As alterações do metabolismo mineral ocorrem precocemente nos pacientes com doença renal e podem interferir na formação, reabsorção e mineralização óssea comprometendo a integridade do esqueleto. Recentemente demonstramos que animais com sobrecarga de fósforo desenvolvem lesões ósseas semelhantes à osteoporose. O controle da hiperfosfatemia se faz com restrição de fósforo na dieta, e com o uso de quelantes. Um dos quelantes mais utilizados são os sais de cálcio. Estudos demonstraram que o uso desses quelantes favorece a progressão de calcificações arteriais nos pacientes com doença renal crônica. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito isolado do cálcio e do cálcio/fósforo no tecido ósseo e cardiovascular de ratos urêmicos submetidos a nefrectomia 5/6 (Nx) e paratireoidectomia (PTX),variando o conteúdo de cálcio e de cálcio/fósforo na dieta desses animais. Os níveis de paratormônio (PTH) foram restaurados com implante de mini-bombas osmóticas para infusão do 1-34 PTH de rato na dose de 0.022 g/100 g/h (fisiológica), ou de veículo (2% cisteina). Imediatamente após a Nefrectomia ou Sham Nx, os animais foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a dieta que continha Ca/P: 0,7%(Grupo Sham), Ca 1,2% (Grupo Nx RCa) e Ca/P: 1,2%/ 1,2% (Grupo Nx RCa/P). Após 2 meses, os animais foram sacrificados e foram realizadas as análises bioquímicas e histomorfométricas. Os animais nefrectomizados desenvolveram doença renal moderada, elevação da pressão arterial, assim como hiperfosfatemia, enquanto que apenas os animais Nx RCa/P cursaram com hipocalcemia. A infusão de 1-34 PTH foi efetiva, e os animais Nx RCa/P cursaram com elevação do FGF 23 e diminuição do calcitriol. Os animais que ingeriram dieta RCa e RCa/P apresentaram diminuição do volume trabecular (BV/TV), com diminuição dos parâmetros de formação(OS/BS e Ob.S/BS). Os animais que ingeriram dieta rica em cálcio e em cálcio/fósforo apresentaram maior apoptose de osteoblastos. A expressão gênica da TRAP foi maior nos animais Nx. Não detectamos calcificação vascular no tecido cardíaco e aorta dos animais. Em conclusão a sobrecarga de cálcio e de cálcio/fósforo associada à infusão fisiológica de PTH levam a diminuição do volume ósseo de animais urêmicos, conseqüente ao aumento da apoptose dos osteoblastos levando menor formação óssea; assim como maior atividade dos osteoclastos avaliada pela TRAP e não promoveu calcificação vascular nestes animais. O modelo animal que utilizamos reflete condições clínicas encontradas em pacientes com DRC / Bone and mineral metabolism disturbances occur early in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may interfere in bone formation, resorption or mineralization, compromising skeletal integrity. We previously have shown that phosphate (P) overload in uremic rats leads to decreased bone volume. In the clinical setting, the therapy for hyperphosphatemia includes dietary P restriction, as well as P binders, including calcium (Ca) salts. Previous studies have shown that Ca-based P binders favor the progression of vascular calcification in CKD patients. The current study evaluated the isolated effect of Ca or Ca and P overload on bone and cardiovascular tissues from uremic rats that were submitted to 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) and parathyroidectomy (PTx), manipulating the Ca and P content in their diets. Parathormone (PTH) serum levels were kept in a normal range using miniosmotic pumps delivering rat 1-34 PTH or using vehicle. After Nx, animals were divided into three groups according to the diet: 0.7% Ca, 0.7% P (Sham Group); 1.2% Ca, 0.7% P (Nx HCa Group) and 1.2% Ca, 1.2% P (Nx HCa/P Group). After two months, animals were killed and biochemical and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Nx animals developed moderate CKD, arterial hypertension, as well as hyperphosphatemia, whereas only Nx HCa/P animals showed hypocalcemia. Osmotic infusion of PTH was effective, as confirmed by serum PTH levels. Nx HCa/P animals showed elevated serum FGF 23, as well as decreased serum calcitriol. Animals that were submitted to Ca or Ca/P overload showed decrease trabecular volume and a reduction in bone formation parameters, such as osteoid and osteoblastic surfaces. A significant increase in osteoblast apoptosis was seen in Nx HCa and Nx HCa/P Groups. The TRAP expression was higher in Nx animals. We could not observe vascular calcification in these animals. In conclusion, Ca or Ca/P overload associated with physiologic PTH infusion was associated with lower bone volume in uremic animals, explained by a increased osteoblastic apoptosis leads to decreased bone formation, and increased osteoclastic activity assessed by TRAP. This model resembles clinical conditions that are commonly observed in CKD patients

Hintergrund: Die Parodontitis (PA) ist eine Entzündung des Zahnhalteapparats und führt unbehandelt zu Zahnlockerung und Zahnverlust. Ein erhöhter systemischer Entzündungszustand, Wechselwirkungen zum Diabetes mellitus und Assoziationen zur Atherosklerose sowie kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen sind bekannt. Bei Dialysepatienten sind kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Infektionen die Haupttodesursachen. Parodontitis als gut behandelbare Erkrankung könnte damit ein veränderbarer Risikofaktor der Mortalität bei Dialysepatienten sein. Der Zustand der terminalen Niereninsuffizienz bedingt eine beeinträchtigte, schlechtere Immunantwort auf Entzündungen und Infektionen. Malnutrition und das urämische Milieu führen ebenso zu einer Veränderung der Immunabwehr. Eine schlechte Mundhygiene und damit einhergehende vermehrt auftretende Entzündungen des Parodonts könnten den systemischen Entzündungszustand bei Dialysepatienten noch verstärken. Mehr kariöse und fehlende Zähne sind Ausdruck eines schlechten Gebisszustandes und führen zu ungenügender Kaufunktion. Auch hat die terminale Niereninsuffizienz Auswirkungen auf den oralen Gesundheitszustand wie z. B. Veränderungen der Mundschleimhaut, Xerostomie, Veränderungen der Zahnhartsubstanzen und des Kieferknochens. Diese können ihrerseits die Kaufähigkeit negativ beeinflussen und den Zustand der Malnutrition noch verstärken. Dialysepatienten verbringen viel Zeit an der Dialyse und legen häufig ein nicht so großes Augenmerk auf andere Gesundheitsfragen. Zielstellung: Die Arbeit untersuchte, ob Unterschiede in der Mund- und Zahngesundheit bei Dialysepatienten gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe ohne terminale Niereninsuffizienz bestehen. Ebenso wurden Angaben zur Zahn- und Mundgesundheit bewertet. Ein Ziel der Arbeit war die Suche nach Assoziationsfaktoren für das Auftreten einer generalisierten Parodontitis. Die Frage nach dem Einfluss der Hämodialyse für das Vorliegen einer generalisierten Parodontitis bildete den Abschluss der Auswertungen. Methode: 72 Dialysepatienten (Dialysegruppe) des KfH-Nierenzentrums Chemnitz wurden während der Dialysesitzung untersucht. 147 Pattienten ohne Dialyse einer allgemeinzahnärztlichen Praxis bildeten die Kontrollgruppe. Die Untersuchungen hierzu erfolgten in der Praxis. Es wurden der Plaqueindex (PI), Gingivaindex (GI), die Sondierungstiefe (ST), der Attachmentverlust (AV) und der Decayed Missing Filled/Tooth-Index (DMFT-Index) bestimmt. Ein Fragebogen gab Auskunft über Demografie, Gesundheitsfragen, Mundhygieneverhalten und Medikation in beiden Gruppen. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte deskriptiv und im Gruppenvergleich. Eine multivariate logistische Regressionsanalyse diente der Ermittlung des Erkrankungsrisikos für eine fortgeschrittene generalisierte Parodontitis in Abhängikeit verschiedener Prädiktoren. Zur Datenauswertung wurde das Statistikprogramm BIAS für Windows°, Version 9.12 verwendet. Ergebnisse: Die Altersverteilung, der Raucherstatus und die Schulbildung waren in beiden Gruppen vergleichbar. Dialysepatienten wiesen mehr Rentner auf (79 % vs. 44 %; p < 0,0001). In der Dialysegruppe nahmen mehr Männer (74 % vs. 52 %; p < 0,003) an den Untersuchungen teil. Dialysepatienten hatten signifikant mehr allgemeine Erkrankungen, wie Hypertonie (82 % vs. 35 %; p < 0,0001), Diabetes mellitus Typ II (33 % vs. 11 %; p = 0,0002) andere Herzerkrankungen als Herzinfarkte (40 % vs. 8 %; p < 0,0001), Lebererkrankungen (10 % vs. 0,5 %; p < 0,004) und nahmen häufiger und mehr Medikamente (97 % vs. 58 %; p < 0,0001) ein. Die Ursache für die chronische Niereninsuffizienz deckt sich mit den Angaben in der Literatur (u. a. 22 % Glomerulonephritis, 15 % diabetische Nephropathie, 11 % Zystennieren und 9 % vaskuläre Nephropathien). Dialysepatienten hatten einen höheren Anteil kariöser (1,1 vs. 0,2; p < 0,001) und fehlender Zähne (10 vs. 7; p < 0,009). Der Anteil gefüllter Zähne war in der Kontrollgruppe größer (9 vs. 5; p < 0,001). Mittlerer PI, GI und AV waren in der Dialysegruppe signifikant höher bei vergleichbaren Werten für die ST. Dialysepatienten hatten mehr Zähne mit einem AV von > 5 mm (Median 21 %) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (Median 13 %; p = 0,011). Die Patienten der Dialysegruppe zeigten häufiger (44 % vs. 29 %; p < 0,03) eine generalisierte PA (> 30% der Zähne mit einem AV > 5 mm). Nach anamnestischen Angaben war eine PA bei den Dialyseepatienten öfter bekannt (82 % vs. 40 %; p < 0,001), wurde jedoch signifikant seltener behandelt (14 % vs. 49 %, p < 0,001). Auch das Auftreten von Zahnfleischbluten bemerkten sie häufiger (80 % vs. 60 %; p < 0,003). Die Häufigkeit des Zähneputzens sowie der Grund für einen Zahnarztbesuch unterschieden sich nicht. In der Kontrollgruppe wurden mehr Hilfsmittel zur Zahnreinigung sowie häufiger ein Recall genutzt. Bei 69 % der Dialysepatienten ergab sich keine zahnärztliche Therapieänderung nach Bekanntwerden der Dialysepflichtigkeit und nur 15 % der Dialysepatienten wurden Prophylaxemaßnahmen angeboten. Univariat sind in beiden Gruppen der PI, GI und das Alter signifikante Assoziationsfaktoren für den prozentualen Anteil der Zähne mit einem AV > 5 mm. In der Kontrollgruppe hatten zusätzlich Männer und Diabetiker einen signifikant höheren Anteil betroffener Zähne. Diese Assoziation konnte bei Dialysepatienten nicht beobachtet werden. Ein hoher PI, längere Dialysepflichtigkeit, schlechteres Kt/V und geringerer BMI waren bei HD-Patienten in der multiplen logistischen Regressionsanalyse signifikante Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten einer generalisierten PA. In der Kontrollgruppe erwiesen sich Alter, Rauchen und der GI als entsprechende Risikofaktoren, wobei der Hilfsmittelgebrauch die Signifikanz knapp verfehlte. In der multiplen logistischen Regressionsanalyse unter Einschluss aller Probanden in die Analyse und ohne Berücksichtigung der Zahnzahl zeigte sich ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine generalisierte PA bei Rauchern, einem hohen GI, höherem Alter und bei längerer Dialysepflichtigkeit (> 3 Jahre) verbunden mit niedrigerem Kt/V (< 1,6). Unter Berücksichtigung der Zahnzahl waren Rauchen, das Alter, eine geringere Zahnzahl, das männliche Geschlecht und ebenso eine längere Dialysepflichtigkeit (> 3 Jahre) verbunden mit niedrigem Kt/V (< 1,6) die entscheidenden Prädiktoren. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen lassen sich so zusammenfassen, dass Dialysepatienten eine schlechtere Mundhygiene, mehr fehlende und kariöse Zähne sowie einen schlechteren Parodontalstatus aufwiesen. Sie litten häufiger an einer generalisierten PA. Es ergaben sich Hinweise, dass eine längere Dauer der Dialysepflichtigkeit sowie eine schlechtere Dialyseeffizienz das Auftreten einer generalisierten PA begünstigten. Auf Grund der hohen Rate generalisierter Parodontitiden unter den Dialysepatienten wäre ein erhöhter systemischer Entzündungszustand denkbar. Malnutrition, die veränderte Immunantwort und die chronische urämische Intoxikation tragen zur Anfälligkeit gegenüber Entzündungen und Infektionen bei. Entzündungen sind eine Haupttodesursache unter Dialysepatienten. Die Parodontitis als gut behandelbare Erkrankung führt zur Verringerung des systemischen Entzündungszustandes. Somit könnte eine Parodontitistherapie den Entzündungszustand von Dialysepatienten positiv beeinflussen. Eine größere Beachtung seitens des zahnärztlichen Personals sollte die Verbesserung der Kaufähigkeit bei Dialysepatienten erlangen. Damit könnte eine mögliche Ursache der Malnutrition behoben werden. Dialysepatienten sind potenzielle Empfänger eines Nierentransplantats. Gesunde orale Strukturen sind Voraussetzungen zur Vermeidung von Infektionen und einem Transplantatversagen. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit der Verbesserung der Behandlung von Dialysepatienten, insbesondere der Prophylaxe und parodontalen Therapie.:I Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite I Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 II Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Abbildungen 6 III Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 IV Anhangsverzeichnis 11 1. Einleitung 12 1.1 Parodontitis 13 1.2 Wechselwirkungen der Parodontitis mit systemischen 14 Erkrankungen 1.3 Epidemiologie der Parodontitis 16 1.4 Chronische Nierenerkrankung 17 1.4.1 Allgemeines 17 1.4.2 Definition der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz und Risikofaktoren 18 1.4.3 Nierenersatzverfahren 20 1.5 Epidemiologie der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz 21 1.6 Folgen der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz 21 1.6.1 Systemische Folgen der Urämie 21 1.6.2 Orale und dentale Folgen 22 1.6.3 Parodont und Dialysepflichtigkeit 23 1.6.3.1 Einfluss der Urämie auf das Parodont 23 1.6.3.2 Einfluss der Parodontitis auf den Gesundheitszustand der 23 Dialysepatienten 2. Zielstellungen 25 3. Material und Methode 26 3.1 Studiendesign 26 3.2 Auswahl der Patienten 26 3.3 Klinische Parameter 29 3.3.1 DMF/T–Index 29 3.3.2 Plaqueindex (PI) 29 3.3.3 Gingivaindex (GI) 30 3.3.4 Sondierungstiefe (ST) 30 3.3.5 Attachmentverlust (AV) 31 3.4 Parodontitisfalldefinition 31 3.5 Laborwerte 32 3.6 Bestimmung des Kt/V 32 3.7 Statistische Methoden 33 4. Ergebnisse 34 4.1 Demografische Daten 34 4.2 Charakterisierung der Dialysegruppe 35 4.3 Auswertung der Gesundheitsfragen 36 4.4 Medikation 37 4.5 Angaben zur Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 41 4.6 Veränderungen der zahnärztlichen Therapie nach Bekanntwerden 43 der Dialysepflichtigkeit 4.7 Klinische Parameter 44 4.8 Prävalenz und Schweregrad der Parodontitis 45 4.9 Assoziationsfaktoren mit einer Parodontitis 46 4.9.1 Univariate Analyse 46 4.9.2 Multiple logistische Regressionsanalyse 48 5. Diskussion 54 5.1 Demografische Daten 54 5.2 Charakterisierung der Dialysegruppe 55 5.3 Gesundheitsfragen und Medikamenteneinnahme 57 5.4 Anamnestische Angaben zur Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 58 5.5 Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 59 5.5.1 DMF/T 59 5.5.2 Mundhygiene und Gingivitis 60 5.5.3 Parodontitis 62 5.6 Beurteilung von Parodontitisrisikofaktoren 64 5.6.1 Klassische Parodontitisrisikofaktoren 64 5.6.2 Besonderheiten des Parodontitisrisikos bei Dialysepatienten 65 5.6.2.1 Veränderungen der Immunantwort bei Dialysepatienten 66 5.6.2.2 Malnutrition bei Dialysepatienten 68 5.6.2.3 Dauer der Dialysepflichtigkeit 70 5.6.2.4 Effizienz der Dialyse (Kt/V) 71 5.6.2.5 Sekundärer Hyperparathyreoidismus und Parodontitis 72 5.7 Einfluss der Parodontitis auf die Nierenfunktion 72 5.8 Diskussion methodischer Aspekte, Limitationen der Arbeit 74 und Ausblick auf potenziell weiterführende Untersuchungen 6. Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis 76 7. Zusammenfassung 78 8. Summary 81 9. Literaturverzeichnis 84 10. Anhang 101 11. Danksagung 116 / Background: Periodontitis is a chronic, destructive infection of the periodontium caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria of the oral biofilm. It results in inflammation and irreversible destruction of periodontal tissue. Remaining untreated, periodontitis causes tooth loss in the long run. The increase of systemic inflammation due to local periodontal inflammation is a biological plausible background of well-known periodontitis interactions with other chronic diseases such as diabetes or atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The main causes of death for patients on haemodialysis are cardiovascular diseases and infections. Therefore periodontitis as a highly treatable disease could be a modifiable risk factor for the mortality in haemodialysis patients. On the other hand, terminal kidney insufficiency affects and can worsen the systemic inflammatory status as well as host immune reactions to infections. Additionally, malnutrition and the uraemic milieu contribute to a worse immune answer. Thus, the terminal kidney insufficiency could have some influence on the oral health status, like alteration of the mucosa, xerostomia, changes of dentin, enamel and jaw, and increased susceptibility to inflammation. These oral changes could themselves affect the mastication and the condition of malnutrition adversely. Patients on haemodialysis spend a lot of time on blood purification and do not focus their attention to other medical questions. The aim of the study was to determine, if there are differences in oral and teeth health between dialysis patients and a control group without kidney insufficiency. Predictors of the occurrence of generalized periodontitis should be analysed. Finally, the question should be answered, if there is an influence of haemodialysis on the susceptibility for generalized periodontitis. Methods: 72 dialysis patients of the KfH-Kidney Center Chemnitz were clinically examined, and 147 patients without dialysis from the own dental practice comprised the control group. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (ST), attachment loss (AV) and the DMF/T-Index were determined. A questionnaire allowed information about demographic conditions, medical history, oral hygiene habits and the medication of both groups. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, univariate comparison of means, correlation analysis as well as multivariate regression. The statistic programm Bias for windows° version 9.12 was used for statistical evaluation. Results: Age distribution, smoking status and education were similar in both groups. Of the dialysis group were retired (79% vs. 44%, p < 0.0001), and more men attended to the study (74% vs. 52%, p < 0,003). Dialysis patients suffered from more other diseases, such as hypertension (82% vs. 35%, p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus type II (33% vs. 11%, p = 0.0002), other heart diseases than heart attack (40% vs. 8%, p < 0.0001), or liver diseases (10% vs. 0.5%, p < 0.004), and needed more drugs (97% vs. 58%, p < 0.0001). The causes of kidney insufficiency were comparable with the data in the literature (including 22% glomerulonephritis, 15% diabetic kidney disease, 11% polycystic kidneys and 9% vascular nephropathies). Dialysis patients had more decayed teeth (1.1 vs. 0.2, p < 0.001) and missing teeth (10 vs. 7, p < 0.009). Patients of the control group had more filled teeth (9 vs. 5, p < 0.001). Mean PI, GI and AV were significantly higher in the haemodialysis group (HD) compared to controls. However, the ST was comparable between the groups. A higher proportion of teeth of dialysis patients had an AV of > 5 mm (median 21% vs 13% in the control group, p = 0.011). HD-patients suffered more frequently from advanced generalized periodontitis (44% vs. 29%, p < 0,03). Generalized periodontitis (g-PA) was defined by at least 30% of the teeth with proximal AV of 5 mm or more. In the anamnesis a PA was more renowned among the HD-patients (82% vs. 40%, p < 0.001) but was less treated (49% vs. 14%, p < 0,001). These patients also observed gingival bleeding more often (80% vs. 60%, p < 0.003). There were no differences between the frequency of tooth brushing and the causes to go to a dentist. However, patients of the control group used other tools than tooth brush to clean teeth more often, and participated more frequently in maintenance programs. After dentist became known the necessity of dialysis, 57% of the patients did not receive changes in dental treatment, and only 15% of these patients were offered any prophylaxis. In the univariate analysis PI, GI and age were significant association factors for the percentage of teeth with AV > 5mm in both groups. In the control group, men and diabetics showed more frequently teeth with at least moderate periodontitis. But these could not be observed in the dialysis group. In the dialysis group the multiple logistic regressions analysis showed that a higher PI, longer time on dialysis, a worse Kt/V and a less BMI are independent, significant risk factors for a g-PA. In the control group age, smoking and GI are the risk factors for a generalized periodontitis. The multiple logistic regressions analysis of the complete study population revealed that smoking, GI, age and longer time on dialysis (> 3 years) together with a worse Kt/V (< 1,6) is associated with a higher risk for a generalized periodontitis. Including the teeth number in the model, smoking, age, less count of teeth, male gender and also longer time on dialysis and a worse Kt/V were the crucial predictors. Summary: Hemodialysis patients had a worse oral hygiene, less and more decayed teeth, worse periodontal conditions. Especially, they suffered more often from generalized periodontitis. There was some evidence that the time on dialysis and the efficiency of dialysis treatment has an influence on the extent and severity of a periodontitis. Due to the high frequency of generalized periodontitis, it is conceivable that in dialysis patients an increased systemic inflammation status is possible. Malnutrition, altered immune resistance and chronic uremic intoxication additionally contribute to vulnerability against inflammations and infections. Inflammations are a main cause for the high mortality of dialysis patients. Periodontitis is a well treatable disease reducing systemic inflammatory burden. Therefore, periodontitis therapy could affect the inflammatory status positively in these patients. Furthermore, dialysis patients need more attention of dental care providers to improve the ability to bite. Thereby, one cause of malnutrition could be removed. Dialysis patients are potential recipients of a kidney transplant. A healthy oral system is a well-known condition to avoid infection and transplant failure. Thus, the treatment of dialysis patients, especially the prophylaxis and periodontal treatments should be improved.:I Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite I Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 II Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Abbildungen 6 III Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 IV Anhangsverzeichnis 11 1. Einleitung 12 1.1 Parodontitis 13 1.2 Wechselwirkungen der Parodontitis mit systemischen 14 Erkrankungen 1.3 Epidemiologie der Parodontitis 16 1.4 Chronische Nierenerkrankung 17 1.4.1 Allgemeines 17 1.4.2 Definition der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz und Risikofaktoren 18 1.4.3 Nierenersatzverfahren 20 1.5 Epidemiologie der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz 21 1.6 Folgen der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz 21 1.6.1 Systemische Folgen der Urämie 21 1.6.2 Orale und dentale Folgen 22 1.6.3 Parodont und Dialysepflichtigkeit 23 1.6.3.1 Einfluss der Urämie auf das Parodont 23 1.6.3.2 Einfluss der Parodontitis auf den Gesundheitszustand der 23 Dialysepatienten 2. Zielstellungen 25 3. Material und Methode 26 3.1 Studiendesign 26 3.2 Auswahl der Patienten 26 3.3 Klinische Parameter 29 3.3.1 DMF/T–Index 29 3.3.2 Plaqueindex (PI) 29 3.3.3 Gingivaindex (GI) 30 3.3.4 Sondierungstiefe (ST) 30 3.3.5 Attachmentverlust (AV) 31 3.4 Parodontitisfalldefinition 31 3.5 Laborwerte 32 3.6 Bestimmung des Kt/V 32 3.7 Statistische Methoden 33 4. Ergebnisse 34 4.1 Demografische Daten 34 4.2 Charakterisierung der Dialysegruppe 35 4.3 Auswertung der Gesundheitsfragen 36 4.4 Medikation 37 4.5 Angaben zur Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 41 4.6 Veränderungen der zahnärztlichen Therapie nach Bekanntwerden 43 der Dialysepflichtigkeit 4.7 Klinische Parameter 44 4.8 Prävalenz und Schweregrad der Parodontitis 45 4.9 Assoziationsfaktoren mit einer Parodontitis 46 4.9.1 Univariate Analyse 46 4.9.2 Multiple logistische Regressionsanalyse 48 5. Diskussion 54 5.1 Demografische Daten 54 5.2 Charakterisierung der Dialysegruppe 55 5.3 Gesundheitsfragen und Medikamenteneinnahme 57 5.4 Anamnestische Angaben zur Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 58 5.5 Zahn- und Mundgesundheit 59 5.5.1 DMF/T 59 5.5.2 Mundhygiene und Gingivitis 60 5.5.3 Parodontitis 62 5.6 Beurteilung von Parodontitisrisikofaktoren 64 5.6.1 Klassische Parodontitisrisikofaktoren 64 5.6.2 Besonderheiten des Parodontitisrisikos bei Dialysepatienten 65 5.6.2.1 Veränderungen der Immunantwort bei Dialysepatienten 66 5.6.2.2 Malnutrition bei Dialysepatienten 68 5.6.2.3 Dauer der Dialysepflichtigkeit 70 5.6.2.4 Effizienz der Dialyse (Kt/V) 71 5.6.2.5 Sekundärer Hyperparathyreoidismus und Parodontitis 72 5.7 Einfluss der Parodontitis auf die Nierenfunktion 72 5.8 Diskussion methodischer Aspekte, Limitationen der Arbeit 74 und Ausblick auf potenziell weiterführende Untersuchungen 6. Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis 76 7. Zusammenfassung 78 8. Summary 81 9. Literaturverzeichnis 84 10. Anhang 101 11. Danksagung 116

Objetivo: Valorar la asociación entre anemia severa al inicio de hemodiálisis y sobrevida al año en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica incidentes en hemodiálisis. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio observacional analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica incidentes en hemodiálisis en el Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión y del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo entre Enero del 2015 y Diciembre del 2017. Dentro de las principales variables a estudiar, encontramos la anemia severa al inicio de hemodiálisis como variable independiente y la sobrevida al año como variable dependiente. Se utilizó el método de Kapplan Meier para la descripción de la función de sobrevida. En el análisis multivariado se aplicó el modelo crudo y ajustado de regresión de Cox y se presentó como medida de asociación al Hazard Ratio (HR) con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: Se analizó una data de 462 pacientes. Se obtuvo como media 54.61 (±14.71) años y una prevalencia de varones de 60%. La proporción de anemia severa en la población fue de 60% y la mortalidad general fue de 30%. La función de sobrevida al año para los pacientes con anemia severa fue 71,6% (IC 0.65- 0.76) y para el grupo sin anemia severa fue 65.5% (IC 0.58-0.72). En el análisis multivariado la variable anemia severa obtuvo un HR ajustado de 0,81 (IC 0.57-1.15). Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio la mortalidad al año en pacientes con ERC (estadio 5), no se ve influenciada por la presencia de anemia severa al inicio de la hemodiálisis. / Aim: To determine the association between severe anemia at the beginning of hemodialysis and one-year survival in chronic kidney disease patients starting hemodialysis. Methods: We design an analytical observational retrospective cohort study in chronic kidney disease patients incidents in hemodialysis, in the nephrology service of Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion and Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo between January 2015 and December 2017. The main variables of interest were severe anemia at the beginning of hemodialysis and survival up to the first year since hemodialysis was initiated. The Kaplan Meier method was used for the description of the survival function. In the multivariate analysis a crude and adjusted cox regression model was applied, and it was presented as a measure of association with the Hazard Ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval. Results: We analyzed data of 462 patients. Having a mean age of 54.61 (±14.71) and a prevalence of males of 59.96%. The prevalence of severe anemia in the population was 59.96% and the mortality was 30%. The one-year survival function for patients with severe anemia was 71,6 % (IC 0.65- 0.76) and 65.5 % (IC 0.58-0.72) for the group without severe anemia; no significant difference was observed between the survival curves of both groups. In the multivariate analysis, the variable severe anemia obtained an adjusted HR of 0,81 (IC 0.57-1-15). Conclusions: In our study, one-year mortality in patients with end stage renal diseases is not influenced by the presence of severe anemia at the beginning of hemodialysis. / Tesis

Bakgrund: Idag är det drygt 700 personer som väntar på en njurtransplantation i Sverige. Njurtransplantationen är en räddning från döden för många patienter som genomgår dialys behandling eller andra former av interventioner för att kunna leva ett ”normalt liv”. För att kunna erbjuda den bästa omvårdnaden bör sjuksköterskan ha en god kunskap om patienters upplevelser. Syfte: Avsikten med litteraturstudien var att belysa patienters upplevelser av att vänta på en njurtransplantation. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på tio vetenskapliga studier med kvalitativ metod. Kvalitetsgranskning av artiklarna och sammanställning av resultat genomfördes. Resultat: Resultaten presenteras genom två tema som omfattar patienternas upplevelser av att vänta på en njurtransplantation. Teman som valdes ut är:Osäkerhet i väntan på en njurtransplantation; Behovet av stöd från omgivningen. Slutsats: Att få en njurtransplantation innebär en chans till ett nytt liv. Den komplexa processen som en transplantation innebar framkallade många upplevelser hos patienter med njursjukdom. Vårdens insatser bör vara inriktade på att utveckla strategier och vara mer fokuserade på patienternas behov av information och kunskapsutveckling för att kunna hantera upplevelserna vid väntan på en njurtransplantation. / Background: There are currently around 700 people waiting for a kidney transplant in Sweden. Kidney transplantation is a lifesaver for many patients undergoing dialysis or other previous interventions to be able to live a “norma llife”. In order to be able to offer the best care, the nurse should have a good knowledge of patients' experiences. Aim: The purpose of the literature study was to shed light on patients´ experiences of waiting for a kidney transplant. Method: The literature study is based on ten scientific studies with a qualitative method. Quality review of the articles and compilation of results was carried out. Results: The results are presented through two themes that include patients´experiences of waiting for a kidney transplant. Themes selected are: Uncertaintyin waiting for a kidney transplant; The need for support from the environment. Conclusion: Getting a kidney transplant means a chance at a new life. The complex process involved in a transplant evoked many experiences in patients with kidney disease. Healthcare efforts should develop their strategies and be more focused on the patients´ needs for information and knowledge development in order to be able to manage the experiences while waiting for a kidney transplant.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cART on renal function and assess the association between renal function and cardiovascular risk factors in a black rural HIV-positive population in Limpopo Province, Mankweng district. We have conducted a cross-sectional study which included both male and female cART-treated patients (n=84), cART-naïve patients (n=27) and HIV-negative controls (n=44). We have measured biomarkers of renal function (plasma cystatin C, clusterin, retinol binding protein 4 [RBP4]) and determined the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration formula (CKD-EPI). We have also measured blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood glucose (FBG). The prevalence of renal dysfunction was similar among the study groups. A significant difference in RBP4 was found among the groups after controlling for covariates (age, gender, alcohol consumption, BMI, systolic blood pressure and FBG) (F (2, 146) = [4.479], p=0.010). The significant difference in RBP4 was specifically observed between the cART-treated and cART-naïve groups (p=0.008). Cystatin C, clusterin and eGFR were not significantly different among the study groups after controlling for the covariates. The cardiovascular risk factors age (β=0.207; p=0.039), CD4+ T-cell count (β=-0.236; p=0.040), and duration of cART (β=0.232; p=0.043) were independently associated with cystatin C. The use of cART independently associated with RBP4 (β=0.282; p=0.004). Age (β=-0.363; p=0.001), CD4+ T-cell count (β=0.222; p=0.034) and duration of cART (β=-0.230; p=0.034) independently associated eGFR. Renal dysfunction is common in this HIV-positive population, with similar rates as the HIV-negative population. Plasma cystatin C as a promising alternative renal biomarker need to be re-evaluated in this HIV-positive population. RBP4 may be a more promising renal function biomarker in the HIV-positive population. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with renal dysfunction in this rural HIV-positive population and CD4+ T-cell count may be an independent predictor for renal function.

No description available.

A infecção é causa de morbimortalidade no paciente com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), facilitada pela uremia, que leva a resposta imune insuficiente, inclusive após a vacinação. Foram avaliadas a situação vacinal e a presença de anticorpos para sarampo e varicela, de 83 crianças e adolescentes com IRC. A adesão dos pacientes às vacinas foi BCG 100%, poliomielite 98,8%, DPT 97,6%, sarampo monovalente 96,4%, tríplice viral 88%, hepatite B 68,7%. Ausência de anticorpos para sarampo e varicela ocorreu em 14,5% e 26,5% dos pacientes. A susceptibilidade ao sarampo em vacinados, predominou acima de seis anos (P < 0,00001) e à varicela (infecção natural) abaixo de sete anos (P < 0,001). O renal crônico pediátrico deve receber esquema vacinal amplo, com avaliação periódica de títulos de anticorpos / Infections are a cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, facilitated by uremia, which promotes a deficient immune response and hinders response to vaccination. We evaluated the immunization status and antibody titers against measles and varicella in 83 CRF children and adolescents. Adhesion to vaccination was 100% BCG, 98,8% poliomyelitis, 97,6% DPT, 96,4% measles, 88% MMR, 68,7% hepatitis B. Non-detectable antibodies against measles and varicella occurred in 14,5% and 26,5% patients. Susceptibility to measles, after vaccination, increased above 6 years (P < 0,00001) and to varicella (natural infection), below seven years of age (P < 0,001). Pediatric CRF patients should receive a robust immunization program with periodic antibody titer assessment

A infecção é causa de morbimortalidade no paciente com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), facilitada pela uremia, que leva a resposta imune insuficiente, inclusive após a vacinação. Foram avaliadas a situação vacinal e a presença de anticorpos para sarampo e varicela, de 83 crianças e adolescentes com IRC. A adesão dos pacientes às vacinas foi BCG 100%, poliomielite 98,8%, DPT 97,6%, sarampo monovalente 96,4%, tríplice viral 88%, hepatite B 68,7%. Ausência de anticorpos para sarampo e varicela ocorreu em 14,5% e 26,5% dos pacientes. A susceptibilidade ao sarampo em vacinados, predominou acima de seis anos (P < 0,00001) e à varicela (infecção natural) abaixo de sete anos (P < 0,001). O renal crônico pediátrico deve receber esquema vacinal amplo, com avaliação periódica de títulos de anticorpos / Infections are a cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, facilitated by uremia, which promotes a deficient immune response and hinders response to vaccination. We evaluated the immunization status and antibody titers against measles and varicella in 83 CRF children and adolescents. Adhesion to vaccination was 100% BCG, 98,8% poliomyelitis, 97,6% DPT, 96,4% measles, 88% MMR, 68,7% hepatitis B. Non-detectable antibodies against measles and varicella occurred in 14,5% and 26,5% patients. Susceptibility to measles, after vaccination, increased above 6 years (P < 0,00001) and to varicella (natural infection), below seven years of age (P < 0,001). Pediatric CRF patients should receive a robust immunization program with periodic antibody titer assessment

Os biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo encontram-se elevados na urina e no plasma dos pacientes renais crônicos. A aldosterona (ALD) contribui para a lesão renal no modelo de rins remanescentes. Objetivos: 1- Determinar o efeito do antioxidante N-acetilcisteína (NAC) sobre a função renal e a aldosterona plasmática de animais com IRC. 2- Avaliar o efeito da NAC sobre a evolução da IRC, mesmo quando administrada tardiamente. 3- Avaliar os efeitos da NAC associada a Espironolactona (Spi). Material e Métodos: Ratos adultos Wistar machos foram submetidos a nefrectomia de 5/6 (Nx). No estudo 1: Animais foram tratados ou não com NAC na dose de (600mg/l na água de beber) iniciado 7dias após nefrectomia (Nx). Estudos de clearance foram realizados em todos os grupos, 21, 60 e 120 dias após Nx. No estudo 2: 6 animais foram tratados com NAC após 60 dias de Nx e estudados 120 dias após NX. No estudo 3: Os ratos foram tratados com Spi (1.5g/kg de dieta) associados ou não com NAC, ambos iniciados a partir do 7º dia da nefrectomia e estudados 60 dias após a Nx. Em todos os grupos foram avaliados: clearance de inulina (RFG, ml/min/100g peso); proteinúria (Uvpr., mg/24h); aldosterona plasmática (ng/dl); relação potássio/sódio urinário (UK/UNa), pressão arterial (mmHg), TBARS urinário (nmoles/24h) e o índice de glomeruloesclerose (%). Resultados: A ingestão média de NAC foi similar nos respectivos grupos tratados. Significante diminuição de TBARS (marcador de peroxidação lipídica), foi observada nos ratos Nx tratados com NAC (mesmo quando administrado tardiamente). O principal resultado deste estudo foi que a administração de NAC nos animais com nefrectomia de 5/6, protegeu a filtração glomerular (GFR) significativamente, com uma média de clearance de inulina de 0.45 ml/min (50% dos valores normais), mantendose estável 120 dias após a nefrectomia (0,51 ± 0,03). Ao contrário, GFR diminuiu progressivamente nos animais não tratados (0,16 ± 0,03). Nos animais Nx+NAC, a proteinúria, o índice de glomeruloesclerose e a pressão arterial, apresentaram diminuição após 120 dias de Nx e hipertrofia dos corações e das adrenais foram atenuadas. Estes efeitos benéficos estão associados com uma significante redução da aldosterona plasmática e da razão UK/UNa (marcador indireto da ação tubular da aldosterona) e foram observados mesmo com a administração tardia de NAC (60 dias após Nx). A mortalidade foi de 33% no grupo de Nx120, 25% no grupo Nx120+NAC e 10% nos animais Nx120+60NAC. No estudo 3: A espironolactona isoladamente diminuiu a proteinúria dos animais Nx, entretanto, quando associada a NAC promoveu maior proteção da filtração glomerular (Nx60 + NAC+Spi = 0,59±0,04 vs.Nx + 60 + NAC = 0,47 ± 0,05, p < 0,001) e menor pressão arterial (136±2mmHg) do que nos animais tratados apenas com NAC (154 ± 2 mmHg). Conclusões: 1. O antioxidante NAC exerceu efeito protetor sobre a filtração glomerular de ratos com insuficiência renal crônica, mesmo quando administrado tardiamente, além de diminuir as concentrações de aldosterona e TBARS, marcador de peroxidação lipídica. 2. A associação de NAC e espironolactona proporcionou efeito benéfico aditivo sobre a filtração glomerular, acompanhado de uma maior queda da pressão arterial. / Oxidative stress biomarkers are increased in urine and plasma from renal chronic patients. Aldosterone (ALD) contributes to the kidney lesion in the remnant kidney model. Objectives: This studies was carried out to: 1- Determine the effect of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on kidney function and plasma aldosterone on animals with chronic renal failure (CRF); 2- Evaluate the effect of NAC on the CRF evolution, even when administered at a later stage; 3- Evaluate the effects of NAC associated with spironolactone (SPI). Material and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). In study 1: Animals were treated or not with NAC (600 mg/l in drinking water), started 7 days after Nx. Clearance studies were performed on all rats at 21, 60 and 120 days after Nx. In study 2: 6 rats were treated with NAC initiated 60 days after Nx and studied 120 days after Nx. In study 3: rats were treated with Spi (1.5 g/Kg diet) associated or not to NAC, both initiated 7 days after Nx-treated rats and studied 60 days after Nx. In all experiments the following were measured: inulin clearance (GRF, ml/min/100g body weight); proteinuria (Uvpr, mg/24h); plasma aldosterone (ng/dl); urinary potassium/sodium ratio (UK/UNa); blood pressure (mmHg); urinary TBARS (nmoles/24h) and glomerulosclerosis index (%). Results: Mean daily NAC ingestion was similar in respective treated groups. A significant decrease in urinary TBARS (an index of lipid peroxidation) was observed in the NAC treated rats even when administered at a later stage. The main new finding of this study is that NAC administration to 5/6-Nx rats protects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly, with a mean inulin clearance of 0.45 (50% of the normal values), remaining stable 120 days following nephrectomy (0.51±0.03). Conversely, GFR fell progressively in untreated rats (0.16±0.03). In Nx+NAC rats, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis index and blood pressure all decreased by day 120, and heart and adrenal hypertrophy were attenuated. These beneficial effects were associated with a significant reduction in plasma aldosterone and urinary sodium/potassium (UK/UNa) ratio (indirect marker of aldosterone tubular action) and were observed even when NAC was administered later (60 days after Nx). Mortality was 33% in the Nx 120 group, 25% in the Nx120+NAC group and 14.3% in the Nx120 (Nx60+60NAC). In study 3: Spironolactone isolatedly decreased proteinuria in the Nx animals, however when associated with NAC it caused more protection of GFR (Nx60+NAC+Spi = 0.59±0.04 vs Nx60+NAC = 0.47 ± 0.05, p < 0.001) and lower blood pressure (136±2 mmHg) than in the animals treated only with NAC (154±2 mmHg). The combination of Spi and NAC lowered blood pressure and improve GFR protection. Conclusion: 1. In the remnant kidney model, NAC has a protective effect attributable to decreased plasma aldosterone and lower of lipid peroxidation indicative of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) lower levels, even in the later stages. 2. Combination of NAC and Spi showed an extra beneficial effect over glomerular filtration, and a higher decrease of blood pressure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_tese.pdf: 363791 bytes, checksum: af03ea5388a25575042d8de8b77224dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-23 / Acute Renal Failure can be defined as an abrupt and sustained reduction in the glomerular filtration rate with a consequent retention of nitrogenous waste products. Despite the development in treatment, mortality remains high, varying beetween 50 and 70%. In hospitalised patients the incidence is about 5% but in respect to intensive care units it varies from 10 to 30%. In the last three decades, the characteristics of patients who suffer from acute renal failure changed dramatically. Before the advent of dialytic treatment, the main causes of mortality were uraemia, hyperkalaemia and the cardiac complications arising from volume overload. Nowadays, the causes are sepsis, cardiopulmonary failure, nephrotoxic drugs, and post renal transplantation complications. Multiple organ dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and diabetes mellitus are morbid conditions that can aggravate the prognosis of acute renal failure in intensive care units. Due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population, this study intends to evaluate its influence in the morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from acute renal failure in the intensive care unit of Hospital de Base of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil was made in the period from January 1997 to December 2000. A total of 255 (25%) of the patients were diabetic and 765 (75%) were not. Demographic data, the presence of underlying diseases, aetiology, types, the clinical features and complications of acute renal failure were evaluated. Besides these, the presence of multiple organ failure syndrome was observed. In the study population 64% were male, 46% were more than 60 years old and 85% had one or more concomitant diseases. The ischaemic aetiology predominated in 53% of cases and a clinical cause was the most common type seen at 57%. The means and standard deviations of the Apache II score and creatinine levels (mg/dL) were 20.5 + 6.7 and 3.7 + 2.0 respectively. The prevalence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, liver failure and respiratory failure were 32%, 69%, 15% and 79% respectively. Among the observed complications hyperkalaemia was seen in 35%, acidosis in 70%, sepsis in 61%, systemic arterial hypertension in 14%, bleeding in 22%, central nervous system disfunction in 44% and mortality in 71% of the cases. The demographic data, clinical features, morbidity and mortality due to acute renal failure of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were compared. The hyperkalaemia, acidosis, respiratory failure, shock, central nervous system dysfunction, hypervolaemia and the bleeding were similar in both groups. A logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between diabetes mellitus and mortality. An ischaemic aetiology, the failure of three or more organs, hyponatraemia and acidosis exhibited significant association between mortality and acute renal failure. In conclusion, the diabetic patients were older involving fewer men, with less oliguria, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyponatraemia and liver failure than the non-diabetic individuals. Diabetes mellitus had no influence on the mortality due to acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. / A insuficiência renal aguda pode ser definida como uma redução abrupta e sustentada da taxa de filtração glomerular com conseqüente retenção de produtos nitrogenados. Apesar da evolução terapêutica, a sua mortalidade ainda continua elevada, variando entre 50 e 70%. Em pacientes hospitalizados, a sua incidência está próxima de 5% e, especificamente, em unidades de terapia intensiva, varia entre 10 e 30%. Nas últimas três décadas, as características dos pacientes acometidos de insuficiência renal aguda alteraram-se profundamente. Antes do advento do tratamento dialítico, as principais causas de mortalidade eram a uremia, a hipercalemia e as complicações cardiológicas decorrentes da sobrecarga de volume. Atualmente, são a sepse, a insuficiência cardiopulmonar, drogas nefrotóxicas e complicações pós-transplante renal. Quanto ao prognóstico de insuficiência renal aguda em unidades de terapia intensiva, a disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, a coagulação intravascular disseminada e o diabete melito são condições mórbidas que podem piorar a sua evolução. Devido à alta prevalência de diabete melito na população, o presente trabalho propôs-se avaliar a sua influência na morbidade e mortalidade da insuficiência renal aguda em unidade de terapia intensiva. Para tal, foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 1020 pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda internados na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2000, dos quais, 255 (25%) eram diabéticos e 765 (75%) não diabéticos. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, presença de doenças de base, etiologia, tipos, quadro clínico e complicações de insuficiência renal aguda e ainda a presença de síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Entre a população estudada, 64% eram do sexo masculino, 46% tinham mais de 60 anos de idade, e 85% tinham uma ou mais doenças concomitantes. Nota de Resumo A etiologia isquêmica predominou com 53%, e a causa clínica foi o tipo mais freqüente com 57%. As médias e os desvios padrão de apache II e creatinina (mg/dL) foram 20,56,7 e 3,7+2 O respectivamente. A prevalência de coagulação intravascular disseminada, de choque, de insuficiência hepática e respiratória foi 32%, 69%, 15% e 79%, respectivamente. Entre as complicações, observamos a hiperpotassemia em 35%, a acidose em 70%, a sepse em 61%, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica em 14%, os sangramentos em 22%, a disfunção do sistema nervoso central em 44% e a mortalidade em 71%. Foram comparados, entre os diabéticos e os não diabéticos, os dados demográficos, quadro clínico, morbidade e mortalidade de insuficiência renal aguda. A hipercalemia, a acidose, a insuficiência respiratória, a sepse, o choque, a disfunção do sistema nervoso central, a hipervolemia e os sangramentos foram similares em ambos os grupos. A análise de regressão logística não mostrou associação significante entre diabete melito e a mortalidade. A etiologia isquêmica, a presença de três ou mais insuficiências de órgãos, a hiponatremia e a acidose foram de forma significante associadas com a mortalidade de insuficiência renal aguda. Em conclusão, os diabéticos foram mais idosos, menor prevalência de masculinos, menos oligúria, coagulação intravascular disseminada, hiponatremia e falência hepática do que os não diabéticos. O diabete melito não teve influência na mortalidade da insuficiência renal aguda em unidade de terapia intensiva.