Orientador: André Luiz Andreoli / Resumo: As fontes renováveis de energia apresentam-se como solução para problemas relacionados ao aumento da demanda por energia elétrica e crescimento dos níveis de emissão de gás carbônico, uma vez que são não poluentes, limpas e abundantes. Aproveitamentos eólicos se mostram como uma das mais promissoras fontes de energia renovável, e por essa razão as pesquisas envolvendo este tipo de aproveitamento têm despertado grande interesse na comunidade científica. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um emulador de turbina eólica (ETE), uma ferramenta de apoio às investigações experimentais capaz de reproduzir o comportamento mecânico dinâmico de uma turbina eólica através de uma malha de controle digital em configuração de hardware-in-the-loop atuando sobre um acionamento eletrônico de uma máquina de indução Operando como fonte de força motriz, o ETE torna mais fácil a avaliação dinâmica de geradores e seus sistemas de controle associados voltados às aplicações envolvendo energia eólica. A pesquisa apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado da arte, a modelagem e a implementação experimental de um emulador de turbina eólica utilizando um motor de indução trifásico (MIT) acionado por um inversor de frequência. Para isso, é implementado um controle em malha fechada de conjugado e velocidade. Este controle faz com que o acionamento eletromecânico representado pelo MIT e inversor de frequência apresente em seu eixo o comportamento de uma turbina eólica conforme os parâmetros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Linear time-invariant models are widely used in the control community. They often serve as approximations of nonlinear systems. For control purposes linear approximations are often good enough since feedback control systems are inherently robust to model errors. In this thesis some of the possibilities for linear time-varying modeling are studied. In the thesis it is shown that the balanced truncation procedure can be applied to reduce the order of linear time-varying systems. Many of the attractive properties of balanced truncation for time-invariant systems can be generalized into the time-varying framework. For example, it is shown that a truncated input-output stable system will be input-output stable, and computable simple worst-case error bounds are derived. The method is illustrated with model reduction of a nonlinear diesel exhaust catalyst model. It is also shown that linear time-periodic models can be used for analysis of systems with power converters. Power converters produce harmonics in the power grids and give frequency coupling that cannot be modeled with standard time-invariant linear models. With time-periodic models we can visualize the coupling and also use all the available tools for linear time-varying systems, such as balanced truncation. The method is illustrated on inverter locomotives. / QC 20120208

Rapporten redogör för en solcellsanläggnings generering av reaktiv effekt samt för de växelriktarbaserade kontrollmetoderna P(U), Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P), Q(P) samt Q(U) för reaktiv effektkontroll. Rapporten redogör även för möjligheterna till att utnyttja solcellsanläggningen till reaktiv effektkompensation för spänningsreglering för det lokala elnätet. Rapportens syfte är att specificera en eller flera kontrollmetoder som möter både solcellsanläggningens och det lokala elnätets reglerbehov.Rapporten behandlar relevanta elektriska storheter, ger en kort introduktion till Sveriges elnät, elområden samt metoder för frekvens- och spänningsreglering. Solinstrålningens variation samt vanligt förekommande komponenter i en solcellsanläggning kartläggs och rapporten diskuterar även vilka effekter en hög andel solel kan ha på ett elnät.Utgångspunkt för rapporten är HSBs solcellsanläggning i Strängnäs samt Strängnäs lokalnät. Efter samtal med Strängnäs lokalnät konstateras att elnätet inte är i behov av ökad reglerkapacitet för spänningsreglering, dock visar insamlat data att det finns ett reglerbehov för kapacitiv reaktiv effekt. Enligt insamlat data över HSBs solcellsanläggning konstateras att så även är fallet för solcellsanläggningen.Det är därmed fördelaktigt för både HSBs solcellsanläggning och Strängnäs lokalnät med reaktiv effektkompensation med induktiv reaktiv effekt. Eftersom solcellsanläggningen inte behöver ta hänsyn till lokalnätets spänning kan anläggningen välja att styra genereringen av reaktiv effekt med kontrollmetoderna Konstant Q, Konstant Cosφ, Cosφ(P) samt Q(P). Här har kontrollmetoderna Cosφ(P) samt Q(P) fördelen att genereringen av reaktiv effekt baseras på solcellsanläggningens produktion av aktiv effekt och kan därmed implementeras utan risk för att strypa produktionen av aktiv effekt.

Since the first commercial silicon carbide (SiC) transistor was released, the interest in SiC has grown exponentially [1]. The wide energy band gap, high critical electric field and thermal conductivity of silicon carbide allow it to withstand higher voltage/current gains than conventional semiconductor materials [2]. The electrical properties of SiC enable integrated devices and circuits to operate at higher voltages and temperatures. One of the most attractive applications for SiC is in inverters for photovoltaic systems, where switching time is of great importance. This thesis presents the study of two bipolar junction transistors (BJT), FSICBH15A120 of SiC and BUV48A of conventional silicon (Si). The transistors were simulated and validated experimentally, then tested in a DC/AC pv inverter with a polycrystalline solar module of 36 solar cells as power source. The simulation results showed high efficiency and low power losses. / Sedan den första kommersiella transistorn av kiselkarbid (SiC) släpptes har intresset för SiC ökat exponentiellt [1]. Det breda energibandgapet, höga kritisk elektriska fältstyrkan och termiska ledningsförmågan i SiC gör att den klarar en högre kombination av spänning/strömförstärkning än konventionella halvledarmaterial [2]. De elektriska egenskaperna av SiC gör det möjligt för integrerade komponenter och kretsar att arbeta i högre spänningar och temperaturer. Ett av de största användningsområdena för SiC är i växelriktare för solceller, där switch-tid har stor betydelse. I detta examensarbete presenteras studien av två bipolära transistorer (BJT), FSICBH15A120 av SiC och BUV48A av konventionellt kisel (Si). Transistorerna simulerades och valideras experimentellt, och slutligen jämfördes med varandra i en DC/AC-omvandlare med en polykristallin solpanel av 36 solceller som strömkälla. Hög verkningsgrad och låga energiförluster påvisades.

In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkung die Rotorform einer Reluktanzmaschine und die Ansteuerung mittels Umrichter auf den Verlusthaushalt der Maschine hat. Darüber hinaus werden die Möglichkeiten zur Verluststeuerung, welche sich durch den Betrieb von Reluktanzmaschinen ergeben, vorgestellt. / This paper shows the effect of the rotor shape of a reluctance machine and the converter control on the losses of the machine. In addition, it will be shown which possibilities for loss control will result from the operation of reluctance machines.

Connecting more non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RESs) will result in a higher power variability and a lower system inertia when the synchronous generators are replaced by inverter-connected RES. Inverter control can be divided in three categories: grid-following, grid-forming (GFM) and grid-supporting. A literature review of inverter control strategies identifies the GFM control as having an important role in maintaining system stability assuming near 100 % inverter-connected RES. Critical aspects of the inverter control are also identified; the control need to function autonomously, be able to remain connected during transient events and be insensitive to grid topology. Combining various RES is also shown to improve system stability. The combination of RES that has been investigated in most studies is wind, solar and wave power. Wave power is still a young technology compared to solar and wind power. It generates higher power fluctuations over short time periods with a significant difference between average and maximum power. Additionally, wave power parks (WPPs) are often connected via long cables which contribute reactive power to the grid. These challenges has to be considered to maintain system stability and power quality when connecting a WPP to the grid. In a Power Hardware-In-the-Loop study of how a WPP affects the power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC), it is found that the impact is highest for WPPs with fewer generators as the variability is reduced when several generators are excited at different times. Energy storage is also shown to have a significant impact on the power quality at the PCC with reduced flicker, total harmonic distortion and power and voltage variability. A simulation study also shows the positive impact of energy storage on power variability and the role of inverter control in reactive power compensation.

An electrical distribution network supplies power to many households at a time. Each house has various types of electrical appliances which consume different levels of power depending on its function and the load it supplies. An ideal case would be when no appliances cause power disturbances, however, in reality, many electrical appliances (e.g. refrigerators, computers, heat pumps, etc.), due to their inherent characteristics. The distribution network is now fed back with non-sinusoidal power, called harmonics, causing inefficiencies and potential failure in other appliances connected to the same network. Harmonics are the additional frequency components to the fundamental sinusoidal voltage or current (e.g. 50Hz fundamental frequency in Europe). To avoid the malfunction of the network, each electrical appliance in any household has to comply with the standard IEC 61000-3-2 (current rating $<$16A) defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). According to these standards, current harmonics have been observed up to 40th harmonics. If the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz, then harmonic currents up to 2000 Hz have to be considered. Usually, the harmonics are quantified by the measurement when the appliance has been constructed at which point changes are costly and time-consuming.  This thesis investigates the possibility to model these appliances at an early stage of development enabling cost-effective and quick improvements. The model is achieved by reducing a heat pump into a set of chokes, an EMI filter, a rectifier, and a load represented by a variable current source to simulate the compressor which draws the majority of power the system uses. The state-of-the-art, referred to as white box modeling, uses schematics to model these components while this thesis presents a methodology to model without schematics, referred to as black box modeling.  For the black box model, impedance of the components is measured and equivalent circuits are modeled accordingly in Simulink to simulate the harmonics. The validity of a black box simulation model from the equivalent circuit extracted by the impedance measurements is investigated in this thesis. The black box modeling is compared with the white box modeling and measurements for the purpose of verification.   The result is good but more work is needed. The black box model is verified using two different systems which are similarly accurate. Simulating harmonics at a higher power level yields better results. The black box model is more accurate than the white box model, mainly due to the inclusion of parasitics in the EMI filter. Possible additional harmonics generation in unmodeled components is investigated and found to be insignificant.

Renewable energy source plays an important role in energy co-generation and distribution. A traditional solar-based inverter system has two stages cascaded, which has simpler controller but low efficiency. A new solar-based single-stage grid-connected inverter system can achieve higher efficiency by reducing the power semiconductor switching loss and output stable and synchronizing sinusoid current into the utility grid. In Chapter 1, the characteristic I-V and P-V curve of PV array has been illustrated. Based on prediction of the PV power capacity installed on the grid-connected and off-grid, the trends of grid-tied inverter for DG system have been analyzed. In Chapter 2, the topologies of single-phase grid-connect inverter system have been listed and compared. The key parameters of all these topologies are listed in a table in terms of topology, power decoupling, isolation, bi-directional/uni-directional, power rating, switching frequency, efficiency and input voltage. In Chapter 3, to reduce the capacitance of input filter, an active filter has been proposed, which will eliminate the 120/100Hz low frequency ripple from the PV array's output voltage completely. A feedforward controller is proposed to optimize the step response of PV array output voltage. A sample and hold also is used to provide the 120/100Hz low frequency decoupling between the controller of active filter and inverter stage. In Chapter 4, the single-stage inverter is proposed. Compared with conventional two-stage inverter, which has two high frequency switching stages cascaded, the single-stage inverter system increases the system efficiency by utilizing DC/DC converter to generate rectified sinusoid voltage. A transformer analysis is conducted for the single-stage inverter system, which proves the transformer has no low-frequency magnetic flux bias. To apply peak current mode control on single-stage inverter and get unified loop gain, adaptive slope compensation is also proposed for single-stage inverter. In Chapter 5, a digital controller for single-stage inverter is designed and optimized by the Matlab Control Toolbox. A Psim simulation verified the performance of the digital controller design. In Chapter 6, three bi-directional single-stage inverter topologies are proposed and compared. A conventional single-stage bi-directional inverter has certain shortcoming that cannot be overcome. A modular grid-connect micro-inverter system with dedicated reactive energy processing unit can overcome certain shortcoming and increase the system efficiency and reliability. A unique controller design is also proposed. In Chapter 7, a PFM ZCS flyback inverter system is invented. By using half-wave quasi-resonant ZCS flyback resonant converter and PFM control, this topology completely eliminates switching loss. A detailed mathematical analysis provides all the key parameters for the inverter design. As the inductance of transformer secondary side get smaller, the power stage transfer function of PFM ZCS flyback inverter system demonstrates nonlinearity. An optimized PFM ZCS flyback DC/DC converter design resolves this issue by introducing a MOSFET on the secondary side of transformer. In Chapter 8, experimental results of uni-direcitonal single-stage inverter with grid-connection, bi-directional single-stage inverter and single-stage PFM ZCS flyback inverter have been provided. Conclusions are given in Chapter 9.

The conventional approach to vehicle design is restrictive, limited, andbiased. This often leads to sub-optimal utilisation of vehicle capabilities and allocated resources and ultimately entails the repercussions of designing andlater on an using an inefficient vehicle. To overcome these limitations, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the interaction effects at component,subsystem, and system level. In this thesis, the research is focused on identifying appropriate methods and developing robust models to facilitate the interaction analysis. To scrutinise and identify appropriate methods, criteria were developed.Initially, the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and its variations were examined.While DSM proved to be fundamental for capturing interaction effects,it lacked the ability to answer questions about the structure and behaviour ofinteractions and to predict unintended effects. Therefore, network theory wasexplored as a complementary method to DSM which was capable of providing insights into interaction structures and identifying influential variables. Subsequently, two criteria were established to identify subsystems significant to interaction analysis: high connectivity to other subsystems and multidisciplinary composition. The traction motor was observed to satisfyboth criteria as it had higher connectivity with other subsystems and was composed of multiple disciplines. Therefore, a detailed model of an induction motor was developed to enable the interaction analysis. The induction motor model was integrated into a cross-scalar design tool.The tool employed a two-step process: translating operational parametersto motor inputs using Newtonian equations and deriving physical attributes,performance characteristics, and performance attributes of the motor. Comparing the obtained performance characteristics curve against existing studiesvalidated the model’s reliability and capabilities. The design tool demonstrated adaptability to different drive cycles and the ability to modify motor performance without affecting operational parameters. Thus validating the capability of the design tool to capture cross-scalar and intra-subsystem interaction effects. To examine inter-subsystem interaction, a thermal model of an inverter was developed, capturing temperature variations in the power electronics based on motor inputs. The design tool successfully captured interaction effects between motor and inverter designs, highlighting the interplay with operational parameters. Thus, this thesis identifies methods for interaction analysis and develops robust subsystem models. The integrated design tool effectively captures intra-subsystem, inter-subsystem, and cross-scalar interaction effects. The research presented contributes to the overarching project goal of developing methods and models that capture interaction effects and in turn serve as a guiding tool for designers to understand the consequences of their design choices. / Det konventionella tillvägagångssättet för fordonsdesign är restriktiv, begränsat och partiskt. Detta leder ofta till en suboptimal användning av fordonets kapacitet och tilldelade resurser och innebär i slutändan att konsekvenserna blir att använda ett ineffektivt fordon. För att övervinna dessa begränsningar är det viktigt att få en djupare förståelse för interaktionseffekterna på komponent-, delsystem- och systemsnivå. I denna avhandling fokuserar forskningen på att identifiera lämpliga metoder och utveckla robusta modeller för att underlätta interaktionsanalysen. För att granska och identifiera lämpliga metoder utvecklades kriterier. Till att börja med undersöktes Design Structure Matrix (DSM) och dess variationer. Medan DSM visade sig vara grundläggande för att fånga interaktionseffekter, saknade den förmågan att besvara frågor om interaktionsstrukturer och beteende samt förutsäga oavsiktliga effekter. Därför utforskades nätverksteori som en kompletterande metod till DSM, vilket kunde ge insikter i interaktionsstrukturer och identifiera inflytelserika variabler. Därefter etablerades två kriterier för att identifiera delsystem som är betydelsefulla för interaktionsanalysen: hög anslutning till andra delsystem och mångdisciplinär sammansättning. Dragkraftmotorn observerades uppfylla båda kriterierna eftersom den hade högre anslutning till andra delsystem och var sammansatt av flera discipliner. Därför utvecklades en detaljerad modell av en induktionsmotor för att möjliggöra interaktionsanalysen. Induktionsmotormodellen integrerades i ett tvärskaligt designverktyg. Verktyget använde en tvåstegsprocess: att översätta operativa parametrar till motorinsatser med hjälp av Newtons ekvationer och härleda fysiska egenskaper, prestandakaraktäristik och prestandaattribut hos motorn. Jämförelse av den erhållna prestandakaraktäristikkurvan med befintliga studier validerade modellens tillförlitlighet och förmågor. Designverktyget visade anpassningsbarhet till olika körcykler och förmågan att modifiera motorprestanda utan att påverka operativa parametrar. Detta validerade designverktygets förmåga att fånga tvärskaliga och intra-subsystem interaktionseffekter. För att undersöka inter-subsysteminteraktion utvecklades en termisk modell av en inverter, som fångade temperaturvariationer i kraftelektroniken baserat på motorns styrning. Designverktyget fångade framgångsrikt interaktionseffekter mellan motor- och inverterdesign och belyste samspelet med operativa parametrar. Därmed identifierar denna avhandling metoder för interaktionsanalys och utvecklar robusta delsystemmodeller. Det integrerade designverktyget fångar effektivt intra-subsystem-, inter-subsystem- och tvärskaliga interaktionseffekter. Den presenterade forskningen bidrar till det övergripande projektets mål att utveckla metoder och modeller som fångar interaktionseffekter och i sin tur fungerar som ett vägledande verktyg för designers att förstå konsekvenserna av sina designval. / <p>QC 231003</p>

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