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Einsatz von Siliziumkarbid-Bipolartransistoren in Antriebsstromrichtern zur VerlustreduktionBarth, Henry 06 April 2022 (has links)
Stand der Technik sind IGBTs und Freilaufdioden aus Silizium (Si). Jahrzehntelange Forschung hat zu einer nahezu perfekten Technologie geführt. Jedoch werden die Fortschritte hinsichtlich der Reduzierung von Schalt- und Durchlassverlusten mit jeder neuen Generation von Si-IGBTs immer kleiner. Die anfallende Verlustleistung kann jedoch signifikant mit Leistungshalbleiter-Bauelementen aus Siliziumkarbid (SiC) und Galliumnitrid (GaN) gesenkt werden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu untersuchen, ob und inwieweit mit diskreten SiC-Bipolartransistoren im TO-247- und SiC-Schottky-Dioden im TO-220-Gehäuse der Wirkungsgrad eines Antriebsstromrichters gesteigert werden kann.
Ein Exkurs in die Siliziumkarbid-Halbleitertechnologie am Anfang soll deren Vorteile in Hinblick auf verlustärmere Leistungselektronik aufzeigen. Die Vorteile des Halbleitermaterials Siliziumkarbid werden anhand des SiC-Bipolartransistors im Vergleich zum ersten Leistungstransistor - dem Bipolartransistor aus Silizium - herausgearbeitet.
Beim SiC-Bipolartransistor muss im laststromführenden Zustand ein Steuerstrom in die Basis eingeprägt werden. Damit erhöht sich der Treiberaufwand. Deshalb wird der erste Themenschwerpunkt auf den Treiber gelegt. In dieser Arbeit wurden ein einfacher und ein komplexer Treiber aufgebaut und evaluiert. Mit leichten Modifikationen wurden mit dem komplexeren Treiber auch IGBTs und SiC-MOSFETs für Vergleichsmessungen angesteuert.
Ein neuer Ansatz zur Reduzierung der Treiberverlustleistung im Wechselrichter mit SiC-Bipolar-Transistoren wird vorgestellt. Er setzt beim Kommutierungsalgorithmus des Wechselrichters an.
Ein wesentlicher Teil der Arbeit widmet sich der Charakterisierung des SiC-Bipolartransistors, insbesondere dem Schaltverhalten. Ein- und Ausschaltwärmen für verschiedene Arbeitspunkte werden ermittelt.
Am Ende der Arbeit werden experimentelle Untersuchungen an einem SiC-Wechselrichter durchgeführt. Abschließend werden die Potenziale, die mit dem Einsatz von SiC-Bipolartransistoren verbunden sind, bewertet aber auch die Grenzen aufgezeigt.:1 Einleitung 1
2 Aufbau des SiC-Bipolartransistors
2.1 Siliziumkarbid (SiC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Eigenschaften von monokristallinem Siliziumkarbid . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Herstellung des SiC-Wafers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.3 Herstellung des SiC-Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4 Defekte im Siliziumkarbidkristall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Halbleiterphysikalische Grundlagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Gesperrter pn-Übergang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Stromführender pn-Übergang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Bipolartransistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Aufbau und Funktionsprinzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Sperrfähigkeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.3 Erster und zweiter Durchbruch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.4 Stromverstärkung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.5 Ladungsträgermodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.6 Eindimensionaler spezifischer Widerstand der Driftzone . . . . . . . . 30
3 Ansteuerung des SiC-Bipolartransistors
3.1 Einführung Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Herausforderungen beim Ansteuern von SiC-Bipolartransistoren . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Treiberkonzepte für SiC-Bipolartransistoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Konventioneller Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5 3-Level-Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.6 Treiber für SiC-MOSFET und IGBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Reduzierung der Treiberverluste durch Einschrittkommutierung
4.1 Einschrittkommutierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 Stromvorzeichenerkennung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 Berechnung der Verlustleistungen für den eingeschalteten Zustand des SiC- Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4 Messung der Treiberverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Charakterisierung des SiC-Bipolartransistors
5.1 Messaufbau für Untersuchung des Ein- und Ausschaltverhaltens . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Doppelpulsverfahren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Definition der Schaltzeiten und Schaltverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Messung der Schaltwärme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.1 Spannungstastköpfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.2 Stromsensoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4.3 Zeitliche Verschiebung der Messsignale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4.4 Vergleich von konventionellem und 3-Level-Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.4.5 Vergleich bei unterschiedlicher Treiberspannung . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.4.6 Vergleich bei halb und voll bestückter Halbbrücke . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.4.7 Vergleich von SiC-Bipolartransistor mit SiC-MOSFET und Si-IGBT . . 69
5.4.8 Reduzierung der Spannungsspitze beim Ausschalten . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Simulation des Schaltverhaltens eines SiC-Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.1 Schaltverhalten bei Ansteuerung mit unipolarem Treiber . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.2 Simulation des Einfluss der Emitter-Induktivität auf Schaltwärme . . . 81
5.5.3 Vergleich von Simulation und Messung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.6 Durchlassverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6 Einsatz von SiC-Bipolartransistoren im Wechselrichter
6.1 Aufbau der Wechselrichter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2 Inbetriebnahme des Wechselrichters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.3 Überspannungen an den Motorklemmen der 1 kW-Asynchronmaschine . . . . 91
6.4 Umbau des SiC-Wechselrichters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.5 Spannungsspitzen in der Ansteuerspannung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.6 Halbbrückenverluste im Leerlauf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 101
Literaturverzeichnis 104
A Anhang
A.1 Netzliste für SiC-Bipolartransistor FSICBH057A120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
A.2 Leiterplatten für Doppelpuls-Test und SiC-Wechselrichter . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A.3 Herleitung des Feldverlaufs in der Driftzone des gesperrten pn-Übergangs . . . 116
A.4 Herleitung des Emitterwirkungsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.5 Herleitung des spezifischen Widerstands der Driftzone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.6 Lebenslauf von Henry Barth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.6.1 Persönliche Angaben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.6.2 Wissenschaftlicher Werdegang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 / State-of-the-art are IGBTs and free-wheeling diodes made of silicon (Si). Decades of research have led to an almost perfect technology. Nevertheless, progress in terms of reduction of switching and forward conducting losses becomes smaller and smaller with each new generation of Si IGBTs. The resulting power dissipation, however, can be significantly reduced with power semiconductor devices made of silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN).
The objective of this work is to investigate whether and to what extent discrete SiC bipolar junction transistors (BJT) in TO-247 and SiC Schottky diodes in TO-220 packages can be used to increase the efficiency of a power drive inverter.
At the beginning, a digression into silicon carbide semiconductor technology is intended to show its advantages in terms of lower-loss power electronics. The advantages of the semiconductor material silicon carbide are illustrated by the SiC bipolar junction transistor in comparison with the first power transistor - the silicon bipolar junction transistor.
For the on-state of SiC bipolar junction transistors, a continuous current must be injected into the base. This increases the driving effort. Therefore, the first topic focuses on the driver. In this work, a simple and a complex driver were built and evaluated. With slight modifications, the more complex driver was also used to drive IGBTs and SiC-MOSFETs for comparative measurements.
A new approach to reduce driver power dissipation in the inverter when using SiC bipolar junction transistors is presented. It focuses on the commutation algorithm of the inverter.
A significant part of the work is devoted to the characterization of the SiC bipolar junction transistor, especially the switching behavior. Turn-on and turn-off switching losses for different operating points are determined.
At the end of the work, experimental investigations are performed on a SiC inverter. Finally, the potentials associated with the use of SiC bipolar junction transistors are evaluated but also the limitations are shown.:1 Einleitung 1
2 Aufbau des SiC-Bipolartransistors
2.1 Siliziumkarbid (SiC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Eigenschaften von monokristallinem Siliziumkarbid . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Herstellung des SiC-Wafers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.3 Herstellung des SiC-Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4 Defekte im Siliziumkarbidkristall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Halbleiterphysikalische Grundlagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Gesperrter pn-Übergang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Stromführender pn-Übergang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Bipolartransistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Aufbau und Funktionsprinzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Sperrfähigkeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.3 Erster und zweiter Durchbruch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.4 Stromverstärkung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.5 Ladungsträgermodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.6 Eindimensionaler spezifischer Widerstand der Driftzone . . . . . . . . 30
3 Ansteuerung des SiC-Bipolartransistors
3.1 Einführung Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Herausforderungen beim Ansteuern von SiC-Bipolartransistoren . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Treiberkonzepte für SiC-Bipolartransistoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Konventioneller Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5 3-Level-Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.6 Treiber für SiC-MOSFET und IGBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Reduzierung der Treiberverluste durch Einschrittkommutierung
4.1 Einschrittkommutierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 Stromvorzeichenerkennung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 Berechnung der Verlustleistungen für den eingeschalteten Zustand des SiC- Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4 Messung der Treiberverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Charakterisierung des SiC-Bipolartransistors
5.1 Messaufbau für Untersuchung des Ein- und Ausschaltverhaltens . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Doppelpulsverfahren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Definition der Schaltzeiten und Schaltverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Messung der Schaltwärme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.1 Spannungstastköpfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.2 Stromsensoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4.3 Zeitliche Verschiebung der Messsignale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4.4 Vergleich von konventionellem und 3-Level-Treiber . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.4.5 Vergleich bei unterschiedlicher Treiberspannung . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.4.6 Vergleich bei halb und voll bestückter Halbbrücke . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.4.7 Vergleich von SiC-Bipolartransistor mit SiC-MOSFET und Si-IGBT . . 69
5.4.8 Reduzierung der Spannungsspitze beim Ausschalten . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Simulation des Schaltverhaltens eines SiC-Bipolartransistors . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.1 Schaltverhalten bei Ansteuerung mit unipolarem Treiber . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.2 Simulation des Einfluss der Emitter-Induktivität auf Schaltwärme . . . 81
5.5.3 Vergleich von Simulation und Messung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.6 Durchlassverlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6 Einsatz von SiC-Bipolartransistoren im Wechselrichter
6.1 Aufbau der Wechselrichter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2 Inbetriebnahme des Wechselrichters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.3 Überspannungen an den Motorklemmen der 1 kW-Asynchronmaschine . . . . 91
6.4 Umbau des SiC-Wechselrichters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.5 Spannungsspitzen in der Ansteuerspannung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.6 Halbbrückenverluste im Leerlauf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 101
Literaturverzeichnis 104
A Anhang
A.1 Netzliste für SiC-Bipolartransistor FSICBH057A120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
A.2 Leiterplatten für Doppelpuls-Test und SiC-Wechselrichter . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A.3 Herleitung des Feldverlaufs in der Driftzone des gesperrten pn-Übergangs . . . 116
A.4 Herleitung des Emitterwirkungsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.5 Herleitung des spezifischen Widerstands der Driftzone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.6 Lebenslauf von Henry Barth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.6.1 Persönliche Angaben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.6.2 Wissenschaftlicher Werdegang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
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Study of Photovoltaic System Integration in Microgrids through Real-Time Modeling and Emulation of its Components Using HiLeS / Étude de l’Intégration des Systèmes Photovoltaïques aux Microgrids par la Modélisation et Emulation Temps Réel de ses Composants en Utilisant HiLeSGutiérrez Galeano, Alonso 06 September 2017 (has links)
L'intégration actuelle des systèmes photovoltaïques dans les systèmes d'alimentation conventionnels a montré une croissance importante, ce qui a favorisé l'expansion rapide des micro-réseaux du terme anglais microgrid. Cette intégration a cependant augmenté la complexité du système d'alimentation qui a conduit à de nouveaux défis de recherche. Certains de ces défis de recherche encouragent le développement d'approches de modélisation innovantes en temps réel capables de faire face à cette complexité croissante. Dans ce contexte, une méthodologie innovante est proposée et basée sur les composants pour la modélisation et l'émulation de systèmes photovoltaïques en temps réel integers aux microgrids. L'approche de modélisation proposée peut utiliser le langage de modélisation des systèmes (SysML) pour décrire la structure et le comportement des systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés en tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques multidisciplinaires. De plus, cette étude présente le cadre de spécification de haut niveau des systèmes embarqués (HiLeS) pour transformer les modèles SysML développés en code source destinés à configurer le matériel intégré. Cette caractéristique de la generation automatique de code permet de profiter de dispositifs avec un haut degré d'adaptabilité et de performances de traitement. Cette méthodologie basée sur HiLeS et SysML est axée sur l'étude des systems photovoltaïques partiellement ombragés ainsi que des architectures flexibles en électronique de puissance en raison de leur influence sur les microgrids actuels. En outre, cette perspective de recherche est utilisée pour évaluer les stratégies de contrôle et de supervision dans les conditions normales et de défauts. Ce travail représente la première étape pour développer une approche innovante en temps réel pour modéliser et émuler des systèmes photovoltaïques complexes en tenant compte des propriétés de modularité, de haut degré d'évolutivité et des conditions de travail non uniformes. Les résultats expérimentaux et analytiques valident la méthodologie proposée. / Nowadays, the integration of photovoltaic systems into electrical grids is encouraging the expansion of microgrids. However, this integration has also increased the power system complexity leading to new research challenges. Some of these research challenges require the development of innovative modeling approaches able to deal with this increasing complexity. Therefore, this thesis is intended to contribute with an innovative methodology component-based for modeling and emulating in real-time photovoltaic systems integrated to microgrids. The proposed modeling approach uses the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to describe the structure and behavior of integrated photovoltaic systems. In addition, this study presents the High Level Specification of Embedded Systems (HiLeS) to transform automatically the developed SysML models in embedded code and Petri nets. These characteristics of automatic code generation and design based on Petri nets allow taking advantage of FPGAs for application of real-time emulation of photovoltaic systems. This dissertation is focused on partially shaded photovoltaic systems and flexible power electronics architectures because of their relevant influence on current microgrids. Furthermore, this research perspective is intended to evaluate control and supervision strategies in normal and fault conditions. This work represents the first step to develop an innovative real-time approach to model and emulate complex photovoltaic systems considering properties of modularity, high degree of scalability, and non-uniform working conditions. Finally, experimental and analytical results validate the proposed methodology.
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Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter with Very High Efficiency Based on SiC DevicesMuhsen, Hani 25 February 2016 (has links)
This dissertation aims at designing a three-phase voltage source inverter based on the SiC devices and mainly the SiC-MOSFET. The designed inverter offers a possibility to drive the power inverter with a very high efficiency, which can reach up to 99% for 16 kW rated power. The design is dedicated to the electric vehicle application, and it aims at
• Providing a comparative study on some of the current discrete SiC devices in terms of the total losses and the thermal conductivity. In addition, a behavioral study of the effective channel mobility with temperature variation in the SiC MOSFET will be investigated.
• Designing a gate driver which fits with the driving requirements of the SiC-MOSFET and provides a trade-off between the switching losses and the EMI behavior.
• Designing a three-phase voltage source inverter with 16 kW rated power; the design includes minimizing the inverter losses and extracts the EMI model of the power inverter by considering the effects of the parasitic parameters; moreover a short guideline for selecting the heat-sink based on the static network is introduced.
• Proposing a new and simplified carried-based PWM, this will reduce the harmonics in the output waveforms and enhance the utilization of the DC-link voltage.
• Proposing a new strategy for compensating the dead-time effect in carrier based-PWM and to find out the proper dead-time level in VSI based on SiC –MOSFET.
• Designing faults diagnosis and protection circuits in order to protect the power inverter from the common faults; overcurrent, short-circuit, overvoltage, and overtemperature faults.
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Impact of Overmodulation Methods on Inverter and Machine Losses in Voltage-Fed Induction Motor DrivesMahlfeld, Hannes, Schuhmann, Thomas, Döbler, Ralf, Cebulski, Bernd 15 August 2023 (has links)
The modulation methods Space Vector PWM (SVPWM), Discontinuous PWM (DPWM1, DPWMMAX) and six-step mode are investigated in the overmodulation range of a voltage-fed induction motor drive. This area enables an increase of inverter output voltage so that drive performance can be enhanced. Though, pulse dropping occurs which results in increased iron losses and current waveform quality
degradation. Due to differences in harmonic distortion the modulation methods cause various torque oscillations and power losses in induction motors and inverter drives. To quantify these effects in a squirrel cage induction motor drive a simulation model containing a finite element machine model and an analytic inverter model is developed, in order to find the PWM scheme offering maximum torque and minimal power losses. Additionally, the holistic investigation of machine and inverter losses allows for making statements concerning total losses of drive systems and the most suitable overmodulation scheme for the application.
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Mathematical Model for Inverter Power Output in PV ParksSuragimath, Shashidhar January 2023 (has links)
Solar photovoltaic (PV) parks have proliferated all over the world as a result of the growing demand for electricity, and especially electricity from renewables. As these parks become larger and complex, it becomes increasingly important to develop accurate and efficient mathematical models that can be used to predict their performance and optimize their design. The inverter is an essential component of a solar PV system that converts the DC power generated by the solar panels into AC power that can be used by the grid or by local loads. This research paper presents a comparative study between a pre-existing reference model and a mathematical model, developed specifically for predicting the AC power output of photovoltaic systems. In addition, a hybrid model is included for comparative analysis. The performance of each model was evaluated using real-world data installed at Glava Energy Centre in Hillringsberg, Sweden. The reference and hybrid models showed similar trends in their calculated versus actual values, but the hybrid model outperformed the reference model slightly. The actual power values were found to be similar to the simulated values in all three models. However, the mathematical model was more specific and sensitive to the inverter under consideration, resulting in a comprehensive and accurate representation of the inverter's behaviour. The models take into account the inverter's characteristics, as well as environmental elements like temperature and solar irradiance that affect its performance. The results showed that the mathematical model outperformed the other models in terms of accuracy and reliability, achieving an R2 score of 0.9226, 0.9936, 0.9789, and 0.9736 for the months of February, April, July, and October, respectively. The mathematical model also had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values compared to the other models. The results of this study demonstrate the value of mathematical modelling in the design and optimization of solar PV parks and provide a framework for the development of more complex models in the future.
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A Novel Two-Level Inverter Design for Efficient Energy Conversion in a Maglev Train RailZetterström, Oskar, Westholm, Stefan West January 2023 (has links)
This report covers the construction of a prototype inverter system designed to power the rail of a maglev train, from component selection through simulations and power demands to mounting and wiring the components into a cabinet. The inverter is made with insulated gate bipolar transistors controlled with pulse-width modulated signals provided by a custom microcontroller. The output of the inverter is a controllable three-phase square wave. The prototype was tested with a microcontroller designed for a different gate driver, making it necessary to design and create an adapter to be able to test it. The results showed that an inverter of two-level topology, together with capacitors, is a viable option for a 10 kHz switching frequency. / Denna rapporten täcker konstruktionen av en prototyp till en inverter topologi designad för att driva rälsen till ett maglevtåg. Från komponentval genom simulering och kapacitetskrav, till montering och sladdragning av komponenterna in i ett skåp. Invertern är gjort med bipolär-transistorer med isolerat syre (IGBTer) som styrs med en pulsbreddsmodulerad signal försedd av en egendesignad mikrokontroller. Utsignalen från invertern är en styrbar trefas fyrkantsvåg. Prototypen skulle testas med en mikrokontroller designad för en annan gate driver, därför var det nödvändigt att designa och producera ett adapterkort för att kunna köra testerna. Resultated visade att en två-level inverter, tillsammans med kondensatorer, är en genomförbar lösning för 10 kHz switchingfrekvens.
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Study Of Universal Islanding Detection Techniques In Distributed Generation SystemsOchalla Danladi, Ochai January 2023 (has links)
Energy security, global warming, and climate change have been a major source of global discussions and development. Likewise, the rising cost of electricity for consumers and exponential demand for energy are major factors driving the incremental growth and integration of sustainable forms of energy generation into power the system cycle. Distributed generation resources are majorly integrated into the electricity distribution system at the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) level of the utility grid system. Unexpected power outages on an electricity distribution network can lead to an islanding situation, in which a distributed generation system continues to supply power to the electricity grid. It is highly recommended by operational standards that, under such conditions, a distributed generation system is disconnected from the grid within a short period to prevent damage to power equipment and ensure personnel safety. The decoupling process requires an islanding detection method (IDM). Such detection methods are implemented in grid-tied power electronic converters (PEC) to detect and prevent islanding conditions. The thesis investigates and describes an active islanding detection method, the active frequency drift with positive feedback. It also covers the parameter design and the analysis of the non–detection zone. The effectiveness of the method was verified through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation
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Analysis and Design of High-Frequency Soft-Switching DC-DC Converter for Wireless Power Charging ApplicationsDanekar, Abhishek V. 09 May 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Peripheral Circuits Study for High Temperature Inverters Using SiC MOSFETsQi, Feng 12 September 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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High-Efficiency and High-Frequency Resonant Converter Based Single-Stage Soft-Switching Isolated Inverter Design and Optimization with Gallium-Nitride (GaN)Wen, Hao 30 September 2021 (has links)
Isolated inverter can provide galvanic isolation which is necessary for some applications with safety regulations. Traditionally, a two-stage configuration is widely applied with isolated dc-dc stage and a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated (SPWM) dc-ac stage. However, this two-stage configuration suffers from more components count, more complex control and tend to have lower efficiency and lower power density. Meanwhile, a large dc bus capacitor is needed to attenuate the double line frequency from SPWM for two-stage configuration. Therefore, the single-stage approach including an isolated dc-rectified sine stage and a line frequency unfolder is preferable. Since the unfolder circuit is at line frequency being almost lossless, the isolated dc-rectified sine stage becomes critical.
However, the relevant research for the single-stage isolated inverter is limited. People either utilize PWM based converter as dc-rectified sine stage with duty cycle adjustment or apply SRC or LLC resonant converter for better soft switching characteristics. For PWM based converter, hard switching restricts the overall inverter efficiency, while for SRC/LLC, enough wide voltage gain range and full range ZVS are the major issues.
This dissertation aims to provide solutions for a high-efficiency, high-frequency resonant converter based single-stage soft-switching isolated inverter design. The LLC and LCLCL resonant converters are applied as the isolated dc-rectified sine stage with variable frequency modulation (VFM). Therefore, the rectified sine wave generation consists of many dc-dc conversion with different switching frequencies and an efficient dc-rectified sine stage design needs each dc-dc conversion to be with high efficiency.
This dissertation will first propose the optimization methods for LLC converter dc-dc conversion. ZVS models are derived to ensure fully ZVS performance for primary side GaN devices. As a large part in loss breakdown, the optimization for transformer is essential. The LLC converter can achieve above 99% efficiency with proposed optimization approach. Moreover, the channel turn-off energy model is presented for a more accurate loss analysis.
With all the design and optimization considerations, a MHz LLC converter based isolated inverter is designed and a hybrid modulation method is proposed, which includes full bridge (FB) VFM for output high line region and half bridge (HB) VFM for output low line region. By changing from FB to HB, the output voltage gain is reduced to half to have a wider voltage gain range. However, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage at light load will be impacted since the voltage gain will be higher with lighter load at the maximum switching frequency.
A MHz LCLCL converter based isolated inverter is proposed for a better output voltage THD at light load conditions. The paralleled LC inside the LCLCL resonant tank can naturally create a zero voltage gain point at their resonant frequency, which shows superior performance for rectified sine wave generation. Besides the better THD performance, the LCLCL converter based isolated inverter also features for easier control, better ZVS performance and narrower switching frequency range.
Meanwhile, the LCLCL based inverter topology has bi-directional power flow capability as well. With variable frequency modulation for ac-dc, this topology is still a single-stage solution compared to the traditional two-stage solution including PFC + LLC configuration. / Doctor of Philosophy / Inverters can convert dc voltage to ac voltage and typically people use two-stage approach with isolated dc-dc stage and dc-ac stage. However, this two-stage configuration suffers from more components count, more complex control and tend to have lower efficiency and lower power density. Therefore, the single-stage solution with dc-rectified sine wave stage and a line frequency unfolder becomes appealing. The unfolder circuit is to unfold the rectifier sine wave to an ac sine wave at the output. Since the unfolder is at line frequency and can be considered lossless, the key design is for the dc-rectified sine stage.
The resonant converter featured for soft switching seems to be a good candidate. However, the inverter needs soft switching for the whole range and an enough wide voltage gain, which makes the design difficult, especially the target is high efficiency for the overall inverter. This dissertation aims to provide solutions for a high-efficiency, high-frequency resonant converter based single-stage soft-switching isolated inverter design. The LLC and LCLCL resonant converters are applied as the isolated dc-rectified sine stage with variable frequency modulation (VFM). Therefore, the rectified sine wave generation consists of many dc-dc conversion with different switching frequencies and an efficient dc-rectified sine stage design needs each dc-dc conversion to be with high efficiency.
The design considerations and optimization methods for the LLC dc-dc conversion are firstly investigated. Based on these approaches, a MHz LLC converter based isolated inverter is designed with proposed hybrid modulation method. To further improve the light load performance, a MHz LCLCL converter based isolated inverter topology is proposed. The paralleled LC inside the LCLCL resonant tank can naturally create a zero voltage gain point which shows superior characteristics for rectified sine wave generation. Moreover, the LCLCL resonant converter based topology has bi-directional capability as well so it can work well for ac voltage to dc voltage conversion.
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