Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

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Critical interpretations of the work of Mario Giacomelli often disagree as to whether he should be classified within the style of Italian neorealism. This thesis argues that Giacomelli's photography strikes a balance between realism and abstraction that is best explained as neorealist. Neorealist films such as Rome, Open City (1945) and Bicycle Thieves (1948) sought to capture the social realities of postwar Italy. The realism in these films is complicated however, subjecting postwar social actuality to the artistic initiative of the director. I seek to identify the filmic qualities in Giacomelli's work to clarify a connection to neorealism. Though Giacomelli physically manipulated his images, these manipulations give his images the appearance of a film. To reveal Giacomelli's connection to neorealism, I will investigate the cinematic qualities of mise-en-scene, montage and narrative. This thesis will argue that Giacomelli's photography stems from a cinematic approach that was first developed in neorealism.

No / Maurizio Nichetti¿s comedy, Ladri di saponette/The Icicle Thief (1989) has been read as a mordant satire on commercial television and the world of consumerism it represents in late-1980s Italy. The context in which Nichetti¿s cinema was originally created and consumed is examined here in some detail. This is followed by an analysis of how a new frame of reference (the television screening of the film on commercial UK television in the 1990s) impacted on this work and what this can tell us about spectatorship and the problematic intermedial relationship between film, television and advertising.

Luchino Visconti, né en 1906 et mort en 1976, a été un metteur en scène de cinéma, de théâtre, d’opéra et toute sa carrière a été placée sous le signe de l’amour pour les arts, avec une prédilection particulière pour la littérature de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et du début du vingtième. L’objectif de notre étude est d’analyser la filmographie de Luchino Visconti, en nous arrêtant plus particulièrement sur quatre films, La terra trema, Rocco e i suoi fratelli, Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa… et L’innocente, où les rapports avec l’œuvre de Giovanni Verga et de Gabriele d’Annunzio sont les plus évidents. Plus spécifiquement le but est de démontrer que, contrairement aux stéréotypes qui marquent le discours critique sur l’œuvre du cinéaste, l’influence d’écrivains tels que Thomas Mann et Marcel Proust, tout en étant indéniable, a été surévaluée au détriment de celle des deux écrivains italiens, dont l’ascendant parcourt toute la filmographie viscontienne / Luchino Visconti (1906-1976), was a movie, theatre and opera director. He dedicated all his career to the love of art, with a particular focus on the literature from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuryThe goal of our study is to analyse the filmography of Luchino Visconti, more specifically the following four films: La terra trema, Rocco e i suoi fratelli, Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa and L’innocente where the references to the works of Giovanni Verga and Gabriele d’Annunzio are most explicit. More specifically, we want to demonstrate that the undeniable influence of writers such as Thomas Mann and Marcel Proust on Visconti has been overvalued, at the expense of the two Italian authors, Verga and d’Annunzio, who have heavily influenced Visconti’s entire filmography

Nesta dissertação, foi analisada a maneira como os estereótipos dos italianos são representados no roteiro de Os eternos desconhecidos, considerado este filme inaugural da commedia allitaliana. Para tanto, inicia-se com uma introdução sobre a commedia dellarte e a importância que teve posteriormente na cultura cômica italiana, principalmente na commedia allitaliana. Em seguida, apresenta-se o percurso do cinema italiano, partindo das comédias chamadas telefoni bianchi, passando pelo neorrealismo e chegando à commedia allitaliana. O período neorrealista do cinema italiano iniciou no imediato pós-guerra (1945), tendo seu período de produção mais importante entre 1945 e 1948. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se a commedia allitaliana que, com características próprias, dava continuidade aos temas neorrealistas. As mudanças bruscas ocorridas relativamente em curto espaço de tempo, entre o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945) e a retomada econômica da Itália (décadas de 50 e 60), repercutiram em uma mudança comportamental dos italianos, resultando em um novo modelo identitário. Assim, a commedia allitaliana apresenta os retratos/estereótipos do novo italiano. Neste trabalho foram analisados dez personagens de Os eternos desconhecidos que, colocados em confronto entre si, refletem as mudanças sociais e de mentalidade dos italianos nesse momento inicial do boom econômico. / In this dissertation, an analysis was made of how the stereotypes of the Italians are represented in the script of Big deal on Madonna Street, which was considered the inaugural film of the commedia all\'italiana. Therefore, it begins with an introduction about the commedia dellarte and the importance it had on the Italian comedy culture later on, mainly on the commedia all\'italiana. Next, the course of the Italian cinema is presented, starting from the comedies telefoni bianchi, passing through the neorealism and arriving at the commedia all\'italiana. The neorealist period of the Italian cinema began immediately at the post-war (1945), having its most important production period between 1945 and 1948. At the same time, it was developed the commedia all\'italiana which, with its own characteristics, gave continuity to neorealist themes. The abrupt changes that took place, in a relatively short time, between the end of the World War II (1945) and Italy\'s economic recovery (in the fifties and sixties), had repercussions in the behavioural change of the Italians, which resulted into a new model of identity. Thus, the commedia all\'italiana presents the portraits / stereotypes of the new Italian. In this work, ten characters of Big deal on Madonna Street were analysed, which, once placed against each other, reflect the social changes and the mindset of the Italians during this economic boom.

Nesta dissertação, foi analisada a maneira como os estereótipos dos italianos são representados no roteiro de Os eternos desconhecidos, considerado este filme inaugural da commedia allitaliana. Para tanto, inicia-se com uma introdução sobre a commedia dellarte e a importância que teve posteriormente na cultura cômica italiana, principalmente na commedia allitaliana. Em seguida, apresenta-se o percurso do cinema italiano, partindo das comédias chamadas telefoni bianchi, passando pelo neorrealismo e chegando à commedia allitaliana. O período neorrealista do cinema italiano iniciou no imediato pós-guerra (1945), tendo seu período de produção mais importante entre 1945 e 1948. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se a commedia allitaliana que, com características próprias, dava continuidade aos temas neorrealistas. As mudanças bruscas ocorridas relativamente em curto espaço de tempo, entre o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945) e a retomada econômica da Itália (décadas de 50 e 60), repercutiram em uma mudança comportamental dos italianos, resultando em um novo modelo identitário. Assim, a commedia allitaliana apresenta os retratos/estereótipos do novo italiano. Neste trabalho foram analisados dez personagens de Os eternos desconhecidos que, colocados em confronto entre si, refletem as mudanças sociais e de mentalidade dos italianos nesse momento inicial do boom econômico. / In this dissertation, an analysis was made of how the stereotypes of the Italians are represented in the script of Big deal on Madonna Street, which was considered the inaugural film of the commedia all\'italiana. Therefore, it begins with an introduction about the commedia dellarte and the importance it had on the Italian comedy culture later on, mainly on the commedia all\'italiana. Next, the course of the Italian cinema is presented, starting from the comedies telefoni bianchi, passing through the neorealism and arriving at the commedia all\'italiana. The neorealist period of the Italian cinema began immediately at the post-war (1945), having its most important production period between 1945 and 1948. At the same time, it was developed the commedia all\'italiana which, with its own characteristics, gave continuity to neorealist themes. The abrupt changes that took place, in a relatively short time, between the end of the World War II (1945) and Italy\'s economic recovery (in the fifties and sixties), had repercussions in the behavioural change of the Italians, which resulted into a new model of identity. Thus, the commedia all\'italiana presents the portraits / stereotypes of the new Italian. In this work, ten characters of Big deal on Madonna Street were analysed, which, once placed against each other, reflect the social changes and the mindset of the Italians during this economic boom.

La «Rivista del Cinematografo» è un periodico longevo, il più longevo della storia del cinema italiano. Pubblicato a partire dal 1928, festeggia nel 2008 l’ottantesimo l’anniversario di vita. A dispetto di questa durevole presenza nel panorama editoriale italiano, la «Rivista del Cinematografo» rappresenta però una storia che è rimasta, e lo rimane ancora oggi, esclusa dai discorsi sociali. Il pre-giudizio storico da cui prende le mosse la presente ricerca individua invece – differentemente dalla vulgata “ufficiale” – la «Rivista del Cinematografo» non come “una storia a sé”, ma al contrario come una storia culturale in grado di illuminare in maniera significativa i processi storici del cinema italiano, con particolare – ma nient’affatto esclusivo – riferimento alle sue interrelazioni con la cultura cattolica. Si potrebbe dire, con una formula sintetica, che quella della «Rivista del Cinematografo» è una microstoria di lunga durata. Quest’ultima definizione può apparire contraddittoria perché accosta due categorie legate a due differenti tradizioni storiografiche: da una parte la microstoria, legata a una tradizione fattografica; dall’altra la lunga durata, legata a una tradizione teorico-esplicativa. Ma è proprio nell’ambito di una nuova concezione della storia – la cosiddetta storia culturale – che questa ricerca intende muoversi, nel tentativo di fare tesoro di un dibattito disciplinare che ha conosciuto un enorme sviluppo in questi ultimi anni, e che verrà discusso nella sezione introduttiva, analizzando le ricadute che esso ha sulla pratica storiografica in ambito cinematografico. / The «Rivista del Cinematografo» is the most ancient magazine in the Italian history of cinema. Published before 1928, in 2008 it celebrated its 80th anniversary. In spite of this long-lived presence in Italian publishing, the «Rivista del Cinematografo» represents a history left out in social discourses. This research considers instead the «Rivista del Cinematografo» as a cultural history that can illuminate the historical processes of the Italian cinema with particular – but not exclusive – reference to their relationships with the catholic culture. It could be said that the history of the «Rivista del Cinematografo» is a long duration microhistory. This definition can appear conflicting because it puts two categories that come from two different historical traditions near to each other: the microhistory and the long duration. But this research intends to explore a new historical perspective – the ‘so called’ cultural history – with the aim of learning from a debate which has developed enormously in recent years and analysing the consequences that this debate also has on the historical practice in the field of cinema.

Antonio Pietrangeli (1919-1968) est une figure incontournable du paysage cinématographique italien, en tant que critique tout au long des années 1940, puis comme réalisateur à partir de 1953. Formé par les débats critiques qui ont accompagné l’élaboration du néoréalisme, il place son premier film (Le Soleil dans les yeux, 1953) sous les auspices d’une saison néoréaliste finissante, ensuite réélaborée à travers un réalisme conçu sous les termes de la perte et de l’inachèvement, dont on trouve un écho dans son attention à la condition féminine. La présente étude propose une première monographie en langue française sur l’œuvre de Pietrangeli, conduite d’après l’ambition d’établir un dialogue entre son œuvre critique et filmique. L’hypothèse d’une pensée pietrangelienne du réalisme cinématographique, en mettant au jour des modalités de pensée spécifiques à la critique et la création, permet d’établir un dialogue dans lequel la question réaliste apparaît comme un outil conceptuel, qui éclaire la contribution de Pietrangeli à l’élaboration d’une modernité cinématographique. Les trois premiers chapitres retracent un « combat réaliste » qui s’inscrit pleinement dans l’historiographie du néoréalisme italien et se caractérise par sa spécificité morale. Elle annonce une transition épistémologique d’après laquelle la pensée du cinéma s’éloigne d’une tradition idéaliste au profit de perspectives existentielles, incarnées dans une filmographie où le réel, devenu objet de doute, dessine une phénoménologie sceptique que nous aborderons dans les quatrième et cinquième chapitres. / Antonio Pietrangeli (1919-1968) has been a prominent figure in Italian cinema, as a critic throughout the 1940’s and as a director from 1953. As an actor in the critical debates during the elaboration of neorealism, Pietrangeli places his first film (Empty Eyes, 1953) under the auspices of a neorealist ending season. This style will evolve afterwards towards a realism conceived under the concepts of loss and incompleteness, which is particularly visible in the light of his concern to the condition of women. The present study proposes the first french-language monography about the work of Pietrangeli, with the ambition to establish a dialogue between his critical and filmic work. The hypothesis of a Pietrangelian conception of cinematographic realism, by revealing specific relations between critics and creation, established a dialogue where the realistic question appears as a conceptual tool, which enlightens Pietrangeli's contribution to the elaboration of a cinematic modernism. The first three chapters trace back a "realistic struggle", which is fully part of Italian neorealism’s historiography, and is characterized by its moral specificity. It announces an epistemological transition, meaning that the conception of cinema moves away from an idealistic tradition in favor of existential perspectives, embodied in a filmography where reality, becoming questionable, indicates a skeptical phenomenology, which constitutes the core of the fourth and fifth chapters.

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