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This contribution surveys the emergence and character of the Middle Horizon in Peru’s north highlands. It centers on Ancash department, a region with a rich and unique archaeological record for contextualizing interaction during the period. My discussion begins by detailing the sequence and variability of interregional interaction in Ancash Department during the latter half of the 1st millennium AD. Then I will examine the general implications of the available data – especially architecture, long distance goodsand ceramic style – with a view to identify current difficulties and to encourage future problem-oriented investigations. Two terms help contextualize the cultural dynamism of the Middle Horizon: bundling (purposeful acquisition and clustering of objects from long-distance) and vector (a distinct cultural predisposition facilitating interaction). Although there is evidence of Wari contact before imperial expansion, trade interaction increased dramatically during the early Middle Horizon, focused on ‘bundled’ patterns of acquisition. These were followed by new exchange orientations and stylistic emulation. There is very little evidence to indicate territorial control, but Wari strategies highlighted the rich areas of western Ancash, while apparently de-emphasising EasternAncash. Religion and prestige economies appear to have been the most common factors for local engagements with Wari culture. / Esta contribución investiga el surgimiento y el carácter del Horizonte Medio en la sierra norte del Perú. Se enfoca en el departamento de Áncash, una región con un registro amplio para contextualizar la interacción durante dicho periodo. Mi discusión comienza detallando la secuencia y la variabilidad de la interacción interregional en Áncash (500-1000 d.C.). Se describen los patrones generales con los datos disponibles —la arquitectura, los bienes de larga distancia y el estilo de cerámica— con el fin de identificar las dificultades actuales. Dos conceptos ayudan a contextualizar el dinamismo cultural del periodo: «bundling»(adquisición intencional y la agrupación de objetos de larga distancia) y «vector» (una predisposición cultural que facilita la interacción). Aunque existe evidencia de contacto wari antes de la expansión imperial, la interacción comercial aumentó dramáticamente durante el Horizonte Medio temprano; se centró en los patrones de «bundling» de adquisición. Estos fueron seguidos por nuevas orientaciones de intercambio y emulación estilística. Hay poca evidencia para indicar el control territorial, pero las estrategias wari destacaron las ricas áreas del oeste de Áncash, con menos presencia en el este. Economías rituales y prestigio parecen haber sido los factores más comunes para las interacciones locales con la cultura Wari.

El presente documento está dirigido a investigar la eficiencia del gasto público enfocado al capital humano, comparando los resultados entre departamentos, y observar cuál es el impacto que tiene el gasto en el crecimiento interregional, realizando un análisis de datos de panel para los 24 departamentos del Perú, incluyendo a la Provincia Constitucional del Callao, en el período del 2009 al 2018. Al estimar la frontera de eficiencia, se empleará como insumo los recursos monetarios y como resultado se incorporarán índices respecto de los sectores de educación y salud. Los resultados eficientes en los sectores mencionados parecen agruparse en una cantidad reducida de regiones, lo cual permite observar qué regiones necesitan intervención por parte del gobierno para conseguir en el largo plazo un efecto eficiente respecto del gasto que se otorga al capital humano. / This document is intended to investigate the efficiency of public spending focused on human capital, comparing results between departments, and observe what is the impact of spending on interregional growth, analyzing panel data for the 24 departments of Peru, including the Constitutional Province of Callao, in the period from 2009 to 2018. When estimating the efficiency frontier, monetary resources will be used as an input and as a result, education and health indices will be incorporated. Efficient results in the sectors mentioned seem to cluster in a small number of regions, which allows us to observe what regions need intervention by the government to achieve in the long run an efficient effect in respect of expenditure which is focused to human capital. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this thesis is to make an evaluation of the competitive position of the Utah livestock industry based on feed ingredient and transportation costs, This is done by the use of a linear programming model (MPS-360). This is on the basis of the least cost means of production to meet the quantity demanded of the livestock products. This is accomplished by dividing the United States into six regions where Utah is one of these regions to enable careful consideration of Utah's agricultural enterprises. Beef, pork, broilers, turkeys, eggs, and milk are the agricultural products used in the model. The feeds used for production are barley, wheat, corn, oats, milo, hay, and 44 percent soybean meal. Mega calories of metabolizable energy were the energy units used in the model as a medium of exchange between feed inputs and livestock products as outputs.

The subject of this thesis is migrants’ motives and the outcomes of interregional migration, as well as how the propensity for interregional migration has changed for different groups over the past three decades. The background consists of a discussion on the role of the labour market in long-distance migration decisions and a discussion on how social and economic change affect the context in which migration decisions are made. The thesis consists of four empirical studies presented in four separate papers. The studies derive from two sources of data. Papers I and II are based on a Nordic survey, while Papers III and IV draw from Swedish population register data. Paper I focuses on migrants’ perceptions of the migration decision, motives, voluntariness, attitudes and values, based on a survey. The conclusion of this paper is that employment is by no means a dominating motive from the migrant’s perspective. Additionally, very few migrants explicitly express a sense of being forced to migrate against their will. Paper II is also based on the survey and examines the migrants’ perceptions of the outcome of migration in economic and non-economic terms. This paper further supports the view that employment and income gain are in most cases subordinate in the migration decision from the individual migrants’ point of view. Paper III is a register study comparing the composition of interregional migrants in Sweden during the period 1970-2001. In this study, it becomes evident that the increase in migration rates in the 1990’s was an effect of increased migration among young people. Compared to 1970, increasingly more people migrated during a time in life when they were not yet established on the labour market and had no family. Paper IV is also a register study comparing the effect of commuting potential on migration propensity in Sweden during the period 1970-2001. This paper concludes that increased commuting should be interpreted as a result of, rather than an explanation for, long-distance migration reluctance. Migration literature suggests that long-distance migration is primarily labour-market induced. This is evident in the sense that long-distance migration requires a new job in a new locality for those who are in the labour force, but this study show that this does not necessarily mean that employment is the main motive in the migrant’s mind; the trigger is usually something else, often related to social relationships. The pattern of interregional migration has changed over time. Compared to the 1970’s, more people now migrate at a time when they are not established on the labour market, and other considerations besides employment are thus more relevant. An important explanation for the current immobility among families and employed persons is attributed to the increase in dual-career households during the period studied. This has changed the aggregated migration behaviour everywhere, regardless of commuting potential, but enhanced constraints for interregional migration in this group could be seen as an explanation for the observed increase in commuting.

According to the United Nations’ report, State of World Population 2008, humankind has come to a turning point; more than 50% of the earth’s population now lives in urban centres. Along with considerations for housing, employment, and public health, this shift changes the way we design roads and streets; it escalates the number of automobiles in urban areas with finite room for road expansion. Space constraints, along with intense development of alternative transportation fuels, and the burden of sprawling suburbs on municipal infrastructures suggest the hypothesis that before we run out of energy alternatives for personal mechanized transport, we will run out of space in which to use it. This thesis explores how Toronto, a city largely designed for automobile use, is being re-adapted into a city wherein public and active transportation can once again be the primary means of urban mobility and the opportunities inherent in the development of interregional multi-modal transit stations for the cultivation of civic space, local commerce, urban form, and commercial transportation.

According to the United Nations’ report, State of World Population 2008, humankind has come to a turning point; more than 50% of the earth’s population now lives in urban centres. Along with considerations for housing, employment, and public health, this shift changes the way we design roads and streets; it escalates the number of automobiles in urban areas with finite room for road expansion. Space constraints, along with intense development of alternative transportation fuels, and the burden of sprawling suburbs on municipal infrastructures suggest the hypothesis that before we run out of energy alternatives for personal mechanized transport, we will run out of space in which to use it. This thesis explores how Toronto, a city largely designed for automobile use, is being re-adapted into a city wherein public and active transportation can once again be the primary means of urban mobility and the opportunities inherent in the development of interregional multi-modal transit stations for the cultivation of civic space, local commerce, urban form, and commercial transportation.

This paper exposes problems of the commonly used technique of splitting the available data in neural spatial interaction modelling into training, validation, and test sets that are held fixed and warns about drawing too strong conclusions from such static splits. Using a bootstrapping procedure, we compare the uncertainty in the solution stemming from the data splitting with model specific uncertainties such as parameter initialization. Utilizing the Austrian interregional telecommunication traffic data and the differential evolution method for solving the parameter estimation task for a fixed topology of the network model [ i.e. J = 9] this paper illustrates that the variation due to different resamplings is significantly larger than the variation due to different parameter initializations. This result implies that it is important to not over-interpret a model, estimated on one specific static split of the data. (authors' abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

The Cerro Blanco site, located in the lower Nepeña Valley, is a ceremonial center of the Formative Period, which has been considered, without adequate substantiating data, to have been influenced by the Chavín culture. In this brief paper, a local chronology, complemented with data from the nearby site of Huaca Partida, will be presented in an attempt to establish Cerro Blanco within an interregional chronological frame. On the basis of the new archaeological evidence, this broad synchronic comparison suggests an episode of intensive trans-regional interaction. In this context, Cerro Blanco emerges as an essential site for understanding social dynamics during the Andean Formative Period. / El sitio de Cerro Blanco, ubicado en el valle bajo de Nepeña, es un centro ceremonial del Periodo Formativo que, desde su descubrimiento a inicios del siglo XX, ha sido considerado receptor de la influencia chavín, aunque sin ofrecerse las explicaciones apropiadas al respecto. En este breve ensayo se presenta, en primer lugar, una secuencia local complementada con los datos del sitio vecino de Huaca Partida y, luego, se trata de ubicar dicha secuencia dentro de un marco cronológico interregional. Esta comparación sincrónica sobre la base de las nuevas evidencias pone en relieve un episodio de intensiva interacción transregional ocurrido durante el Periodo Formativo, en cuyo marco Cerro Blanco de Nepeña surge como uno de los sitios clave para entender la dinámica de esta etapa prehispánica.