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The PhD thesis "Constructed Languages in Literature" focuses on the phenomenon of consciously designed or drafted languages and their usage in literary texts. The first chapter of the thesis offers reflections on the delimitation of constructed languages, especially from the perspective of the mostly illusory opposition of natural and constructed. It also puts forth the problems of glossolalia and encryption or encoding of a text in a natural language, while suggesting these two ways to create a new utterance should be perceived as possible starting points for language creativity, rather than a completely different phenomenon. The subsequent chapters then turn to individual cases and introduce extensive groups of constructed and virtual languages - animal languages, utopian and dystopian languages, sacred and divine languages and constructed and virtual languages in poetry. In those chapters examples of both elaborated and drafted languages appear, so that the imagination characteristic of each group comes out.

The purpose of this thesis is to introduce the so far ignored topic of fictional languages in literature. In the first part it focuses mainly on the function of the fictional languages in the literary works, and analyses the basic options of the fictional languages classification, based on whether they can be labeled as an independent work of art, as an autonomous part of a work, or as an instrument of the aesthetic function in the work. Furthermore, it divides the fictional languages in accordance to the way in which they take effect, either through the expression-form, through the expression- substance, through the content-form, or through the content-substance, taking the terminology from the Louis Hjelmslev's sign model. The second part consists of the analysis of the cases of fictional language usage in prose; these usages are grouped into three divisions. Languages, which help to create an invented world (and eventually add up to its authenticity), are represented by J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional languages. The dystopian languages include Newspeak from the novel Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell, ptydepe and chorukor from the play The Memorandum by V. Havel, and "Moon Czech" from the prose The True Excursion of Mr. Brouček to the Moon by S. Čech. Fictional languages related to philosophy are...

The goal of this thesis is to explore the current possibilities of implementation of compilers of low-level functional languages. It is expected to evaluate theoretical possibilities of functional programming languages, possible limitations that arise from the absence of run-time code support in low-level environment, and to implement a language compiler that demonstrates some chosen properties. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Viper is a verification infrastructure developed at ETH Zurich. Using this infrastructure, programs written in the Viper language may be analyzed for correctness with respect to assertions and contracts. In this thesis, we develop a contracts library and a translator program that compiles C# code into the Viper language and thus allows it to be verified. A user may annotate their C# program with these contracts and then use the translator to determine its functional correctness. The translator supports most C# features, including types and arrays. It also integrates with Visual Studio, showing translation and verification errors to the user on-the-fly.

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R is a programming language and a tool used mostly in statistics and data analysis domains, with a rich package-based extension system. GNU-R, the standard interpreter of R, in version 3.5.0 introduced a new native API (ALTREP) for R extensions developers. The goal of the thesis is to implement this API for FastR, an interpreter of R based on GraalVM and Truffle, and explore options for optimization of FastR in context of this API. The motivation is to increase the number of extensions that can be installed and run on FastR. 1

The present diploma thesis deals with the common morphological and phonological features between Sanskrit and Slavic languages. It contains the list of common lexemes in Sanskrit and Slavic languages added at the end of the thesis. The point of departure of this thesis are the theories of comparative linguistics, which are mentioned in the introduction. Morphophonological parallels are researched in the context of the relationships between Indo- Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages, what helps to distinguish common features between the separated language branches: e. g. common features between Baltic languages and Sanskrit or common features between Slavic and Iranian languages. Iranian and Slavic language contact is analysed in the special chapter. The common features between Sanskrit and Slavic languages supposed to be generally the remnants of common Indo-European principles, which are preserved in both language branches. The special chapter is also devoted to the RUKI sound law, which is regarded as one of the most important common feature between Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages.

Mgr. Lenka Picková Vitality of the current Galician language Abstract: Never in the field of human history has the dying out of languages been as intense as it is in the present day. The goal of this paper is to assess the vitality of the one of the co- official languages in Spain, the Galician language. After an indispensable definition of the social-historical context, a deep, qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine factors is performed: inter-generational language transmission, education, the absolute and relative number of speakers, trends in existing language domains and media, governmental and institutional language attitudes, and, above all, the attitudes of Galician citizens toward their languages. In the final chapter, a summary of the results of these individual factors, as well as an assessment of their influence on the vitality of the Galician language, is provided. Key words: endangered languages, assessment of language vitality, Galician, language attitudes, minority languages, diglossia, languages in contact, national identity, speaker's attitudes.

Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages The presented dissertation aims to bring new information concerning the classification of the Eastern Iranian languages. Instead of commonly accepted two branches of Eastern Iranian (Northern and Southern) it seems that there can be classified at least five branches of Eastern Iranian languages, moreover, Avestan can form its own branch, which possibly may include also Khwārezmian. The main issue of the presented thesis was to show archaisms and innovations of the language group in focus. Such task is an issue for numerous studies so the main attention was paid to historical development of Sogdian and Yaghnōbī - two closely related Eastern Iranian languages. Linguistic proximity of Sogdian and Yaghnōbī has been observed shortly after discoveries of the first Sogdian documents in Chinese Turkestan on the beginning of the 20 th century, for a long time it has been supposed that Yaghnōbī is a modern descendent of Sogdian. By analysis of phonology, grammar and vocabulary of both languages I tried to find clues that may answer this question. From diachronic view there is no much difference between Sogdian and Yaghnōbī, individual changes may be interpreted as "dialectal", but there is one phenomenon that influenced different...