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by Tiong Chong Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.1 / Abstracts --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.3 / Research problem / Definitions / "Questions, methodology and research" / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Theoretical framework and concepts --- p.12 / Media ecology and competition / Forces of market-driven journalism / Environmental change and organizational change / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The changing ecology and pressures on Ming Pao --- p.26 / Price war and its effect on ecological balance of newspaper industry / The location and pressures on Ming Pao / Sources of pressures / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The impact on Ming Pao and its response (I) : An analysis of change of style and content --- p.45 / Objective and methodology / Results of sampling survey on selection of news topics / Close-up analysis of page layouts and content / Some typical layout of pages as illustrations / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The impact on Ming Pao and Its Response (II): Organizational change and strategic management --- p.57 / Marketing strategy and product improvement / The changes and permanence in the news room / The real effect of inter-organizational pressure / Newsroom control and interactions / Resistance and constraints to change / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusions and discussions --- p.77 / Media behavior during environmental change / Pattern of ecological constraints on media performance / Organizational resistances to dramatic change of an established newspa / Social-political foundation of news / Theoretical reflection and limitation

He Huijie. / Thesis submitted in: October 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-160). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaire in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / An Introduction to Phoenix Satellite Television --- p.3 / Television as a Medium --- p.9 / Research Questions --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.15 / Review for the Sociological Approach on Media Studies --- p.15 / Review of the Perspective of Political Economy of Communication --- p.21 / Review for Related Chinese Communication Studies --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Methodology --- p.31 / Quantitative Research----Content Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.31 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method-´ؤ-Content Analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3. --- Inter-coder Reliability --- p.39 / Qualitative Research-Textual Comparison --- p.39 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.39 / Chapter (1) --- "SARS Reports,2003" --- p.40 / Chapter (2) --- "July 1st Demonstration in Hong Kong,2003" --- p.41 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method´ؤTextual Comparison --- p.42 / Qualitative Research´ؤ´ؤIn-depth Interview --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.43 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method----In-depth Interview --- p.44 / Qualitative Research´ؤParticipant Observation --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Content Analysis --- p.47 / Frequency Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 1. --- Analysis --- p.48 / Inter-coder Reliability --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- Summary --- p.52 / Cross-Tabulation Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 1. --- Analysis Between the Internal Division and the Geographical Division --- p.54 / Chapter 2. --- "Analysis Between the Geographical Division and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.56 / Comments --- p.59 / News Favoring the Government Happening in Mainland China --- p.61 / News Favoring the Government Happening in Hong Kong --- p.64 / Chapter 3. --- "Analysis Between News Nature and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.73 / Summary and Questions --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Organizational Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter Part I: --- Textual Analysis and Comparison --- p.78 / SARS Reports --- p.79 / "Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.89 / July 1 st Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.92 / "Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.102 / Chapter Part II: --- Interviews Analysis --- p.105 / International News & Political News --- p.105 / The Pro-China Political Bias------Hong Kong Problem --- p.110 / The Technique of Dealing with Sensitive News Issue --- p.113 / Pressure & Self-Censorship --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.122 / Conclusion --- p.122 / Discussion --- p.126 / Appendix-1 Coding Record of The Asian Journal --- p.129 / Appendix-2 Inter-coder Reliability --- p.152 / Appendix-3 Interview Questionnaire --- p.156 / References --- p.157

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The print media, especially newspapers, play an important role in providing information in any society. In the rural communities of South Africa, information available to the people is scanty. Growth of a newspaper is necessary if a newspaper is to fulfil its duties. The Zoutpansberger and Mirror are two of the few local newspapers that circulate in the Far North Region of the Northern Province. The Zoutpansberger, which started in 1985, has experienced negative growth in the various departments of the newspaper, while the Mirror, which started in September 1990, has experienced slow growth. Several factors have been responsible for this. Therefore, there was a need to examine and compare the factors that have affected the growth/development of the newspapers over ten years. The aims and objectives of the study are to examine and compare the factors that affect the growth and development of the Zoutpansberger and Mirror, give suggestions to facilitate future growth and the best ways of utilising the available resources. A literature survey was carried out to get the perspectives of other researchers. Data was collected after conducting personal interviews, using the interview schedule. It was analysed and interpreted with the use of graphs and charts. The findings reveal that economic, social, cultural and geographical factors affect the growth of the newspaper. A few recommendations have been given to highlight ways in which the paper can make full use of the available resources. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die drukmedia, in die besonder koerante, speel 'n belangrike rol in die oordrag van inligting in enige samelewing. In die plattelandse gemeenskappe van Suid-Afrika is die beskikbare inligting karig. Vir 'n koerant om sy pligte na te kom, is dit nodig dat die koerant groei. Die Zoutpansberger en Mirror is twee van die plaaslike koerante in die Verre Noorde-streek van die Noordelike Provinsie. Die Zoutpansberger, gestig in 1985, het negatiewe groei In verskeie afdelings ondervind, terwyl die Mirror, gestig in September 1990, stadige groei ondervind het. Verskeie faktore is hiervoor verantwoordelik. Daar was daarom 'n behoefte om die faktore te ondersoek wat die groei van die koerante oor 'n tydperk van tien jaar beïnvloed het. Die doel van die studie is om die faktore wat die groei en ontwikkeling van die Zoutpansberger en die Mirror geraak het, te ondersoek en te vergelyk en om voorstelle te gee wat toekomstige groei en optimale benutting van beskikbare bronne kan bewerkstellig. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen om die perspektiewe van ander navorsers te betrek. Data is ingesamel nadat persoonlike onderhoude gedoen is met behulp van die onderhoudskedule. Dit is geanaliseer en geïnterpreteer met behulp van grafika en kaarte. Die bevindinge bring aan die lig dat ekonomiese, maatskaplike, kulturele en geografiese faktore die groei van die koerant beïnvloed. Enkele voorstelle is gemaak om moontlike maniere te belig waarop die koerant die beskikbare bronne ten volle kan benut.

This study investigates how journalists experience economic and political pressures on their ethical decisions at the Nation Media Group (NMG) conglomerate in Kenya. The study uses qualitative semi- structured interviews to examine how journalists experience these pressures on their professional ethics as they make their daily decisions. Grounded in the critical political economy of the media tradition, the findings of the study indicate that economic and political pressures from advertisers, shareholders’ interests, the profit motive and the highly ethnicised political environment in Kenya largely compromise the ethical decisions of journalists. The study draws on the work done by Herman and Chomsky in their ‘Propaganda Model’ in which they propose ‘filters’ as the analytical indicators of the forms that political and economic pressures that journalists experience may take. The study explores the ways in which journalists experience these pressures, how they respond to the pressures and the ways in which their responses may compromise their journalism ethics. The findings indicate that aside from the pressures from the primary five filters outlined in the Propaganda Model, ethnicity in Kenyan newsrooms is a key ‘filter’ that may compromise the ethical decisions of journalists at the NMG. The study therefore argues that there is a need to modify the explanatory power of the Propaganda Model when applying it to the Kenyan context to include ethnicity as a ‘sixth filter’ that should be understood in relation to the five primary filters. From the findings, it would seem that the government is no longer a major threat to journalists’ freedom and responsibility in Kenya. Market forces and ethnicity in newsrooms pose the greatest threat to journalists’ freedom and responsibility. The study therefore calls for a revision of the normative framework within which journalists’ and media performance in Kenya is assessed. As the study findings show, the prevailing liberal- democratic model ignores the commercial and economic threats the ‘free market’ poses to journalism ethics as well as ethnicity in newsrooms and only focuses on the media- government relations, treating the government as the major threat to media freedom.

This thesis examines the complex ways in which notions of the public interest and commercial imperatives intertwine in journalism practice. It does this through a study of the 2004 takeover and relaunch of the Sowetan newspaper, the highest circulation daily in South Africa throughout the 1990s and an institution of black public life. The ‘public interest’ and ‘the commercial’ are recurring ideas in journalism scholarship and practice, and the relaunch appeared to be a challenge to reconcile the Sowetan’s commercial challenges with its historical responsibility to a ‘nation-building’ public. However, the research shows that the public/commercial aspects of journalism were inextricably entangled with Sowetan’s organisational culture, which was the matrix through which its journalism practice was expressed. Conflict in the organisation over the changes was not simply a contest between commercial realities and the public interest, with journalists defending a responsibility to the public and managers pushing commercial solutions, but a conflict between the culture of Sowetan “insiders”, steeped in the legacy of the newspaper, and “outsiders”, employed by the new owners to effect change. Another conclusion of the research is that commercial “realities” – often conceptualised as counter to the public interest – are highly mutable. Basic conditions, such as a dependence on advertising, exist. However, media managers must choose from a range of strategies to be commercially viable, which requires risk-taking, innovation and, often, guesswork. In such situations, the ‘wall’ between media managers and senior editors is porous, as all executives must manage the relationship between business and editorial imperatives. Executives tend to overlook culture as a factor in changing organisations, but I argue that journalism could benefit from engaging with management theory and organisational psychology, which offer ways to understand the specific dynamics of the organisation. Finally, I argue that the case of the Sowetan throws into question the idea that there may be a broadly universal journalism culture. The attachment of Sowetan journalists to their particular values and practice suggests that forms of journalism evolve in certain contexts to diverge from the ‘professional’ Anglo-American modes. These ‘journalisms’ use similar terms – such as the ‘public interest’ – but operationalise them quite differently. The responsibility to the public is imagined in very different ways, but remains a significant attachment for journalists.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished