察中國人物、事件的視角轉變，聚焦者視野裡的「焦點」如何變化，進而重構出不同於源文本的「中國故事」。在參考里蒙--凱南提出的「聚焦側面」類型（即感知、心理、意識形態「聚焦側面」）的基礎上，本研究構建出適用於探究語言標記變化的「重新聚焦」文本分析模式，通過考察三種「聚焦側面」之間的相互轉化及「聚焦側面」的內部變化，分析中文譯本投射出的「重新聚焦」模式，以此揭示回譯重敘機制。本課題圍繞中國題材當代英文敘事新聞作品的中譯展開研究，選取美國作者彼得．海斯勒「中國三部曲」（即《江城》、《尋路中國》、《甲骨文》）的回譯進行案例分析。其中，簡體譯本為主要研究對象，而在台灣出版的繁體譯本則用於對比與參照。本研究發現，在大陸譯本中，聚焦者屬性呈現出由「局外人」到「局內人」的轉變。透過「局內人」聚焦者重塑出的「中國故事」，折射出中國百姓對自身所處社會時空的集體認知，及中文譯者/讀者對中國人物帶有的情感連結。回譯重構並不是一種單純的政治改寫，而關涉以「局內人」聚焦者為主體的「敘事共建」過程。The translation into Chinese of works written in English on China, or China-related topics points to a specific translation phenomenon: 'back-translation'. 'China' in the English texts is a construct and its back-translation involves re-constructing the 'China' based on contextualised Chinese factors. In light of Mona Baker's socio-narrative theory, this type of back-translation is conceived as a form of 're-narration'. With further reference to the narratological concept of 'focalization', the process of this back-translation is considered 're-focalization' that takes place between the target and source narratives. The study explores the shifting perspectives observed in original and translated narratives on these Chinese characters and events and examines how the 'focus' as perceived through the original focalizer is re-developed in the back-translation process, thus giving rise to a different China story. Drawing upon Rimmon-Kenan's three facets of focalization (i.e. perceptual, psychological and ideological), the project proposes an analytical model, which traces changes in linguistic markers, to analyse how one facet of focalization is altered into another and what changes are made within the same facet. The analysis contributes to the revelation of a re-narrating mechanism embedded in the back-translation phenomenon.Focusing on the Chinese translations of contemporary English narrative journalism about China, this project uses the Chinese translations of Peter Hessler's China Trilogy (i.e. River Town, Country Driving and Oracle Bones) for case studies, with the simplified Chinese translations as the main object of analysis, and the traditional Chinese versions published in Taiwan as a point of comparison. It is found that the re-focalization mechanism in the mainland Chinese translations is characterized by changes in the status of focalizer from that of an 'outsider' to that of an 'insider'. The China story, as re-focalized through an 'insider', aligns with ordinary Chinese people's collective understandings of the social space they belong to and reflects a sense of attachment that the Chinese translator(s)/readers may develop with the Chinese characters. This reveals that the back-translation is not a fully politically-motivated re-writing, but a narrative co-construction process that centres around the 'insider-focalizer'

by Robin Setton. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. i-xi). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

No description available.

Thesis (D. Min.)--George W. Truett Theological Seminary, Baylor University, 2002. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-145).

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

The creative section of this thesis is a translation of the short story "Athenaise" drawn from the anthology A Night in Acadie by the American author Kate Chopin. This piece of work claims to be a "literalist" translation true to the original text. It is oriented towards the literary aspect and reproduces most of the characteristics from the original. This translation conveys the cultural and stylistic features of the original text by taking into account the author's literary style. / In the segment of this thesis devoted to the critique, we propose to demonstrate how to bring the particularities of the original text into the finished work. It is through various prisms of literary translation that we can convey some of the original's specificity: knowledge of Kate Chopin (the author), her work, her culture and an analysis of her literary style and writing technique. We will also analyze the translation through a systematic critique as developed by Antoine Berman in his work on three traditional devices of translation in the Western hemisphere.

"2007" / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Linguistics and Psychology, Dept. of Linguistics, 2008. / Bibliography: p. 303-317. / Introduction -- Literature review -- Identification of the unit of translation -- Towards a model for standardized TQA -- Mean criteria of the world -- Creating the mark deduction scheme -- Testing the model -- Applying the model -- Conclusion. / Translation quality assessment (TQA) has been part of the translating process since Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43BCE), and earnest studies on TQA have been conducted for several decades, but there has been no breakthrough in standardized TQA. Though the importance of TQA has been stressed, agreement on specific means of TQA has not been reached. As Chesterman and Wagner summarize, "Central to translation [...]," "[q]uality assessment is so complicated - especially if it is to be objective and reproducible" (2002: 80-81). The approaches to TQA published throughout the past millennia, by and large, are qualitative. "Whereas there is general agreement on the requirement for a translation to be 'good,' 'satisfactory,' or 'acceptable,' the definition of acceptability and of the means of determining it are matters of ongoing debate and there is precious little agreement on specifics" (Williams, 2004: xiv). Most published TQA approaches are neither objective nor reproducible. -- My study proposes a model for fuzzy standardized TQA through a quantitative approach, which expresses TQA results in numerical terms in a consistent manner. My model is statistics-based, practice-based and practice-oriented. It has been independently tested by eleven professors from four countries, fifteen senior United Nations translators, and fifty reader evaluators. My contrastive analysis of 23,000 pages of bilingual and multilingual texts has identified the unit of translation - the orthographic sentence in context, which is also verified by the results of an international survey among 66 professional translators, the majority of whom also confirm that they evaluate translations sentence by sentence in context. Halliday and Matthiessen's functional grammar theory, among others, provides my model for quantitative TQA with its theoretical basis, while the international survey, the necessary data. My model proposes a set of six Fuzzy Functional Translation Grammar terms, a grammar concept general enough to cover all grammar units in the translated orthographic sentence. Each term represents one type of error which contains from one to three sub-categories. Each error is assigned a value - the mean of the professional markers' deductions for relevant artificial errors and original errors. A marking scheme with sixteen variables under eight attributes is thus created. Ten marks are assigned to each unit of TQA, the sentence. For easy calculation, an arithmetic formula popularly used in statistics (Ex/n ) is adopted. With the assistance of a simple calculator, the evaluator can calculate the grade of a sentence, a sentence group, and the overall grade for an entire TT, regardless of its length. -- Perfect reliability or validity in any form of measurement is unattainable. There will always be some random error or noise in the data (McClendon, 2004: 7). Since it is the first of its type, I do not claim that my model is perfect. Variation has been found in the results of the testing performed by scholars and professional translators, but further testing based on two "easy" (markers' comment) sentences by the 50 reader evaluators respectively achieves 98% and 100% consistency, which indicates that markers' competence may equal constancy or that proper marker training and/or strict marker examination will minimize inconsistency among professional markers. My model, whose formulas withstand testing at the theoretical level and in practice, is not only ready for application, but it has profound implications beyond TQA, such as use in machine translation, and for other subjects like the role of the sentence in translation studies and translating practice. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 317 leaves

Thesis (M.A.B.S.)--Multnomah Graduate School of Ministry, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-92).

Published also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1919. / Includes bibliographical references.

Project (D. Min.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tenn., 1999. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-166).