Caption "TW 10. Trees surviving amongst stones, near Mt. Coke, King Wms Town. June 1961. In native territory.”

Caption "TW 10. Belt of treed vegetation surviving in an outcrop of dolerite between Buffalo River & Mount Coke, King Wms Twn. June 1961. The trees are largely Olea verrucos and Cussonia spicata which have survived by growing out from the rockiness. Otherwise surrounded by grass.”

Caption "TW 11. Desecration by the GPO. A kloof remorselessly hacked for a new telephone line 1 mile s. Kei Road, K.W.T. This is the famous Crapkloof of immortal memory. 1962.”

This thesis examines the urban social, economic and cultural history of a community under stress and in transition at the turn of the century. Two themes run through the study: how the residents responded to long-term challenges such as the decline of the town in relation to its nearest urban neighbour, the increasing significance of the black population of the town and district, and the end of the millennium; and secondly, the effects of the South African War on King William's Town society and how the residents perceived the various stresses it exerted on the town. Chapter 1, by way of introduction, provides a general overview of the history of King William's Town and of the current state of historical research on the town. It also examines historiographical strands reflected in this study, focusing on urban history, social history, local history and the new cultural history. The chapter ends with a brief note on sources and methodology. Chapter 2 sets the scene be examining the population of the town and district in relation to its eastern Cape neighbours. It briefly explores the settlement patterns in the town, and the social divisions and racial attitudes manifested by its inhabitants. The third chapter provides a study of the town's economy with particular emphasis on the mercantile sector, agriculture and manufacturing. The informal sector, domestic service and labour relations are also explored. Political processes in this period are dealt with in Chapter 4. The 1898 elections and the re-alignment of political allegiances, the outbreak of the war, the main political issues that emerged and the suppression of the Imvo Zabantsundu newspaper are discussed. Chapter 5 provides an examination of military aspects of the town and district during the war. The impact of the imperial garrison, the attitudes of the residents to the war and the imposition and effects of martial law are amongst the topics covered. The next chapter deals with municipal matters, with particular reference to the townspeople's attitudes to Borough status, public health and sanitation, municipal locations and residential segregation, and the various successes and failures of the Borough Council during the war. The seventh chapter focuses on crime, legislation and social control in the town. The number and type of criminal incidents during the period are analyzed, the various laws establishing the parameters of society and the manner in which these were applied are examined. Chapter 8 seeks to define the cultural contours of the town, looking at religion, the large number of different clubs and societies, sport and recreation. It explores the way in which cultural pursuits were both a reflection and a reinforcement of the social, political and economic order. The ninth and final chapter links the preceding themes with regard to the effects of the war on King William's Town society, with particular reference to the mentalité of the community as displayed in the attitudes of the residents to the various developments discussed in the body of the thesis.

Caption "The felling of the palm tree at the Sacred Heart Church King Wms Town [King William's Town]. 1962. The Church had been so well balanced by the two huge palm trees. Now it is all odd. The first English Starling in K.W.T. were seen in the right-hand palm."

Caption "A beautiful Hyphene palm felled to make way for a man-made religious sanctuary. Sheer desecration. Garden of Sacred Heart Church, King Wms. Town [King William's Town]. June 1962. R.C. of course."

Original hand-written caption "Row of pines in Alexandria Road, King Williams Town, the main thoroughfare of the national road through the town, each with a notice bearing a word which in the end made a sentence inviting people to attend the Dutch Reformed Church Bazaar. Strangely though the wording is in English, not in Afrikaans”.

Caption "Old engine used for drawing timber in Pirie Forest [illegible]. K Williams Town [King William's Town]."

This study deals with the management of street traders to boost the local economy of King William‟s Town. The purpose of the study is to conduct the research on how street traders can be managed to boost the local economy of King William‟s Town. The intention is to research the challenges they have and how to improve them. To be able to conduct the study, the researcher deemed it necessary to study existing literature on Local Economic Development. The way street traders are managed presently has been investigated and analysed in order to develop recommendations for solving the challenges facing street trading in King William‟s Town. The researcher conducted interviews in the form of face-to-face discussions and scheduled interviews with street traders, municipal authorities, and the iQonce Small Business Association. The literature review and interviews enabled the researcher to develop recommendations to solve the challenges. These recommendations will be helpful to the King William‟s Town municipality. The findings of this study reveal that there are challenges in the manner in which street trading is managed in King William‟s Town. Some of the challenges are a lack of a LED policy, poor infrastructure, failure to implement decisions, lack of financial support for street traders, and underutilisation of the budget. The researcher has made some recommendations in terms of support and assistance for street traders, the formulation of a LED policy, and plans and systems needed to be put in place for the management of street trading in King William‟s Town. The researcher summarises the study by claiming that if the proposed recommendations can be thoroughly implemented, there will be some improvement in the manner in which the street traders are managed.

Caption "Old steam engine at Isidenge, King Williams Town. Such are still used by sawyers in the area beacause they can be fired by sawdust and cut-offs from the sawn timber. Gordon Ranger standing beside. 1959."