Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera mellanchefers upplevelse kring press i sin arbetsroll- från såväl ledning som medarbetare. Studien besvarar två frågeställningar; (1) Hur upplever mellanchefer den press som ställs på dem från ledning samt medarbetare? (2) Hur kan mellanchefer hantera den upplevda pressen från ledning samt medarbetare? Den kvalitativa studiens syfte har besvarats genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med mellanchefer från olika branscher samt olika städer inom Sveriges gränser. Det empiriska materialet har tematiserats och analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom området, samt Job-demands resources modellen (JD-R). Resultatet visar att arbetsrollen mellanchef är mycket komplex och innebär mer jobb än vad som står i arbetsbeskrivningen, då det “osynliga” arbetet är av stor karaktär. Det finns ett enormt behov av stöd som främjar arbetet och låter mellanchefer hantera pressen, vilket inte erbjuds om inte individen ber om det. Andra kollegor och mellanchefer omkring sig som finns till hand för diskussion och “bollplank” underlättar också arbetssituationen. / The study aims to examine and analyze middle managers' experience of pressure in their work role - from both management and employees. The study answers two questions; (1) How do middle managers experience the pressure placed on them from management and employees? (2) How can middle managers handle the perceived pressure from management and employees? The purpose of the qualitative study has been answered through six semi-structured interviews with middle managers from different industries and different cities within Swedish borders. The empirical material has been thematized and analyzed with the help of previous research in the field, as well as the Job-demands resources model (JD-R). The results show that the work role of middle manager is very complex and involves more work than what is stated in the job description, as the “invisible” work is of a great nature. There is a huge need for support that promotes the work and allows middle managers to handle the press, which is not offered unless the individual asks for it. Other colleagues and middle managers around him who are on hand for discussion and sounding boards also facilitate the work situation.

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Denna uppsats presenterar en kvalitativ studie av fenomenet osynligt arbete bland svenska högstadielärare. Genom att genomföra 13 semistrukturerade intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga högstadielärare är syftet att undersöka hur fenomenet osynligt arbete ser ut inom svensk högstadieskola. Studien intar ett genusperspektiv och det teoretiska ramverket är Joan Ackers teori om könade organisationer. Vidare använder studien även Trudy Bates relationella modell av Ackers fem könade processer. Genom att använda detta perspektiv kan studien identifiera eventuella könsmönster som kan uppstå i relation till upplevelsen av osynligt arbete. Utifrån två forskningsfrågor har resultaten kunnat visa att det finns många olika typer av osynligt arbete inom läraryrket på svenska högstadieskolor. Allt från att bygga starka relationer med elever, ansvara för anteckningar på möten, till olika former av hushålls- och underhållsarbete med mera, har identifierats som osynliga arbetsuppgifter. När det gäller könsskillnader kan resultaten vidare visa att det vanligtvis är kvinnor, som i större utsträckning, utför den här typen av uppgifter. När det kommer till hur lärare påverkas av osynligt arbete, i relation till deras arbetsmiljö, visar resultaten att det är kvinnor som drabbas mest negativt. Exempelvis beskrivs stress och utbrändhet som vanliga företeelser inom yrket. Även om manliga lärare också kan drabbas, tyder resultaten på att dessa företeelser är vanligare bland kvinnliga lärare. Resultaten visar vidare att kvinnliga lärare i större utsträckning tar till medvetna strategier för att hantera sin arbetsmiljösituation. Samtidigt beskrivs de kvinnliga lärarna ha svårare att sätta gränser. Trots att det svenska skolväsendet ofta betraktas som en könsneutral organisation går det av denna studie att dra slutsatsen att denna typ av arbetsplatser påverkas av samhälleliga könsnormer. Rekommendationer för framtida studier av osynligt arbete inom läraryrket diskuteras. / This paper presents a qualitative study of the phenomenon of invisible work among Swedish high school teachers. Through the conducting of 13 semi-structured interviews with male and female high school teachers, the aim is to investigate how the phenomenon of invisible work appears in Swedish upper secondary schools. The study adopts a gender perspective and the theoretical framework is Joan Acker’s theory about gendered organizations. Furthermore, the study also uses Trudy Bates relational model of Acker's Five Gendering Processes. By using this perspective, the study can identify any potential gender patterns that may occur in relation to the experience of invisible work. Based on two research questions, the results have been able to show that there are many different types of invisible work within the teaching profession at Swedish high schools. Everything from building strong relationships with students, being responsible for taking notes at meetings, to various forms of household and maintenance work and more, have been identified as invisible work tasks. Regarding gender differences, the results could further show that women usually carry out these types of tasks in greater occurrence. When it comes to how teachers are affected by invisible work, in relation to their work environment, the results also show that women are the ones who are most negatively affected. Stress and burnout are for example described as common phenomena in the profession. Although male teachers can also be affected, the results suggest that these phenomena are more common among female teachers. The results further show that female teachers to a greater extent use conscious strategies to manage their work environment situation. At the same time they are described as having more difficulty setting boundaries. Despite the fact that the Swedish school system is often considered as a gender-neutral organization, it is possible to conclude from this study that this type of workplace is influenced by societal gender norms. Recommendations for future studies of invisible work within the teaching profession are discussed.

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[pt] A presente pesquisa objetiva compreender o papel dos caminhos no processo de transformação da paisagem florestal do Maciço da Tijuca. Para isso, foi feito um (re)conhecimento sobre a história da área de estudo e seus personagens históricos através da pesquisa documental, complementada pela identificação, sistematização e análise espacial de vestígios encontrados em trabalhos de campo. Ainda utilizamos a fitossociologia para análise do componente arbóreo ao redor dos caminhos, procurando compreender as resultantes ecológicas do encontro entre a dinâmica social e natural. Foram encontrados diversos caminhos antigos, sendo 18 segmentos de caminhos desativados e quatro segmentos de caminhos em uso. Além disso, outros legados socioecológicos foram identificados, como 377 anti-gas carvoarias, 149 vestígios de assentamento humano, 38 figueiras remanescentes e 1.207 pontos com ao menos um indivíduo de jaqueira, tendo sido contabilizados 8.978 indivíduos. A análise fitossociológica evidenciou que o legado do uso pretérito também se reflete na estrutura e composição da vegetação, principalmente através do estabelecimento de novos ecossistemas de jaqueira que, por sua vez, possuem sua distribuição totalmente atrelada à presença humana pretérita e ao seu padrão de dispersão. No entanto, o público que frequenta o Parque Nacional da Tijuca não conhece a história dos caminhos de que usufrui. Com isso, propomos três produtos – vídeos, redes sociais e narrativa criativa - que podem auxiliar no processo de disseminação desse conteúdo, trazendo à tona personagens invisibilizados e cativando os frequentadores da Unidade de Conservação frente aos diferentes atrativos histórico-culturais. / [en] The present research aims to understand the role of paths in the process of trans-formation of the forest landscape of the Tijuca Massif. For this, it was a recognition about the history of study and its historical characters through documentary research, complemented by the identification, systematization and analysis of tra-ces found in fieldwork. We still use phytosociology to analyze tree components, comprised around ecological and natural groups. Several old paths were found, with 18 segments of paths activated and four segments of old paths in use. In ad-dition, other socio-ecological legacies were identified, such as 377 charcoal kilns, 149 ruins, 38 remaining fig trees, 1,207 points with less than one individual of jackfruit, having been counted 8,978 individuals. The phytosociology analysis shows that the legacy of past human use is also reflected in the structure and com-position of the vegetation, mainly through the establishment of jackfruit novel ecossystems, which, in turn, have their distribution totally linked to the past pre-sence and its scatter pattern. However, the public that frequents the PNT does not know the history of the paths it enjoys. Therefore, we proposed three products – videos, social media and creatuve storytelling – that can help in the process of disseminating this content, bringing to light characters made invisible by traditio-nal historiography and captivating visitors to the Conservation Unit in view of the different historical-cultural attractions.

I mitt examensarbete undersöker jag hur svensklärare gestaltar genrepedagogik i sin undervisning i ämnet svenska och vilken potential genrepedagogik tillmäts och på vilka grunder. Genrepedagogiken är en stram undervisningsmodell som har sin grund i Australien där undervisningsidealet är synlig undervisning där man namnger språkets delar och lär utdem till eleverna från tidig ålder. I Sverige har genrepedagogiken fått sitt genomslag i ämnet svenska som andraspråk. Där får eleverna möjlighet att skapa texter i olika genrer vilket ger eleverna förutsättningar att förstå och bearbeta olika texttyper. Genom att läraren utför en formaliserad undervisning och anpassar den efter elevernas intresse och behov främjas läroprocessen.Jag har använt mig av kvalitativ metod när jag analyserat svaren från informanterna. Detta är en analysmetod som hjälpt mig att hålla fokus på frågeställningarna, värdera svaren och få tydlighet i analysen. Jag har intervjuat tolv lärare som undervisar på samma skola och precis avslutat en kurs om genrepedagogik.I analys- och resultat delen av mitt examensarbete presenterar jag min empiri som svarar mot mina frågeställningar utifrån olika aspekter beträffande genrepedagogiken och dess påverkan på undervisningen.I min resultatdel kan jag se att lärarna använder sig av genrepedagogik i sin undervisning, dock inte hela tiden utan de delar upp cirkelmodellen och använder sig av de delar de tyckerär det bästa för gruppens och den enskilda individens utveckling. De har utvecklat enförståelse för genrepedagogiken och dess syfte för att utveckla elevernas arbete med olika texttyper, men de vill även fortsätta med en undervisningsmodell som är tydligt funktionaliserad samt ge eleverna möjlighet att utveckla sitt lärande på olika sätt. Nyckelord: Cirkelmodellen, genrepedagogik, inramning, formaliserad undervisning, funktionaliserad undervisning, osynlig undervisning, synlig undervisning

I studien används empiri insamlat från intervjuer för att undersöka sju kvinnors upplevelser av att arbeta på mansdominerade arbetsplatser. Utifrån en tematisk analys antyder resultatet bland annat att könsnormer spelar en stor roll för hur de intervjuade kvinnorna som arbetar inom mansdominerade arbetsplatser bemöts. Vidare visar resultatet att dessa kvinnor upplever att de måste prestera mer än män för att lyckas samt att de inte får samma arbetsrelaterade chanser som sina manliga kollegor. Respondenterna uttryckte även att de inte upplever att de anpassat sig för att passa in i gemenskapen på arbetsplatsen. Studiens empiri har ställts emot tidigare forskning, Yvonne Hirdmans genusteori samt Eagly & Woods sociala rollteori för att belysa vilka utmaningar kvinnor kan stöta på i sitt arbete samt hur kvinnor påverkas och anpassar sig till att vara i minoritet. Det förs bland annat en diskussion om att det faktum att respondenterna inte känner sig betrodda i sina roller, vilket enligt genussystemet och social rollteori beror på att det uppstår en social störning när de kvinnliga respondenterna agerar utanför rådande sociala förväntningar. Studiens analys tar även upp hur människan, medvetet eller omedvetet, anpassar sig till nya situationer, såsom att passa in i en arbetsgrupp, samt vilka “uppoffringar” detta kan innebära. Vidare diskuteras det att studiens resultat gällande det osynliga arbetet inte är helt enigt med tidigare forskning då resultatet visade att respondenterna inte upplevde sig utföra det osynliga arbetet i den grad som forskningen antyder. / The study uses empirical data collected from seven interviews to investigate women's experiences of working in male-dominated workplaces. In a thematic analysis, the results suggest, among other things, that gendernorms play a large role in hos women who work in male-dominated workplaces are treated. Furthermore, the results show that women feel obliged to perform more than men to succeed and that they do not get the same work-related opportunities as their male colleagues. Respondents also expressed that they do not feel that they have adapted to fit into the workplace. The study's empirical data has then been compared with previous research, Yvonne Hirdman's theory of the gendersystem and Eagly & Wood's social role theory to highlight the challenges that women may encounter in their work and how they are affected by and adapt to being in a minority. There is also a discussion regarding the fact that the respondents do not feel trusted in their roles which, according to the gendersystem and social role theory, is a sign of social disruption in which the female respondents act contrary to prevailing social expectations. The analysis of the study also addresses how humans, consciously or unconsciously, adapt to new situations, such as fitting into a work group, and what "sacrifices" this may entail. Furthermore, it is discussed that the study's results regarding invisible work are not entirely consistent with previous research as the results showed that the respondents did not feel that they performed invisible work to the extent that the research suggests.

Due to the changing scope of data management towards the management of heterogeneous and distributed systems and applications, integration processes gain in importance. This is particularly true for those processes used as abstractions of workflow-based integration tasks; these are widely applied in practice. In such scenarios, a typical IT infrastructure comprises multiple integration systems with overlapping functionalities. The major problems in this area are high development effort, low portability and inefficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the vision of invisible deployment that addresses the virtualization of multiple, heterogeneous, physical integration systems into a single logical integration system. This vision comprises several challenging issues in the fields of deployment aspects as well as runtime aspects. Here, we describe those challenges, discuss possible solutions and present a detailed system architecture for that approach. As a result, the development effort can be reduced and the portability as well as the performance can be improved significantly.

Chronic illness and invisible disability are impactful contexts during emerging adulthood and the launching stage of the family life cycle (Beatty, 2011; Capelle, Visser, and Vosman, 2016; Young et al., 2010). The parent-child relationship is important to both developmental and health outcomes in families coping with chronic illness during emerging adulthood (Crandell, Sandelowski, Leeman, Haville, and Knafle, 2018; Fenton, Ferries, Ko, Javalkar, and Hooper, 2015; Waldboth, Patch, Mahrer-Imhaf, and Metcalfe, 2016). While informed clinical competency in counseling families experiencing disablement is a diversity-affirmative ethical imperative among psychotherapists (Mona et al., 2017), little is known in family therapy about how parents and emerging adult children experience launching with chronic illness. This qualitative study explored the parent-child dyadic experience of living with a chronic illness called Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) during emerging adulthood. Seven dyads of parents and their emerging adult children with POTS were interviewed. Data analysis of in-depth interviews using Moustakas's (1994) transcendental phenomenology uncovered eight thematic clusters of meaning in the shared lived experience of POTS at the launching stage of the family life cycle. Clinical implications for family therapists were explored using Rolland's family system-illness (FSI) model of medical family therapy. Study limitations and future directions for further research were discussed. / Master of Science / More and more young adults are living with chronic illness. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a little-known chronic illness that tends to begin during adolescence. Like many health problems that disproportionately affect women, POTS is often overlooked by doctors. POTS symptoms, such as dizziness and cognitive difficulty, impact a person's ability to engage in preferred activities and identities. Family therapists can play an impactful role in supporting parents and children with POTS through developmental tasks related to launching an emerging adult in the context of this complex and widely misunderstood chronic illness. This thesis presented the first qualitative study of parent-child dyadic experiences living with POTS. Clinical implications for medical family therapy were highlighted. To construct an interview framework, Rolland's Family Systems-Illness (FSI) clinical model for helping families cope with illness and disability was used in conjunction with Arnett's description of emerging adulthood as a developmental stage in life. Seven parent-child dyads were interviewed for 1-2 hours in fourteen separate interviews generating transcripts about 140,000 words long in total. Analysis of these interviews identified shared themes composing the essence of the parent-child experience living with POTS during emerging adulthood. Results were described through tables and narratives. Clinical implications for family therapists working with parents and children with POTS during emerging adulthood were proposed. Limitations and ideas for future studies were discussed.

Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению проявления феномена трансгрессии в романах современного американского писателя-постмодерниста Чака Паланика. Объектом исследования являются формы, особенности и приемы, которые можно охарактеризовать как трансгрессивные, в выбранных романах Чака Паланика. Научная новизна исследования заключается в новом подходе к исследованию творчества Чака Паланика, а именно обоснование характера его поэтики как трансгрессивной. Практическая ценность заключается в выявлении новых критериев трансгрессивной постмодернистской прозы, которые можно будет использовать при анализе текстов, а также в процессе преподавания для построения кусов по теории литературы и истории зарубежной литературы. На основании проведенного исследования были сделаны выводы о том, что герои, проблематика, сюжетные и структурные особенности романного творчества Чака Паланика соответствуют характеристикам трансгрессивной литературы и являются проявлениями поэтики трансгрессии. / This master's thesis is devoted to the study of the manifestation of the phenomenon of transgression in the novels of the contemporary American postmodernist writer Chuck Palahniuk. The object of the study is the forms, features and techniques that can be characterized as transgressive in the selected novels of Chuck Palahniuk. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a new approach to the study of the work of Chuck Palahniuk, namely the substantiation of the nature of his poetics as transgressive. The practical value lies in identifying new criteria for transgressive postmodern prose that can be used in the analysis of texts, as well as in the teaching process to build courses on literary theory and the history of foreign literature. Based on the study, it was concluded that the characters, issues, plot and structural features of Chuck Palahniuk’s novel work correspond to the characteristics of transgressive literature and are manifestations of the poetics of transgression.