Orientador: Jose Antenor Pomilio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pimentel_SergioPires_M.pdf: 2753814 bytes, checksum: 4e94e3c8b75144bb509d505233b11dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda a implementação de um filtro ativo de potência utilizando um inversor mul­tinível com topologia em cascata assimétrica. Justificativas para utilização de estruturas multiníveis são discutidas. O sistema de controle utilizado garante um fornecimento nulo de potência ativa pelo filtro ativo e que a corrente fornecida pela fonte de alimentação tenha a mesma forma de onda da tensão de alimentação. Com isso, o fator de potência visto pela fonte é próximo de seu valor unitário e a fonte fornece apenas potência ativa à carga. Resultados de simulações e experimentais validam o esquema adotado. Também é descreva uma proposta para se realizar o controle das tensões CC da topologia em cascata assimétrica. Palavras-chave: Eletrônica de Potência, Inversor Multinível, Qualidade da Energia Elétrica, Fil­tro Ativo de Potência, Controle Digital / Abstract: This work regards a shunt active power filter implementation using an asymmetrical cascaded multilevel convel1er. Reasons for using multilevel structures are discussed. The system control gua­rantees that the active power filter does not supply active power and the source current has the same waveform of the source voltage. Consequently, the power factor from the source side is almost one and the source only supplies active power to the load. Simulation and experimental results validate the applied scheme. A proposal for controlling the DC voltages from the asymmetrical cascaded topology is also described. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Jose Antenor Pomilio, Saulo Finco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mioni_DanielPasti_M.pdf: 1903299 bytes, checksum: 7343c6fb1cd22aa8df8654d5b9b51852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Desenvolvemos um amplificador de áudio classe D baseado em moduladores S-?, destinado a aparelhos auditivos, a maioria dos quais utiliza baterias de 1,1V e necessita ter baixo consumo de corrente. Neste trabalho os amplificadores e comparadores foram construídos com inversores CMOS, pois um destes inversores, alimentado com uma tensão de 1,1V, pode consumir uma corrente CC tão baixa quanto 400nA, dependendo das dimensões, e proporcionar alto ganho de tensão quando polarizado em sua região linear de operação. Por estes motivos, podem substituir com vantagem amplificadores operacionais e comparadores em algumas aplicações. Um protótipo deste circuito foi implementado com tecnologia CMOS 0,35µm e alcançou um rendimento de 90% / Abstract: This thesis presents the design of a firstorder S-? audioband power amplifier optimized for hearing aid (HA) amplification. The majority of HAs use a 1.1V battery and require very low current consumption to improve battery life. This work made use of amplifiers and comparators based on CMOS inverters because such an inverter, with a 1.1V battery, can operate on a current as low as 400nA, depending on its dimensions, and provide high voltage gain when biased in their linear region. For these reasons, they can substitute with advantage operational amplifiers in some applications. A prototype of this circuit was implemented in a monolithic chip using 0.35µm CMOS technology and achieved 90% of power efficiency / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo e análise da implantação de um elo prismático (sexto eixo no robô Scorbot-Er V), para translação do robô em atividades didáticas visando diminuir o tempo de troca do robô e das estações de trabalho em sala de aula, melhorando a visão do aluno em relação à aprendizagem na área de automação industrial e robótica tornando-a sistêmica, dando-lhe assim capacidade de integrar vários sistemas e estudar o sistema de frenagem. Feita uma análise dos ambientes onde os alunos são treinados na programação de robôs, observou-se que no desenvolvimento desta tarefa, havia duas restrições básicas: A dificuldade na programação e movimentação física do robô na troca das estações de trabalho, que levavam em torno de três horas e que não era possível a integração de CLP, IHM, inversores de freqüência, motores AC, sensor de posicionamento e fuso de esferas no ambiente de laboratório. Desenvolveu-se uma análise da precisão do sistema mecânico do sexto eixo implantado, permitindo uma visão do funcionamento do posicionamento, através do sensor acoplado no eixo de fuso esférico, o qual é acionado por um motor AC, transmitindo e convertendo o movimento circular para linear através de uma relação de polias. O resultado obtido foi à diminuição do tempo de três horas para cinco minutos na troca das estações de trabalho e uma precisão de décimos de milímetros para o posicionamento do robô e com a integração dos sistemas foi possível melhorar a aprendizagem do aluno obtendo um ganho pedagógico. / This work aims to study and analyze the implementation of a prismatic link (sixth axis in robot Scorbot-Er V) for translation of the robot in didactic activities to reduce the time to change the robot and workstations in the classroom, improving students vision for learning in the area of industrial automation and robotics becoming systemic, thus giving you ability to integrate various systems and studying the braking system. Made an analysis of the environments where students are trained in the programming of robots and it was observed that the development of this task, there were two basic restrictions: The difficulty in planning and handling of the robot in the physical exchange of workstations, which took around three hours and it was not possible the integration of PLC, HMI, frequency inverters, AC motor, sensor of positioning and axis ball screew in a laboratory environment. It was developed an analysis of the accuracy of the mechanical of sixth axis implanted, allowing a view of the positioning operation by the sensor coupled to the axis ball screew, which is powered by an AC motor transmitting and converting the linear motion to move through a relationship of pulleys. The result was a reduction of time in three hours to five minutes in the exchange of workstations and a precision of tenths of millimeters for positioning the robot and the integration of the systems have improved the learning of students achieving pedagogical gain.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de um sistema eletrÃnico de aproveitamento de energia eÃlica a partir de um gerador sÃncrono de Ãmà permanente conectado a uma turbina de vento. O sistema opera com velocidade variÃvel, permitindo o mÃximo aproveitamento da energia cinÃtica incidente na turbina de vento. Essa energia cinÃtica à convertida em energia elÃtrica pelo gerador sÃncrono de Ãmà permanente e depois de totalmente condicionada, injetada na rede elÃtrica convencional. Esse condicionamento à feito por um sistema eletrÃnico objeto de estudo e desenvolvimento deste trabalho, o qual consiste em um retificador trifÃsico interligado a um inversor monofÃsico em ponte completa com saÃda em corrente. SÃo apresentadas a revisÃo bibliogrÃfica de sistemas de aproveitamento de energia eÃlica para geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica pertinentes ao escopo do trabalho, a anÃlise do estÃgio retificador (potÃncia e controle), a anÃlise do estÃgio inversor (potÃncia e controle), uma comparaÃÃo teÃrica de rendimento entre o retificador trifÃsico proposto neste trabalho (bridgeless trifÃsico) e o retificador trifÃsico dois nÃveis, e os resultados experimentais de um protÃtipo de validaÃÃo de 5kW do sistema proposto. / This work presents the study and development of an electronic system for wind energy exploitation from a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to a wind turbine. The system operates with variable speed, allowing maximum use of the kinetic energy incident on the wind turbine. This kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy by the permanent magnet synchronous generator and, after being fully conditioned, injected into the conventional power grid. This conditioning is done by an electronic system object of study and development of this work, which consists of a rectifier connected to a single-phase full-bridge inverter with current output. Are presented the literature review of the relevant wind energy conversion systems to the scope of work, the analysis of the rectifier stage (power and control), the analysis of the inverter stage (power and control), a efficiency theoretical comparison between the proposed rectifier (three-phase bridgeless) and the three-phase fullbridge rectifier, and the experimental results of an 5kW validation prototype of the proposed system.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-10-18T20:19:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel Mendonça de Paiva - 2016.pdf: 3565340 bytes, checksum: 6df5384c34ed001061350c147d523756 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T16:18:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel Mendonça de Paiva - 2016.pdf: 3565340 bytes, checksum: 6df5384c34ed001061350c147d523756 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T16:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel Mendonça de Paiva - 2016.pdf: 3565340 bytes, checksum: 6df5384c34ed001061350c147d523756 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the design of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system according to the positioning of the modules which compose the generator depending on tilt and azimuth angles in Goiânia, Goiás. In that purpose, a review of the literature was carried out concerning the main methods of inverter sizing ratio analysis applied to grid-connected PV systems. Starting from an hourly average climate measurement database from Goiania, an algorithm was developed to search for the ideal local inverter sizing ratio, considering the use of polycrystalline module technology. The parameters used in the analysis were provided by the manufacturers of the componentes used in the grid-connected PV system in installation at the Electrical, Mechanical and Computational Engineering School (EMC) from Federal University of Goias (UFG), which nominal power is 33.84 kWp. An inverter sizing ratio band of 0.54 to 0.77 was obtained for a -90° to +90° azimuth angle variation and 0° to 90° tilt angle variation. The potential of financial indicators improvement was verified and it was estimated a potential reduction in the levelized cost of energy above 10% comparing the inverter sizing ratio improved system to an unitary inverter sizing ratio system. / Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o dimensionamento de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede (SFCR) de acordo com o posicionamento dos módulos que compõem o gerador quanto ao ângulo de inclinação e ao ângulo azimutal em Goiânia, Goiás. Para isso foi realizada uma revisão da literatura quanto às principais metodologias de análise do fator de dimensionamento do inversor (FDI) aplicado a SFCRs. A partir de uma base de dados em intervalos horários de medições climáticas de Goiânia desenvolveu-se um algoritmo para busca do FDI ideal para a localidade, considerando o uso de módulos de silício policristalino (p-Si). Os parâmetros utilizados na análise foram os parâmetros fornecidos pelos fabricantes dos componentes utilizados no SFCR em instalação da Escola de Engenharia Elétrica, Mecânica e de Computação (EMC) da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), cuja potência nominal é de 33,84 kWp. Os métodos de análise do FDI foram comparados e foi considerado mais adequado neste estudo o método das perdas máximas anuais por limitação de potência no inversor. A faixa de FDI obtida para uma variação de -90° a +90° no ângulo azimutal e de 0° a 90° no ângulo de inclinação foi da ordem de 0,54 a 0,77. O potencial de aprimoramento de indicadores financeiros por meio do FDI foi verificado e foi estimada uma potencial redução acima de 10% do custo da energia produzida comparando o aperfeiçoamento do FDI com um FDI unitário.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_MARCEL SOARES LIMA.pdf: 17818100 bytes, checksum: 95b36384b873fd5da81040a537b53ec1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / With advancement of power electronics and the wide range of applications involving single-phase inverter voltage, current controllers has gained great prominence, because they control the flow of energy supplied to the grid or to a load and compensate some quality energy problems. For this, various techniques for controlling power has been studied in order to meet the robustness characteristics, accuracy and speed of response. In addition, another important characteristic, which has been adopted for accurately determining the choice of the current driver is the possibility of eliminating disturbances in specific frequency, such as those caused by harmonicas of the fundamental signal. This paper presents the study, analysis and resonant controller design. Since this controller is equivalent to adding two PI controllers synchronously, a positive sequence and negative sequence other, implemented in the stationary frame of reference, we will investigate the possible resonance structures of controlling synchronous equivalent to PI controllers, and vector classic and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The analyses of resonant controllers are held in the continuous domain and then the drivers are implemented in discrete domain, taking into account the computational delay. It is also performed the analysis and design of strategies for controlling resonant with and without a delay compensator. Finally, experimental tests will be performed to confirm the analyzes in this paper. / Com o avanço da eletrônica de potência e a vasta gama de aplicações que envolvem os inversores monofásicos de tensão, os controladores de corrente têm ganhado grande destaque, pois controlam o fluxo de energia fornecida à rede elétrica ou a uma carga e compensam alguns problemas de qualidade de energia. Para isso, diversas técnicas de controladores de corrente têm sido estudadas com o intuito de atender as características de robustez, precisão e rapidez na resposta. Além disso, outra característica importante, e que tem sido rigorosamente adotada para determinar a escolha dos controladores de corrente, é a possibilidade de eliminar distúrbios em frequências específicas, como por exemplo, aqueles causados por harmônicas do sinal fundamental. Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo, análise e projeto do controlador ressonante. Uma vez que este controlador é equivalente à adição de dois controladores PI síncronos, um de sequência positiva e outro de sequência negativa, implementados no referencial estacionário, serão investigados as possíveis estruturas dos controladores ressonantes equivalentes aos controladores PI síncronos, clássico e vetorial, bem como as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um. As análises dos controladores ressonantes são realizadas no dominio contínuo e, posteriormente, os controladores são implementados no dominio discreto, levando em consideração o atraso computacional. Também é realizada a análise e projeto das estratégias de controladores ressonantes com e sem um compensador de atraso. Por fim, serão realizados ensaios experimentais para confirmar as análises realizadas no decorrer deste trabalho.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T15:28:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ramonreissiqueiradeoliveira.pdf: 4744081 bytes, checksum: dbce2e20c42a3bc456ad52a2096349ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-27T17:52:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ramonreissiqueiradeoliveira.pdf: 4744081 bytes, checksum: dbce2e20c42a3bc456ad52a2096349ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T17:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ramonreissiqueiradeoliveira.pdf: 4744081 bytes, checksum: dbce2e20c42a3bc456ad52a2096349ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Uma rede com vários geradores distribuídos conectados pode melhorar a eficiência energética e reduzir o impacto negativo na rede elétrica. Um problema que surge é quando o fornecimento de energia principal é desconectado do sistema, diz-se então que ocorreu um ilhamento. Essa situação é indesejada, pois pode provocar problemas em termos de qualidade de energia, segurança, tensão e estabilidade de frequência. Esse trabalho tem por finalidade identificar o ilhamento pela variação da impedância do sistema, utilizando um método proposto que utiliza uma técnica de estimação de impedância através da injeção de um pequeno sinal na tensão de saída do gerador distribuído. Os testes realizados mostraram que quanto maior for a contribuição do inversor na potência fornecida para a carga, melhores são os valores estimados de impedância e na presença de dois inversores, os sinais injetados por cada um deles devem estar em frequências harmônicas o mais distante possível, para melhores resultados na estimação da impedância. Além disso, quando o fluxo de potência da rede para a carga é próximo de zero, o método foi capaz de identificar o ilhamento mesmo cosem atuação dos relés de tensão e frequência. O ilhamento é possível de ser identificado em aproximadamente 0,5 s em todos os casos testados, estando dessa forma dentro do tempo máximo estabelecido nas normas. / A grid with multiple distributed generators can improve energy efficiency and reduce the negative impact on itself. One problem that occurs is when the main power supply is disconnected from the system, this is called islanding. This is undesirable because it can cause problems in terms of power quality, safety, voltage and frequency stability. This work aims to identify the islanding by the system impedance variation, using a proposed method that uses an impedance estimation technique, injecting a small signal into the output voltage of the distributed generator. The tests performed showed as higher the contribution of the inverter to the power supplied to the load as better the estimated impedance values. In the presence of two inverters, the signals injected by each of them must be in harmonic frequencies, for better impedance estimation results. In addition, when the utility energy flow to the load is close to zero, the method was able to identify the same island as the voltage and frequency relays. The island can be identified in approximately 0.5 s in all cases tested, thus being within the maximum time limit set in the standards.

The grid-connected photo-voltaic (PV) system is one of the most promising renewable energy solutions which offers many benefits to both the end user and the utility network and thus it has gained the popularity over the last few decades. However, due to the very nature of its invariability and weather dependencies, the large scale integration of this type of distributed generation has created challenges for the network operator while maintaining the quality of the power supply and also for reliable and safe operations of the grids. In this study, the behavioral impact of large scale PV system integration which are both steady and dynamic in nature was studied.  An aggregate PV model suited to study the impacts was built using MATLAB/Simulink.  The integration impacts of PV power to existing grids were studied with focus on the low voltage residential distribution grids of Mälarenergi Elnät AB (10/0.4 kV). The steady state impacts were related to voltage profile, network loss. It was found that the PV generation at the load end undisputedly improves the voltage profile of the grid especially for the load buses which are situated at farther end of the grid. Further, with regard to the overvoltage issue, which is generally a concern during the low load demand period it was concluded that, at a 50% PV penetration level, the voltage level for the load buses is within the limit of 103% as prescribed by the regulator excepting for few load buses. The voltage level for load buses which deviate from the regulatory requirement are located at distance of 1200 meter or further away from the substation. The dynamic impact studied were for voltage unbalancing in the grid, which was found to have greater impact at the load buses which is located farther compared to a bus located nearer to the substation. With respect to impact study related to introduction of harmonics to the grid due to PV system integration, it was found that amount of harmonic content which was measured as total harmonic distortion (THD) multiplies with integration of more number of PV system. For a 50 % penetration level of PV, the introduced harmonics into the representative network is very minimal. Also, it was observed from the simulation study that THD content are be less when the grid operates at low load condition with high solar irradiance compared to lower irradiance and high load condition.

Multilevel voltage source inverters have been receiving more and more attention from the industry and academia as a choice for high voltage and high power applications. The high voltage multilevel inverters can be constructed with existing low voltage semiconductor switches, which already have a mature technology for handling low voltages, thus improving the reliability of the overall inverter system. These multilevel inverters generate the output voltage in the form of multi-stepped waveform with smaller amplitude. This will result in less dv/dt at the motor inputs and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by switching is considerably less. Because of the multi-stepped waveform, the instantaneous error in the output voltage will be always less compared to the conventional two-level inverter output voltage. It will reduce the unwanted harmonic content in the output voltage, which will enable to switch the inverter at lower frequencies. Many interesting multi level inverter topologies are proposed by various research groups across the world from industry and academic institutions. But apart from the conventional 3-level NPC and H-bridge topology, others are not yet highly preferred for general high power drives applications. In this respect, two different five-level inverter topologies and one three-level inverter topology for high power induction motor drive applications are proposed in this work. Existing knowledge from published literature shows that, the three-level voltage space vector diagram can be generated for an open-end winding induction motor by feeding the motor phase windings with two two-level inverters from both sides. In such a configuration, each inverter is capable of assuming 8 switching states independent of the other. Therefore a total of 64 switching combinations are possible, whereas the conventional NPC inverter have 27 possible switching combinations. The main drawback for this configuration is that, it requires a harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to suppress the common mode currents through the motor phase winding. In general, the harmonic filters are not desirable because, it is expensive and bulky in nature. Some topologies have been presented, in the past, to suppress the common mode voltage on the motor phase windings when the both inverters are fed with a single voltage source. But these schemes under utilize the dc-link voltage or use the extra power circuit. The scheme presented in chapter-3 eliminates the requirement of harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to block the common mode current in the motor phase windings. Both the two-level inverters, in this scheme, are fed with the same voltage source with a magnitude of Vdc/2 where Vdc is the voltage magnitude requires for the NPC three-level inverter. In this scheme, the identical voltage profile winding coils (pole pair winding coils), in the four pole induction motor, are disconnected electrically and reconnected in two star groups. The isolated neutrals, provided by the two star groups, will not allow the triplen currents to flow in the motor phase windings. To apply identical fundamental voltage on disconnected pole pair winding, decoupled space vector PWM is used. This PWM technique eliminates the first center band harmonics thereby it will allow the inverters to operate at lower switching frequency. This scheme doesn’t require any additional power circuit to block the triplen currents and also it will not underutilize the dc-bus voltage. A five-level inverter topology for four pole induction motor is presented in chapter-3. In this topology, the disconnected pole pair winding coils are effectively utilized to generate a five-level voltage space vector diagram for a four pole induction motor. The disconnected pole pair winding coils are fed from both sides with conventional two-level inverters. Thereby the problems like capacitor voltage balancing issues are completely eliminated. Three isolated voltage sources, with a voltage magnitude of Vdc/4, are used to block the triplen current in the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating 61 space vector locations similar to conventional NPC five-level inverter. However, this scheme has 1000 switching combinations to realize 61 space vector locations whereas the NPC five-level inverter has 125 switching combinations. In case of any switch failure, using the switching state redundancy, the proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter in lower modulation index. But this topology requires six additional bi-directional switches with a maximum voltage blocking capacity of Vdc/8. However, it doesn’t require any complicated control algorithm to generate the gating pulses for bidirectional switches. The above presented two schemes don’t require any special design modification for the induction machine. Although the schemes are presented for four pole induction motor, this technique can be easily extend to the induction motor with more than four poles and thereby the number of voltage levels on the phase winding can be further increased. An alternate five-level inverter topology for an open-end winding induction motor is presented in chapter-4. This topology doesn’t require to disconnect the pole pair winding coils like in the previous propositions. The open-end winding induction motor is fed from one end with a two-level inverter in series with a capacitor fed H-bridge cell, while the other end is connected to a conventional two-level inverter to get a five voltage levels on the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating a voltage space vector diagram identical to that of a conventional five-level inverter. A total of 2744 switching combinations are possible to generate the 61 space vector locations. With such huge number switching state redundancies, it is possible to balance the H-bridge capacitor voltage for full modulation range. In addition to that, the proposed topology eliminates eighteen clamping diode having different voltage ratings compared to the NPC inverter. The proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter for full modulation range, in case of any switch failure in the capacitor fed H-bridge cell. All the proposed topologies are experimentally verified on a 5 h.p. four pole induction motor using V/f control. The PWM signals for the inverters are generated using the TMS320F2812 and GAL22V10B/SPARTAN XC3S200 FPGA platforms. Though the proposed inverter topologies are suggested for high-voltage and high-power industrial IM drive applications, due to laboratory constraints the experimental results are taken on the 5h.p prototypes. But all the proposed schemes are general in nature and can be easily implemented for high-voltage high-power drive applications with appropriate device ratings.

Voltage source inverter (VSI) is used to control the speed of an induction motor by applying AC voltage of variable amplitude and frequency. The semiconductor switches in a VSI are turned on and off in an appropriate fashion to vary the output voltage of the VSI. Various pulse width modulation (PWM) methods are available to generate the gating signals for the switches. The process of PWM ensures proper fundamental voltage, but introduces harmonics at the output of the VSI. Ripple in the developed torque of the induction motor, also known as pulsating torque, is a prominent consequence of the harmonic content. The harmonic voltages, impressed by the VSI on the motor, differ from one PWM method to another. Space-vector-based approach to PWM facilitates a large number of switching patterns or switching sequences to operate the switches in a VSI. The switching sequences can be classified as conventional, bus-clamping and advanced bus-clamping sequences. The conventional sequence switches each phase once in a half-carrier cycle or sub-cycle, as in case of sine-triangle PWM, third harmonic injection PWM and conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM). The bus-clamping sequences clamp a phase to one of the DC terminals of the VSI in certain regions of the fundamental cycle; these are employed by discontinuous PWM (DPWM) methods. Popular DPWM methods include 30 degree clamp PWM, wherein a phase is clamped during the middle 30 degree duration of each quarter cycle, and 60 degree clamp PWM which clamps a phase in the middle 60 degree duration of each half cycle. Advanced bus-clamping PWM (ABCPWM) involves switching sequences that switch a phase twice in a sub-cycle besides clamping another phase. Unlike CSVPWM and BCPWM, the PWM waveforms corresponding to ABCPWM methods cannot be generated by comparison of three modulating signals against a common carrier. The process of modulation in ABCPWM is analyzed from a per-phase perspective, and a computationally efficient methodology to realize the sequences is derived. This methodology simplifies simulation and digital implementation of ABCPWM techniques. Further, a quick-simulation tool is developed to simulate motor drives, operated with a wide range of PWM methods. This tool is used for validation of various analytical results before experimental investigations. The switching sequences differ in terms of the harmonic voltages applied on the machine. The harmonic currents and, in turn, the torque ripple are different for different switching sequences. Analytical expression for the instantaneous torque ripple is derived for the various switching sequences. These analytical expressions are used to predict the torque ripple, corresponding to different switching sequences, at various operating conditions. These are verified through numerical simulations and experiments. Further, the spectral properties are studied for the torque ripple waveforms, pertaining to conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM), 30 degree clamp PWM, 60 degree clamp PWM and ABCPWM methods. Based on analytical, simulation and experimental results, the magnitude of the dominant torque harmonic with an ABCPWM method is shown to be significantly lower than that with CSVPWM. Also, this ABCPWM method results in lower RMS torque ripple than the BCPWM methods at any speed and CSVPWM at high speeds of the motor. Design of hybrid PWM methods to reduce the RMS torque ripple is described. A hybrid PWM method to reduce the RMS torque ripple is proposed. The proposed method results in a dominant torque harmonic of magnitude lower than those due to CSVPWM and ABCPWM. The peak-to-peak torque in each sub-cycle is analyzed for different switching sequences. Another hybrid PWM is proposed to reduce the peak-to-peak torque ripple in each sub-cycle. Both the proposed hybrid PWM methods reduce the torque ripple, without increasing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in line current, compared to CSVPWM. CSVPWM divides the zero vector time equally between the two zero states of a VSI. The zero vector time can optimally be divided to minimize the RMS torque ripple in each sub-cycle. It is shown that such an optimal division of zero vector time is the same as addition of third harmonic of magnitude 0.25 times the fundamental magnitude to the three-phase sinusoidal modulating signals. ABCPWM applies an active state twice in a sub-cycle, with the active vector time divided equally. Optimal division of active vector time in ABCPWM to minimize the RMS torque ripple is evaluated, both theoretically and experimentally. Compared to CSVPWM, this optimal PWM is shown to reduce the RMS torque ripple significantly over a wide range of speed. The various PWM schemes are implemented on ALTERA CycloneII field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital control platform along with sensorless vector control and torque estimation algorithms. The controller generates the gating signals for a 10kVA IGBT-based two-level VSI connected to a 5hp, 400V, 4-pole, 50Hz squirrel-cage induction motor. The induction motor is coupled to a 230V, 3kW separately-excited DC generator.