Cette recherche a pour but d’étudier les effets de l’insécurité de l’emploi sur la santé des employés. L’insécurité de l’emploi a été étudiée comme une ressource qui est en constante menace. Parfois, ces menaces sont des interprétations personnelles que peuvent ne jamais aboutir à un licenciement, néanmoins engendrent de forts niveaux de stress chez les employés. Le deuxième objective concerne à étudier comment remédier cette situation. Nous sommes intéressés par le rôle du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle. Ce trait de personnalité peut être utilisé comme une ressource positive à mettre en place afin d’éliminer, sinon d’atténuer les conséquences négatives de l’insécurité de l’emploi sur la santé. Afin de déterminer ces associations, nous avons mis en relation un modèle qui consiste à identifier la façon selon laquelle les individus perçoivent une menace dans leur environnement (l’exposition différentielle) et la façon dont ils produisent les réponses afin d’atténuer les effets du stresseur (la réactivité différentielle). Nous avons utilisé une base de données secondaire recueillie à l’aide d’un sondage électronique dont 310 employés brésiliens, âgés en moyenne de 39 ans et avec plus de 10 ans d’expérience, ont participé volontairement et anonymement. Les résultats ont révélé que l’insécurité de l’emploi est effectivement un stresseur qui produit plusieurs problèmes de santé. Cependant, les employés qui présentent un niveau de sentiment d’efficacité personnelle élevé réagissent à l’insécurité de l’emploi différemment des participants dont le SEP est faible. Ainsi, les travailleurs avec un haut niveau d’efficacité personnelle sont moins affectés par l’insécurité de l’emploi. Tandis que pour les employés qui présentent un faible niveau de sentiment d’efficacité personnelle les résultats indiquent que plus l’insécurité de l’emploi accroît, plus les problèmes de santé se révèlent. / The first objective of this research is to study the effects of job insecurity on employee health. Job insecurity has been studied as a resource that is under constant threat. Sometimes these threats are personal interpretations that may not result in dismissal, but still cause high levels of stress among employees. The second objective concerns studying how to repair this situation. We are interested in the role of the self-efficacy. This trait of personality can be used as a positive resource to put in place to eliminate, if not mitigate, the consequences of job insecurity in the health. In order to determine these associations, we have linked a model that consists in identifying the way in which individuals perceive a threat in their environment (differential exposure) and the way that they produce the responses in order to deal with the stressor (differential reactivity). We used a secondary database collected using an electronic survey in which 310 Brazilian employees, average age 39 years and over 10 years of professional experience, participated voluntarily and anonymously. The results showed that job insecurity is indeed a stressor that produces several health problems. However, employees with a high level of personal self-efficacy respond to job insecurity differently from employees with low personal self-efficacy. Therefore, workers with a high level of personal self-efficacy are less affected by job insecurity. While the employees with a low level of personal self-efficacy, the results indicate that the more job insecurity increases, the worse the overall health conditions the employees have

Le travail des artistes en général, constitue un champ scientifique peu étudié en sciences sociales, particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux conditions d’effectuation du travail des musiciens. Cela explique notre raison d’étudier les conditions de travail des musiciens qui résident à Montréal. En effet, notre étude se base sur deux questions fondamentales, c’est-à-dire, la précarité de l’emploi oblige-t-elle les musiciens montréalais à opter pour un modèle de vie professionnel pluriactif et polyactif? Et quelle signification attribuent ces professionnels à cette pluriactivité et polyactivité? Ce projet se base sur deux axes. Le premier concerne la précarité d’emploi qui caractérise le marché du travail musical et le recours contraint à la pluriactivité et à la polyactivité, et le second axe concerne le recours des musiciens montréalais à ces deux phénomènes comme une stratégie et une opportunité professionnelle. L’incertitude quant à l’avenir professionnel et au revenu qui caractérise le travail des musiciens montréalais, joue un rôle important dans la précarisation du travail de ces professionnels. En effet, la précarité d’emploi est un facteur fondamental qui pousse ceux-ci vers un cumul d’emplois. En ce qui concerne la pluriactivité, celle-ci regroupe toutes les ressources de revenus du musicien venant des emplois artistiques liés à son champ d’expertise. En ce qui concerne la polyactivité, celle-ci regroupe toutes les activités qui sont en dehors de son champ d’expertise principal (artistique et non-artistique). Malgré la nature contrainte de ce modèle de vie pluriactif et polyactif, celui-ci présente une stratégie efficace face aux défis qui existent sur le marché du travail musical et aborde une opportunité de socialisation pour ces professionnels. Notre recherche étant de nature qualitative, nous optons pour une approche empirique exploratoire hybride. Nous avons réalisé dix entrevues semi-dirigées portant sur la vie professionnelle de nos participants. / The work of artists in general constitutes a scientific field that has been under-researched in social sciences, particularly regarding the conditions under which musicians work. This explains our reason for studying the working conditions of musicians who reside in Montreal. Indeed, our study is based on two fundamental questions, that is to say, does the precariousness of employment among Montreal musicians force them to opt for pluriactivity and polyactivity in their professional life? And what significance do these professionals attribute to this pluriactivity and polyactivity? This project is based on two axes. The first concerns the precariousness of employment that characterizes the musical labor market and the forced recourse to pluriactivity and polyactivity, and the second axis concerns the recourse of Montreal musicians to these two phenomena as a strategy and a professional opportunity. The uncertainty about the professional future and the income that characterizes the work of Montreal musicians plays an important role in the precariousness of the work of these professionals. Indeed, job insecurity is a fundamental factor that pushes them towards multiple job holding. Regarding pluriactivity, this brings together all of the musician's income resources from artistic jobs linked to his field of expertise. As for polyactivity, this includes all activities that are outside of his main field of expertise (artistic and non-artistic). Despite the constrained nature of this pluriactive and polyactive model of professional life, it presents an effective strategy to face the challenges that exist in the musical labor market and addresses a socialization opportunity for these professionals. Our research follows a qualitative approach in which we opt for an exploratory and hybrid empirical technique. We have also conducted ten semi-structured interviews concerning the professional life of our participants. / کار هنرمندان به طور کلی یک زمینه علمی است که در علوم اجتماعی ، خصوصاً با توجه به شرایط کاری موسیقی دانها ، به طور کمی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. این امر دلیل ما را برای مطالعه شرایط کار نوازندگان ساکن مونترال توضیح می دهد. بدون شک، تحقیق ما بر دو سوال اساسی استوار است. به این معنا که آیا نا امنی شغلی در بین نوازندگان مونترآلی، آنها را مجبور به چندکاری می کند؟ و این که این‌چند کاری چه معنی برای این نوازنده ها دارد؟ این پروژه بر دو محوراستوار است. اولین مورد مربوط به ناامنی شغلی است که مشخصه بازار کار موسیقی دانان و توسل اجباری به چند فعالیتی می باشد و محور دوم مربوط به توسل موسیقیدانان مونترال به این پدیده به عنوان یک استراتژی و یک فرصت حرفه ای است. عدم اطمینان در مورد آینده شغلی و درآمد که ویژگی کار نوازندگان مونترال است ، نقش مهمی در به خطر افتادن کار این متخصصان دارد. در واقع ، عدم امنیت شغلی عاملی اساسی است که آنها را به سمت نگهداری چند شغلی سوق می دهد. چند شغلی این امکان را به نوازنده می دهد تا منابع مختلف درآمد را در اختیار داشته باشد که مرتبط با شغل اصلی وی به عنوان نوازنده می باشند. در مورد نوع دیگری از چند فعالیتی باید ذکر کرد که ، شامل کلیه فعالیتهایی است که خارج از حوزه اصلی تخصص نوازنده (هنری و غیر هنری) است. علیرغم ماهیت محدود کننده این مدل زندگی حرفه ای چندمنظوره و چند فعالیتی ، این یک استراتژی موثر برای مقابله با چالشهایی که در بازار کار موسیقی وجود دارد و همچنین فرصتی برای اجتماعی شدن این متخصصان به حساب می آید. تحقیق ما از یک رویکرد کیفی پیروی می کند که در آن ما یک روش تجربی اکتشافی را انتخاب می کنیم. ما همچنین ده مصاحبه نیمه ساخت یافته در مورد زندگی حرفه ای شرکت کنندگان خود انجام داده ایم.

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Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis, que se presenta por compendio de artículos, muestra el ciclo de problemas por los que pasa el músico independiente, que realiza sus performances en pequeños aforos y en entornos formales e informales. La investigación encontró que hay un orden especifico en los problemas estudiados: se pudo evidenciar que -tras la implementación de algunas normativas, propias de las industrias creativas- estos problemas tienden a seguir una secuencia, comparable a un "efecto dominó". Por consiguiente, los retos a los que se enfrenta la música en vivo de pequeño aforo pueden ser comprendidos como fases de un ciclo. Cabe resaltar que, aunque las variables de los países o las causas de los problemas sean diferentes, se pudo evidenciar que el proceso cíclico es similar en diferentes lugares del mundo. las fases son las siguientes: 1. Florecimiento: en ausencia de regulación, el mercado de la música en vivo crece, generando prosperidad para músicos y emprendedores. 2. Eventual Regulación de la música en vivo, dadas algunas controversias de convivencia vecinal y la necesidad de prevenir riesgos y desastres -incendios, desplome de estructuras, etc.-; esto lleva a que se eleven los gastos para realizar las manifestaciones artísticas en pequeños locales. 3. División entre las economías formal e informal, dependiendo de si se trabaja acatándose leyes y normativas (o si se consiguen los debidos permisos); esto puede generar una persecución al sector informal, justificada en la prevención de la competencia desleal. 4. Reducción de oportunidades laborales, para empresarios y profesionales de la música, e intensificación de la competencia: como criterios para poder acceder a las pocas plazas de trabajo disponibles, se considera: la popularidad de los músicos en redes sociales, la impecabilidad de sus interpretaciones y el manejo de redes de contactos, organizadas como si fueran una "mafia" 5. Vulnerabilidad física y mental de los músicos, al padecer ellos estrés y ansiedad en un ambiente marcado por la competencia y la precarización laboral. 6. Ejercicio de la multiactividad: los músicos tienen dos o más trabajos precarizados, migran de oficio o de país, en buscando mejores condiciones para la subsistencia. 7. Disminución de la circulación de las músicas autóctonas de cada país; lo cual impacta en la apreciación y en la divulgación de las diversas experiencias musicales, de carácter nacional y popular. 8. Como causa externa se suma el incremento de coste de vida, el cual reduce la circulación del público, hasta obligar a la economía formal a diversificarse, con tal de ser sostenible, y reemplazar la música en vivo por otras actividades como los juegos de azar. 9. Escalamiento de la violencia, como producto de la precarización de la economía, el incremento del costo de vida y la ausencia de una oferta cultural de acceso abierto (ausencia que es aprovechada por el tráfico de estupefacientes y la delincuencia organizada). 10. Intervención gubernamental: la administración persigue actividades relacionadas con dicha delincuencia organizada y pretende evitar su resurgimiento, por medio de programas culturales con enfoque preventivo. Tales programas pueden fomentar un nuevo florecimiento de la música en calles en locales comerciales y espacios públicos. Este florecimiento cierra, por lo tanto, el ciclo de retos a enfrentar por los músicos independientes. Además, para poder entender los artículos como elementos de un mismo conjunto, es necesario visualizar su contenido por medio de una estructura semejante al de un árbol. De esta manera, la investigación expone las raíces de los diversos problemas mencionados en los artículos, profundizando en la comprensión de las crisis a resolver; posteriormente, se identifica la evidencia de los problemas con las ramas y, finalmente, los aportes de la tesis serían los frutos, los cuáles pueden contribuir al entendimiento y a la evaluación de los diversos procesos reseñados en los artículos. / [CAT] La present tesis, que es presenta per compendi d'artículs, mostra el cicle de problemes pels que passa el músic independent, que realisa els seus concerts en menuts locals i en entorns formals i informals. L'investigació va trobar que hi ha un orde especifique en els problemes estudiats: es va poder evidenciar que -despuix de l'implementació d'algunes normatives, pròpies de les indústries creatives- estos problemes tendixen a seguir una seqüència, comparable a un "efecte joc domine". Per tant, els reptes als que s'enfronta la música en viu de menut aforament poden ser compresos com a fases d'un cicle. cal resaltar que, encara que les variables dels països o les causes dels problemes seguixen diferents, es va poder evidenciar que el procés ciclic és similar en diferents llocs del món. les fases són les següents: 1. Floriment : en absència de regulació, el mercat de la música en viu creix, generant prosperitat per a músics i mamprenedors. 2. Eventual Regulació de la música en viu, donades algunes controvèrsia de convivència veïnal i la necessitat de previndre riscs i desastres -incendis, desplome d'estructures, etc.-; açò du a que s'eleven les despeses per a realisar les manifestacions artístiques en menuts locals. 3. Divisió entre les economies formal i informal, depenent de si es treballa acatant-se lleis i normatives (o si es conseguixen els deguts permissos); açò pot generar una persecució al sector informal, justificada en la prevenció de la competència deslleal. 4. Reducció d'oportunitats laborals, per a empresaris i professionals de la música, i intensificació de la competència: com a criteris per a poder accedir a les poques places de treball disponibles, es considera: la popularitat dels músics en rets socials, la perfecció en l'interpretació i el maneig de rets de contactes, organisades com si anaren una "màfia" 5. Vulnerabilitat física i mental dels músics, en patir ells estrés i ansietat en un ambient marcat per la competència i la precarierat laboral. 6. Els músics tenen dos o més treballs precaritzat, canvien d'ofici o de país, en buscant millors condicions per a la subsistència. 7. Disminució de la circulació de les músiques autòctones de cada país; la qual cosa impacta en l'apreciació i en la divulgació de les diverses experiències musicals, de caràcter nacional i popular. 8. Com a causa externa se suma l'increment de cost de vida, el qual reduïx la circulació del públic, fins a obligar a l'economia formal a diversificarse, per ser sostenible, i reemplaçar la música en viu per atres activitats com els jocs d'encert. 9. Augment de la violència, com a producte de la precarització de l'economia, l'increment del cost de vida i l'absència d'una oferta cultural d'accés obert (absència que és aprofitada pel tràfic d'estupefaents i la delinqüència organisada). 10. Intervenció governamental: l'administració perseguix activitats relacionades en dita delinqüència organisada i pretén evitar el seu resorgiment, per mig de programes culturals en enfocament preventiu. Tals programes poden fomentar un nou floriment de la música en carrers en locals comercials i espais públics. Este floriment tanca, per lo tant, el cicle de reptes a enfrontar pels músics independents. Ademés, per a poder entendre els artículs com a elements d'un mateix conjunt, és necessari visualisar el seu contingut per mig d'una estructura semblant al d'un arbre. D'esta manera, l'investigació expon les raïls dels diversos problemes mencionats en els artículs, profundisant en la comprensió de les crisis a resoldre; posteriorment, s'identifica l'evidència dels problemes en les branques i, finalment, els aportes de la tesis serien els fruts, els quins poden contribuir a l'enteniment i a l'evaluació dels diversos processos resenyats en els artículs. / [EN] This thesis, which is presented as a compendium of articles, shows the cycle of problems faced by the independent musician, performing in small venues and in formal and informal settings. The research found that there is a specific order to the problems studied: it became clear that - following the implementation of some regulations, typical of creative industries - these problems tend to follow a sequence, to be compared to a "domino effect". Therefore, the challenges faced by small live music can be understood as phases of a cycle. It should be noted that although the variables of the countries or the causes of the problems are different, the cyclical process has been found to be similar in different parts of the world: 1. flourishing: in the absence of regulation, the live music market grows, generating prosperity for musicians and entrepreneurs. 2. Eventual regulation of live music, given some controversies of neighbourhood coexistence and the need to prevent risks and catastrophes - fires, collapsing structures, etc. -; which entails higher costs for performing arts events in small venues. 3. Division between the formal and informal economy, depending on whether they work in compliance with laws and regulations (or obtain the appropriate permits); this can lead to the persecution of the informal sector, justified in the prevention of unfair competition. 4. Reduction of employment opportunities for entrepreneurs and music professionals and intensification of competition: The criteria for access to the few jobs available are: the popularity of musicians on social networks, the impeccability of their performances and the management of networks of contacts, organized almost "corruptly" . 5. Physical and mental vulnerability of musicians, who suffer from stress and anxiety in an environment marked by competition and job insecurity. 6. Multi-activity: musicians have two or more precarious jobs, migrate from one profession or from one country to another, in search of better living conditions. 7. Decrease in the circulation of each country's indigenous music, which has repercussions on the appreciation and dissemination of diverse musical experiences of a national and popular nature. 8. As an external cause, in addition to the rise in the cost of living, which reduces the circulation of the public, to the point of forcing the formal economy to diversify in order to be sustainable, and to substitute live music for other activities such as gambling. 9. Escalation of violence, as a product of the precariousness of the economy, the rise in the cost of living and the absence of a freely accessible cultural offer (an absence that is exploited by drug traffickers and organized crime). 10. Government intervention: the administration pursues activities related to organized crime and aims to prevent its resurgence through preventive cultural programmes. These programmes can encourage a new flowering of street music in commercial venues and public spaces. This flourishing thus closes the cycle of challenges faced by independent musicians. Furthermore, in order to understand the articles as elements of a whole, it is necessary to visualize their content through a tree structure. In this way, the research exposes the roots of the various problems mentioned in the articles, deepening the understanding of the crises to be solved; subsequently, the evidences of the problems are identified with the branches and, finally, the contributions of the thesis would be the fruits, which can contribute to the understanding and evaluation of the various processes reviewed in the articles. / Ospina Gallego, C. (2023). Emprendimientos de la música en vivo en pequeños aforos: problemas que afronta el músico y posibles soluciones [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195954 / Compendio

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Job insecurity in the workplace has become an increasingly important trend in organisational research. The appraisal of job insecurity by individuals plays a significant part in how reactions manifest in the experiences of workplace stressors, job satisfaction, positive and negative work attributes and social support. However, there is a lack of research regarding specific workplace stressors at work leading to certain outcomes like safety behaviour, turnover intention and mental health, especially within a South African working context. Job insecurity has also been classified as a workplace stressor. The existence of other stressors tends to increase the ultimate effect of insecurity for the individual. The attempts from organisational management to manage this phenomenon are therefore crucial in decreasing the negative effects of job insecurity and increasing the productivity of the organisation. In order to measure the job insecurity levels of employees, it is important to make use of valid and reliable job insecurity measures. An absence of empirical research on validity and reliability studies in terms of job insecurity in South African is evident. The main objectives of this research were: 1) to establish the psychometric properties of a measure of job insecurity in a selected gold mining company in South Africa; 2) to determine the influence of job insecurity and work stress (i.e. role conflict, clarity and overload) on worker safety performance and if coping could moderate this; 3) to investigate the theoretical and empirical relationships between job stressors (task completion ambiguity and task quality ambiguity), competency demands, employability perceptions, job satisfaction and turnover intention over time, and 4) to investigate if social support has a mediating effect between positive interpersonal attributes, negative interpersonal attributes, job insecurity and subsequent health. To achieve the first objective, a cross-sectional design was used (N = 566), including various business units of a South African-based gold mining company. The assessment of the psychometric properties of a measure of quantitative and qualitative job insecurity for employees was determined through construct (structural) equivalence, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate analysis of variance to calculate the comparison of the factor structure for the different cultural groups. For qualitative job insecurity, the scale shows low equivalence for the African languages group. Statistically significant differences were found between the levels of job insecurity of employees in terms of gender. The second objective, concerning the investigation into the relationship of work stress and job insecurity with unsafe behaviour at work, was achieved with across-sectional survey design (N = 771). The hypothesised model included the influence of role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, and job insecurity on unsafe work behaviour. Coping was introduced as a moderator in this relationship. The results indicated that when employees experience work stress and job insecurity, their safety compliance is low. This relationship was also moderated by a coping strategy of Avoidance. To achieve the third objective, a longitudinal study was conducted and data was gathered by means of an electronic survey, with 771 employees participating at Time 1, and 345 participating at Time 2. Results for predicting employees’ turnover intentions, experience of task completion and quality ambiguity, external employability and job satisfaction made a direct contribution in predicting their turnover intention. No mediating role of job satisfaction between job stressors, competency demands and employability perceptions on the one hand and turnover intentions on the other hand, were found. Addressing the fourth objective in investigating the moderating role of social support between the relationship of experiencing positive interpersonal (communication with the manager and feedback), negative interpersonal experiences (powerlessness and interpersonal conflict), job insecurity (quantitative and qualitative) and health, was met with a longitudinal random sample of employees in different business units in one selected multi-national mining company based in South Africa (N = 771). Results for these employees indicated that all the proposed variables, except feedback from the manager, were statistically significantly related to health. No moderating effect for social support could be found over time, but it was shown that interpersonal conflict at work is a longitudinal predictor of employee health. By way of conclusion, the implications of the research were discussed and recommendations for managers and for future research were made. / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Job insecurity in the workplace has become an increasingly important trend in organisational research. The appraisal of job insecurity by individuals plays a significant part in how reactions manifest in the experiences of workplace stressors, job satisfaction, positive and negative work attributes and social support. However, there is a lack of research regarding specific workplace stressors at work leading to certain outcomes like safety behaviour, turnover intention and mental health, especially within a South African working context. Job insecurity has also been classified as a workplace stressor. The existence of other stressors tends to increase the ultimate effect of insecurity for the individual. The attempts from organisational management to manage this phenomenon are therefore crucial in decreasing the negative effects of job insecurity and increasing the productivity of the organisation. In order to measure the job insecurity levels of employees, it is important to make use of valid and reliable job insecurity measures. An absence of empirical research on validity and reliability studies in terms of job insecurity in South African is evident. The main objectives of this research were: 1) to establish the psychometric properties of a measure of job insecurity in a selected gold mining company in South Africa; 2) to determine the influence of job insecurity and work stress (i.e. role conflict, clarity and overload) on worker safety performance and if coping could moderate this; 3) to investigate the theoretical and empirical relationships between job stressors (task completion ambiguity and task quality ambiguity), competency demands, employability perceptions, job satisfaction and turnover intention over time, and 4) to investigate if social support has a mediating effect between positive interpersonal attributes, negative interpersonal attributes, job insecurity and subsequent health. To achieve the first objective, a cross-sectional design was used (N = 566), including various business units of a South African-based gold mining company. The assessment of the psychometric properties of a measure of quantitative and qualitative job insecurity for employees was determined through construct (structural) equivalence, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate analysis of variance to calculate the comparison of the factor structure for the different cultural groups. For qualitative job insecurity, the scale shows low equivalence for the African languages group. Statistically significant differences were found between the levels of job insecurity of employees in terms of gender. The second objective, concerning the investigation into the relationship of work stress and job insecurity with unsafe behaviour at work, was achieved with across-sectional survey design (N = 771). The hypothesised model included the influence of role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, and job insecurity on unsafe work behaviour. Coping was introduced as a moderator in this relationship. The results indicated that when employees experience work stress and job insecurity, their safety compliance is low. This relationship was also moderated by a coping strategy of Avoidance. To achieve the third objective, a longitudinal study was conducted and data was gathered by means of an electronic survey, with 771 employees participating at Time 1, and 345 participating at Time 2. Results for predicting employees’ turnover intentions, experience of task completion and quality ambiguity, external employability and job satisfaction made a direct contribution in predicting their turnover intention. No mediating role of job satisfaction between job stressors, competency demands and employability perceptions on the one hand and turnover intentions on the other hand, were found. Addressing the fourth objective in investigating the moderating role of social support between the relationship of experiencing positive interpersonal (communication with the manager and feedback), negative interpersonal experiences (powerlessness and interpersonal conflict), job insecurity (quantitative and qualitative) and health, was met with a longitudinal random sample of employees in different business units in one selected multi-national mining company based in South Africa (N = 771). Results for these employees indicated that all the proposed variables, except feedback from the manager, were statistically significantly related to health. No moderating effect for social support could be found over time, but it was shown that interpersonal conflict at work is a longitudinal predictor of employee health. By way of conclusion, the implications of the research were discussed and recommendations for managers and for future research were made. / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.