A soja, o milho e o algodão são as culturas de enorme importância econômica no Brasil, pois juntas ocupam grande parte da área agrícola no país. Além disso, essas culturas são essenciais no fornecimento de alimento e fibras para uma crescente população mundial. Vários fatores podem afetar a produção das mesmas, sendo que os nematoides anualmente causam bilhões de dólares de perdas. As principais técnicas disponíveis para o manejo dos nematoides são rotação de culturas, cultivares resistentes e nematicidas químicos. Apesar de o controle químico ser uma ferramenta viável, há poucos nematicidas disponíveis no Brasil. Como inovação entre os nematicidas, o tioxazafen é uma nova molécula de amplo espectro, desenvolvida para aplicação via tratamento de sementes, para o controle de nematoides nas culturas do milho, da soja e do algodão. Portanto, seu desenvolvimento e posterior registro poderão fornecer uma nova alternativa ao manejo integrado de nematoides aos produtores brasileiros. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a eficácia do nematicida tioxazafen, por meio do tratamento de sementes, no controle de Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne javanica e Pratylenchus brachyurus na soja; M. incognita e P. zeae no milho; e M. incognita no algodão. Além disso, foram avaliados possíveis efeitos fitotóxicos do tratamento de sementes com tioxazafen nas mesmas culturas. Ensaios de casa de vegetação foram conduzidos para avaliação do efeito do tratamento de sementes na população de nematoides, em plantas artificialmente infestadas, bem como na massa de raízes e parte aérea das plantas. O tioxazafen demonstrou supressão substancial na população de nematoides em todas as espécies testadas nas três culturas, com atividade igual ou maior que à referência comercial (imidacloprido + tiodicarbe). As melhores doses observadas foram de 0,250 mg de tioxazafen por semente no controle de M. javanica e de P. brachyurus em soja, 0,500 mg por semente no controle de H. glycines na soja e de M. incognita no milho, 0,750 mg por semente no controle de M. incognita no algodão e 1,000 mg por semente no controle de P. zeae no milho. As plantas tratadas com tioxazafen não exibiram sintomas de fitotoxidez e desenvolveram biomassa similar às plantas não tratadas. Esses resultados mostram o potencial do tioxazafen em se tornar um efetivo tratamento de sementes para controle dos principais nematoides da soja, do milho e do algodão no Brasil,com baixos riscos de fitotoxidez. / Corn, soybean and cotton crops are of great economic importance in Brazil. They together account for the greatest amount of planted area in country. These crops are essential for keeping and providing enough food and fiber for a growing world population. Many factors can affect the production of these crops, and the nematodes are among the most relevant, causing crop losses that reach into billions of dollars. The main techniques available for managing nematodes are crop rotation, resistant cultivars and chemical nematicides. Chemical control is one of the key tools, but there are only a few nematicides available in the Brazilian market. Tioxazafen is a novel nematicide for seed treatment designed to provide consistent broad-spectrum control of nematodes in corn, soy, and cotton. Therefore, the registration of this molecule will provide an important tool to Brazilian farmers that suffer losses due to nematodes. Thereby, the current trials aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tioxazafen through seed treatment to control Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean; M. incognita and P. zeae in corn, and M. incognita in cotton. Furthermore, were evaluated if tioxazafen may cause phytotoxicity in these crops. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of seed treatments on nematode population densities, and plant shoot and root weight. Tioxazafen demonstrated substantial suppression of nematode population to all species tested in three crops, with activity equaled or exceeded commercial standard nematode seed treatments (imidacloprid + thiodicarb). The best rates observed were 0.250 mg of tioxazafen per seed to control de M. javanica and P. brachyurus in soybean, 0.500 mg per seed to control H. glycines in soybean and M. incognita in corn, 0.750 mg per seed to control M. incognita in cotton and 1.000 mg per seed to control lesion P. zeae in corn. Tioxazafen treated plants also did not exhibit phytotoxicity and grow equally to untreated plants. These results demonstrated the potential of tioxazafen for the control of the main nematodes in soybean, corn and cotton, without the risk of phytotoxicity.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T13:02:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Silva Salgues de Matos.pdf: 463245 bytes, checksum: 6041b12480d1db2b27dea971c15113a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T13:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Silva Salgues de Matos.pdf: 463245 bytes, checksum: 6041b12480d1db2b27dea971c15113a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / More than 35 species of plant parasitic nematodes are reported associated with papaya (Carica papaya) being the root-knot nematodes one of the most important. These populations occur in polyspecific communities and different densities depending on cultivars, host stress and physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The present study had the objectives of describing nematode community structure associated with papaya croping in soil infested with Meloidogyne sp. in Mamanguape, Paraíba, and evaluating number of samples and pattern for soil colllection in order to monitore Meloidogyne sp. and Rotylenchulus sp. population density in field. Samplings were carried out in three areas with different population levels of root-knot and reniform nematodes. In each area, 5,776 m2 was split in 400 (20 × 20) squares of 14.44 m2 (3.8 × 3.8 m), containing three plants. Evaluations for nematode community structure based upon nematode community indexes: maturity index (MI), plant parasitic index (PPI) and modified maturityindex (MMI), and nematode trophic group ratios. It was simulated collecting samples in “X”, diamond, parallel lines, parallel rows, inverted “V”, zig-zag, inverted “W”, “degree”, “S”, randomly and in ordinary walking in order to select diagram pattern for sampling. For sample size evaluation, all diagram patterns were used changing the number of samples (40, 30 e 20) in each area. Population density (specimes/300cm3 soil) of both nematodes were predicted according to size and diagram of sampling and compared through Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% probability level. In areas 1 and 3 there was predominance of plant parasitic nematodes, 43.84 and 39.95 % respectively, especially Rotylenchulus sp. In area 2, Meloidogyne was the taxon of highest dominance among the plant parasitic nematodes. Inthe three areas MI and MMI were high (> 30%) and PPI ranged from 20.95 to 32.88%. Twenty samples per area were indicated for both nematode genus, being recommended to collect the samples randomly, in parallel bars, or in diamond for monitoring Meloidogyne sp. and in parallel bars or parallel lines for Rotylenchulus sp / Mais de 35 espécies de fitonematóides são relatadas na rizosfera de mamoeiro (Carica papaya), com destaque para os nematóides das galhas. Essas populações ocorrem em comunidades constituídas por diferentes espécies e densidades populacionais que variam com a cultivar, estresse sobre a hospedeira e propriedades física, química e biológica do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: descrever a estrutura da comunidade de nematóides associada ao cultivo comercial do mamoeiro em áreas com diferentes níveis populacionais de Meloidogyne sp. em Mamanguape, Paraíba, e determinar padrão de caminhamento e número de amostra, para monitoramento de populações de Meloidogyne sp. e Rotylenchulus sp. no campo. Foram avaliadas três áreas, com diferentes níveis populacionais de nematóide das galhas e reniforme. Em cada área, tomou-se 5.776 m2 que foi dividido em 400 (20 × 20) quadriláteros contíguos de 14,44 m2 (3,8 × 3,8 m),com três plantas por quadrilátero. Para descrição da estrutura da nematofauna, foram usados índices de comunidade de nematóides: índice de maturidade (MI), índice de parasitos de plantas (PPI) e índice de maturidade modificada (MMI), e razões entre grupos tróficos de nematóides. Para seleção do diagrama para coleta de amostras foram simulados padrões de caminhamento em “X”, diamante, linhas paralelas, barras paralelas, “V” invertido, zigue-zague, “W” invertido, “degrau”, “S”, aleatório e caminhamento geral. Para determinação do tamanho das amostras utilizou-se todos os padrões de caminhamento testados e variou-se o número de amostras (40, 30 e 20) dentro de cada padrão em cada área. As densidades populacionais (espécimes/300cm3 de solo) de ambas espécies, estimadas em função do número de amostras e padrão de caminhamento, foramcomparadas pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis a 5% de probabilidade. Nas áreas 1 e 3 houve predominância de fitoparasitos, respectivamente 43,84 e 39,95 % do total de nematóides encontrados, destacando-se o gênero Rotylenchulus sp. Na área 2, Meloidogyne foi o taxon de maior dominância entre os fitoparasitos. Nas três áreas, MI e MMI foram altos (> 30%) e PPI variou de 20,95 a 32,88%. Vinte amostras por área foi indicado para monitoramento dos dois gêneros de nematóides, recomendando-se caminhamento aleatório, em diamante ou em barras paralelas para coleta de amostras de Meloidogyne sp. e caminhamento em linhas ou barras paralelas para Rotylenchulus sp.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Rhadyson Reinaldo Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1733739 bytes, checksum: b1070eca267f85de92499d2e245add23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-03 / Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is a very important crop in Brazil, mainly in the north and northeast regions of the country, and is gaining importance in the southeast region. In this crop, nematodes are a great threat, because they can cause yield decrease. Information about these pathogens is very few. In a first approach this work aimed at surveying for the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes that are associated to cowpea in the State of Rio de Janeiro, through sampling achieved in some locations of Nova Igua?u, Mag?, Serop?dica, S?o Francisco de Itabapoana, and Itagua?, where cowpea is grown cultivated. Eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes we found, besides others, that are free leving that were not identified. At the level of species M. incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis were identified. Nematode identification was done on the bases of morphometric characteristics descriptive keys M. incognita by juvenile (J2 ) and males characteristics and perineal female patterns and esterases profile. In this step, surveys were carried out aiming at the detection of esterases activity for a population of R. reniformis. Protocols routinely used in isoezymes analysis were tested and showed negative results. On the other hand, assays using PCR tubes with the objective to identify esterase activity demonstrated that it was positive for R. reniformis. Modifications in the common protocols, such as changes in buffer solution at the and steps of the procedures, as well as adjusting pH near to neutrality enabled the establishment of a three band pattern of esterase in the studied populations of R. reniformis. In another phase of this work, six cowpea lines in advanced phase of improvement from determining their behavior when inoculated with M. incognita race 1, M. javanica and R. reniformis. The tomato cv. TRural was used as susceptible pattern. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse condition, using 5,000 eggs + juveniles per experimental plots, as inoculum level; for Meloidogyne species evaluation was done 50 days after nematodes inoculations based in the following parameters: galls indices (IG), egg mass indices (IMO) and reproductions rate (FR), calculated by the relation Pf/Pi ( Pf = final populations and Pi= start population). Among the tested lines, five of then RJ 04-04, RJ 04-08, RJ 04-26, RJ 04-48 and RJ 04-65 showed to be highly resistant and line RJ 04-29 was moderately resistant to M. incognita race 1. In the case of M. javanica all lines were highly susceptible. For evaluation of R. reniformis it was used as inoculum and "pure" population multiplied vegetation home. It was inoculated 5000 eggs and juvenile of males and of immature females. As parameter for evaluation of the resistance of the cowpea lineages to the nematode, the reproduction factor was used (Fr) appraised to the 45 days after inoculation. It was verified that all of the tested lineages were considered susceptible; to cultivate "Costel?o" included as witness showed equal behavior. / O caupi (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) ? uma cultura de grande import?ncia para o pa?s, principalmente na regi?o Norte e Nordeste e vem ganhando espa?o na regi?o Sudeste. Nesta cultura, os nemat?ides possuem influ?ncia significativa, chegando ao ponto de limitar a sua produ??o. As informa??es sobre estes pat?genos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro s?o escassas. Assim, numa primeira etapa, este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer um levantamento de nemat?ides fitoparasitas associados a cultura do caupi no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de coletas realizadas em alguns munic?pios produtores de caupi cultura. Foram encontrados, um total de oito g?neros de nemat?ides fitoparasitas, al?m de outros de vida livre n?o identificados. Em n?vel de esp?cie foram identificadas Meloidogyne incognita ra?a 2 e Rotylenchulus reniformis. As identifica??es foram efetuadas a partir de caracter?sticas morfom?tricas e aux?lio de chaves descritivas. M. incognita foi identificada pelas caracter?sticas dos juvenis (J2) e de machos, configura??o do modelo perineal das f?meas e perfil de esterases. Foram realizados ensaios com o objetivo de detec??o de atividade de esterase, para uma popula??o do nemat?ide R. reniformis. Para tanto foram testados protocolos rotineiramente usados em an?lises isoenzim?ticas, que apresentaram resultados negativos. Entretanto, ensaios montados em microtubos para PCR, evidenciaram atividade ester?sica para R. reniformis. Finalmente, modifica??es nos protocolos usuais como mudan?as na concentra??o da solu??o tamp?o de revela??o, assim como a fixa??o do pH da mesma pr?ximo a neutralidade, permitiram estabelecer um padr?o com tr?s bandas distintas de esterases na popula??o de R. reniformis estudada. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho, seis linhagens de caupi em fase avan?ada de melhoramento para resist?ncia a viroses, foram testadas visando determinar a rea??o das mesmas quando inoculadas com M. incognita ra?a 1, ou M. javanica, ou R. reniformis. A cultivar de tomate TRural foi usada como testemunha suscet?vel nos testes com as duas esp?cies de nemat?ide das galhas radiculares. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegeta??o e usou-se uma carga de in?culo de 5000 ovos + juvenis/repeti??o; para as esp?cies de Meloidogyne a avalia??o ocorreu 50 dias ap?s inocula??o e os par?metros usados foram: ?ndice de galhas (IG), ?ndice de massa de ovos (IMO) e fator de reprodu??o (Fr) calculado pela rela??o Pf/Pi (Pf = popula??o final e Pi = popula??o inicial). Das cinco linhagens testadas, RJ 04-04, RJ 04-08, RJ 04-26, RJ 04-48 e RJ 04-65 comportaram-se como altamente resistentes e a linhagem RJ 04-29 como moderadamente resistente para M. incognita ra?a1. Enquanto que, para M. javanica, todas as linhagem foram altamente suscet?veis. Para avalia??o de R. reniformis foi usado como in?culo uma popula??o pura multiplicada em casa de vegeta??o. Inoculou-se 5000 ovos e/ ou juvenis de machos e de f?meas imaturas. Como par?metro para avalia??o da resist?ncia das linhagens de caupi ao nemat?ide, foi usado o fator de reprodu??o (Fr) avaliado aos 45 dias ap?s inocula??o. Verificou-se que todas as linhagens testadas foram consideradas suscet?veis; a cultivar Costel?o inclu?da como testemunha mostrou igual comportamento.

Venomous animals have evolved a vast array of peptide toxins for prey capture and defense. Nature has evolved the venoms into a huge library of active molecules with high selectivity and affinity, which could be explored as therapeutics or serve as a template for drug design. The individual components of venom i.e. toxins are used in ion channel and receptor studies, drug discovery, and formulation of insecticides. ‘Venominformatics is a systematic bioinformatics approach in which classified, consolidated and cleaned venom data are stored into repositories and integrated with advanced bioinformatics tools and computational biology for the analysis of structure and function of toxins.’ Conus peptides (conopeptides), the main components of Conus venom, represent a unique arsenal of neuropharmacologically active molecules that have been evolutionarily tailored to afford unprecedented and exquisite selectivity for a wide variety of ion-channel subtypes and neuronal receptors. Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIa from Conus magus (Magician's cone snail)), is proven as an intrathecally administered N-type calcium channel antagonist for the treatment of chronic pain (U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) attesting to the pharmaceutical importance of Conus peptides. From the point of view of protein sequence and structure analysis, conopeptides can serve as attractive systems for the studies in sequence comparison, pattern extraction, structure–function correlations, protein–protein interactions and evolutionary analysis. Despite their importance and extensive experimental investigations on them, they have been hardly explored through in silico methods. The present thesis is perhaps the first attempt at deploying a multi-pronged bioinformatics approaches for studies in the burgeoning field of conopeptides. In the process of sequence-structure-function studies of conopeptides, we have created several sequence patterns of different conopeptide families and these have been accepted for inclusion in international databases such as PROSITE, the first pattern database to have been developed (http://www.expasy.org/prosite) and INTERPRO (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro). More importantly, we have carried out extensive literature survey on the peptides for which we have defined the patterns to create PROSITE compatible documentation files (PDOC6004, PDOC60025 and PDOC60027). We have also created a series of sequence patterns and associated documentation filesof pharmaceutically promising peptides from plants and venomous animals (including O-conotoxin and P-conotoxin superfamily members) with knottin scaffold. Knottins provide appealing scaffolds for protein engineering and drug design due to their small size, high structural stability, strong sequence tolerance and easy access to chemical synthesis. The sequence patterns and associated documentation files created by us should be useful in protein family classification and functional annotation. Even though patterns might be useful at the family level, they may not always be adequate at the superfamily level due to hypervariability of mature toxins. In order to overcome this problem, we have demonstrated the applicationos of multi-class support vector machines (MC-SVMs) for the successful in silico classification of the mature conotoxins into their superfamilies. TheI- and J-conotoxin-superfamily members were analyzed in greater detail. On the basis of in silico analysis, we have divided the 28 entries previously grouped as I-conotoxin superfamily in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (release 49.0) into I1 and I2 superfamilies inview of their having two different types of signal peptides and exhibiting distinct functions. A comparative study of the theoretically modeled structure of ViTx from Conus virgo, a typical member of I2-conotoxin superfamily, reveals the crucial role of C-terminal region of ViTx in blocking therapeutically important voltage-gated potassium channels. Putative complexes created by us of very recently characterized J-superfamily conotoxin p11-4a with Kv1.6 suggest that the peptide interacts with negatively charged extracellular loops and pore-mouth of the potassium channel and blocks the channel by covering the pore as a lid, akin to previously proposed blocking mechanism of kM-conotoxin RIIIK from Conus radiatus to Tsha1 potassium channel. This finding provides a pointer to experimental work to validate the observations made here. Based on differences in the number and distribution of the positively charged residues in other conopeptides from the J-superfamily, we hypothesize different selectivity profile against subtypes of the potassium channels for these conopeptides. Furthermore, the present thesis reports the application of order-statistic filters and hydrophobicity profiles for predicting the location of membrane-spanning helices. The Proposed method is in particular effective for the class of helical membrane proteins, namely the therapeutically important voltage-gated ion channels, which are natural targets of several conotoxins. Our suggested ab initio approach is comparatively better than other spatial filters, confirming to the efficacy of including the concept of order or ranking information for prediction of TM helicdes. Such approaches should be of value for improved prediction performance including in large-scale applications. In addition, anlaysis has been carried out of the role of context in the relationship between form and function for the true PDB hits of some nonCys-rich PROSITE patterns. We have found specific examples of true hits of some PROSITE patterns displaying structural plasticity by assuming significantly different local conformation, depending upon the context. The work was carried out as a part of the research interest in our group in studying structural and other features of protein sequence patterns. The Contributions of the candidate to venominormatics include, creation of protein sequence patterns and information highlighting the importance of the patterns as gleaned from the lteratures for family classification: profile HMM and MC-SVMs for conotoxin superfamily classification; in silico characterization of I1 and I2 conotoxin superfamilies; studies of interaction with Kv1 channels of typical members of I2 and 3 conotoxin superfamilies and development of improved methods for detecting membrane-spanning helices. Chapter I starts with a brief account of venominformatics; bioinformatics for venoms and toxins. Chapter 2 presents a regular expression based classification of Conus peptides. Chapter 3 revisits the 28 entries previously grouped as I-conotoxin superfamily in UniProt Swiss-Prot knowledgebase (release 49.0) having four disulfide bonds with Cys arrangement C-C-CC-CC-C-C and they inhibit or modify ion channels of nerve cells. Chapter 4 describes pseudo-amino acid composition and MC-SVMs approach for conotoxin superfamily classification. Chapter 5 describes in silico detection of binding mode with Kv1.6 channel of J-superfamily conotoxin p114a from bermivorouos cone snail, Conus planorbis. Chapter 6 presents a comparative sequence-structure-function analysis of naturally occurring Cys-rich peptides having the Knottin or inhibitor cystine knot(ICK) scaffold, from different plants and venomous animals based on information available in the knottin database(http://knottin.cbs.cnrs.fr/). Chapter 7 describes the application of order-statistic filters and hydrophobicity profiles for detecting membrane-spanning helices. Chapter 8 describes the role of context in the relationship between form and function for the true PDB hits of some non Cys-rich PROSITE patterns. Chapter 9 summaries the important findings of the present studies on naturally occurring bioactive Cys-rich peptides with emphasis on Conus peptides and their interactions with respective target such as voltage-gated ion channels.

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No description available.

在迴歸分析中，若變數間具有非線性 (nonlinear) 的關係時，B-Spline線性迴歸是以無母數的方式建立模型。B-Spline函數為具有節點(knots)的分段多項式，選取合適節點的位置對B-Spline函數的估計有重要的影響，在希望得到B-Spline較好的估計量的同時，我們也想要只用少數的節點就達成想要的成效，於是Huang (2013) 提出了一種選擇節點的方式APLS (Adaptive penalized least squares)，在本文中，我們以此方法進行一些更一般化的設定，並在不同的設定之下，判斷是否有較好的估計效果，且已修正後的方法與基於BIC (Bayesian information criterion)的節點估計方式進行比較，在本文中我們將一般化設定的APLS法稱為GAPLS，並且經由模擬結果我們發現此兩種以B-Spline進行迴歸函數近似的方法其近似效果都很不錯，只是節點的個數略有不同，所以若是對節點選取的個數有嚴格要求要取較少的節點的話，我們建議使用基於BIC的節點估計方式，除此之外GAPLS法也是不錯的選擇。 / In regression analysis, if the relationship between the response variable and the explanatory variables is nonlinear, B-splines can be used to model the nonlinear relationship. Knot selection is crucial in B-spline regression. Huang (2013) propose a method for adaptive estimation, where knots are selected based on penalized least squares. This method is abbreviated as APLS (adaptive penalized least squares) in this thesis. In this thesis, a more general version of APLS is proposed, which is abbreviated as GAPLS (generalized APLS). Simulation studies are carried out to compare the estimation performance between GAPLS and a knot selection method based on BIC (Bayesian information criterion). The simulation results show that both methods perform well and fewer knots are selected using the BIC approach than using GAPLS.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os meninos de rua constituem uma problemática que denuncia a exclusão social de crianças e adolescentes, os quais vagueiam pelas ruas, numa trajetória em que prevalecem a transgressão, a violência, a destruição de si e do outro, por meio dos quais o sujeito insiste em existir para o Outro. Esta tese resulta das inquietações de uma prática clínico-institucional e visou a analisar o que pode indicar uma ancoragem e enodamento na errância do sujeito adolescente em situação de rua a partir dos traços que o singularizam e o destacam do universo meninos de rua. Sustentamos a hipótese de que a errância, apesar da degradação subjetiva e da radical expulsão, pode constituir um movimento de vida e resistência, uma tomada de posição do sujeito. Baseando-se na proposição psicanalítica do Traço do Caso, a pesquisa foi norteada pela construção de dois casos clínicos, a partir do que fez tropeço na intervenção e de seus efeitos na escuta. À luz da Aufhebung freudiana e da topologia lacaniana do nó borromeu, destacamos uma realidade marcada por um esgarçamento do tempo e do espaço, uma diluição das fronteiras, uma prevalência do Real. A proposição de uma clínica borromeana situa a instituição como referente simbólico; suplência que opera, no recurso à palavra, reparos nos lapsos do nó. Trata-se de uma construção do adolescente e da instituição que transgride o instituído da exclusão, do saber, das práticas sedimentadas, buscando, num ato inventivo e de autoria do sujeito, uma ultrapassagem da marca da exclusão para a rasura de um traço, por meio de uma nominação simbólica; um entre que enoda e faz laço social; um ponto de ancoragem para quem vinha rodando pela rua. / The presence of "street kids" denounces the social exclusion of children and adolescents that wander the streets, in a trajectory that prevails transgression, violence, destructivity, through which the subject persists to exist for the Other. This thesis is a result of questionings from a clinical practice in an institution. This thesis envisions to analyze what could be related to an anchorage and enlacing in the wander of homeless adolescents, based on the traces that make them unique and detached from the universe of street kids. We propose the hypothesis that the wander, regardless of the subjective degradation and the expulsion, could constitute a movement of life and resistance, an emergence of the subject. Based on the psychoanalytic Trace of the Case, this research was guided by two clinical cases, from what constituted an interventions stumble and its effects in the listening process. Guided by the Freudian Aufhebung and the Lacanian borromean knot, we highlight a reality characterized by the fraying of time and space, a dilution of boundaries, a prevalence of the Real. The proposition of a borromean clinic places the institution as a symbolic reference; a substitute that functions, utilizing the word as a resource, as a repair to the lapses of the knot. This is about a construction that transgresses what is institutionalized about exclusion, knowledge, and established clinical practice. It aims, through an inventive act, a trajectory from the wound of the exclusion to the draft of a trace, through a symbolic nomination; a between space that promotes the knot and the social engagement; a source of anchorage for whom used to go rolling through the street.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A produção de borracha natural de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) é uma atividade estratégica para a economia nacional. O principal fator redutor da produtividade dessa atividade é a ocorrência de doenças no seringal. O nematoide de galhas (Meloidogyne exigua) é a principal doença radicular dessa cultura no Brasil e sua identificação antecipada permite um melhor manejo desta epidemia no seringal e a redução de seus prejuízos. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar áreas com a ocorrência de M. exigua em seringais através do uso dos índices espectrais de vegetação - Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e Índice de Razão Simples (RS) - gerados a partir de imagens da constelação de satélites RapidEye® (resolução de 5 metros). Seringais produtivos, com pelo menos 7 anos de plantio, em Minas Gerais (irrigado) e em Goiás (não irrigado) foram amostrados e georreferenciados na segunda metade do período das chuvas e as densidades de nematoides no solo, nas raízes e total foram estimadas. O seringal em Minas Gerais foi amostrado inicialmente seguindo as anormalidades evidenciadas pelo índice NDVI gerado através de imagens do satélite Landsat 8 (resolução de 30 metros). O seringal em Goiás foi amostrado aleatoriamente com o intuito de validar os resultados observados no seringal em Minas Gerais. Apesar de serem identificadas regressões significativas com o uso de imagens de alta resolução (RapidEye®) entre as variáveis densidades de nematoides e os índices espectrais de vegetação, nenhuma apresentou coeficiente de determinação (R2) superior a 0,31. A estatística descritiva do conjunto de dados de ambos os seringais não identificou diferenças entre as áreas para as densidades de nematoides encontradas nas raízes ou a densidade total, no entanto, a densidade de nematoides no solo foi aproximadamente 236% superior no seringal em Goiás, enquanto que ambos os índices neste seringal foram inferiores aos índices estimados para o seringal em Minas Gerais. Está diferença foi consequência da irrigação na área em Minas Gerais. As correlações de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall foram calculadas para as densidades de nematoides e os índices espectrais. As correlações entre a densidade de nematoides do seringal e o índice NDVI foram as que apresentaram os maiores coeficientes significativos para qualquer das correlações avaliadas. Através do índice NDVI é possível diferenciar um seringal não infestado de um seringal infestado pelo nematoide de galhas M. exigua. / The production of natural rubber from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) is a strategic activity for Brazilian economy. The main factor reducing productivity of this activity is the occurrence of diseases in the rubber plantation. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne exigua) is the main root disease of this culture in Brazil and its early identification enables better management of its outbreak in orchards and the reduction of their losses. This study identified areas with the occurrence of M. exigua in rubber plantations through the use of spectral vegetation indices - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Simple Ratio Index (SR) - generated from images of the constellation RapidEye® satellites (5 meters resolution). Productive rubber plantations, at least 7 years old, in Minas Gerais (irrigated) and Goiás (non-irrigated) states were sampled and georeferenced in the second half of the rainny season and the quantities of nematodes in soil, roots and total were estimated. The rubber plantation in Minas Gerais was sampled initially following the abnormalities detected by the NDVI index generated through the images of Landsat 8 satellite (30 meters resolution). The rubber plantation in Goiás was sampled randomly to validate the results observed in the first rubber plantation (Minas Gerais). In spite of the identification of significant regressions with the use of high resolution images (RapidEye®) between the variables quantities of nematodes and spectral vegetation indices, none showed a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.31. The descriptive statistics of the data set from both surveys did not identify differences in the quantities of nematodes found in the roots or the total quantity between the areas, however, the amount of nematodes in the soil was approximately 236% greater in Goiás rubber plantation, while both spectral vegetation indices (NDVI and SR) in this rubber plantation were lower than the indices estimated for the rubber plantation in Minas Gerais. This difference was a result of irrigation in the area in Minas Gerais. The correlations of Pearson, Spearman and Kendall were calculated between the densities of nematodes and the spectral vegetation indexes. The correlations between the amount of nematodes in rubber trees plantation and NDVI index showed the best significant coefficients for any of the correlations evaluated. Through the NDVI index it is possible to differentiate an infested rubber tree plantation from a non-infested rubber tree plantation by M. exigua root-knot nematode. / Tese (Doutorado)

A soja, o milho e o algodão são as culturas de enorme importância econômica no Brasil, pois juntas ocupam grande parte da área agrícola no país. Além disso, essas culturas são essenciais no fornecimento de alimento e fibras para uma crescente população mundial. Vários fatores podem afetar a produção das mesmas, sendo que os nematoides anualmente causam bilhões de dólares de perdas. As principais técnicas disponíveis para o manejo dos nematoides são rotação de culturas, cultivares resistentes e nematicidas químicos. Apesar de o controle químico ser uma ferramenta viável, há poucos nematicidas disponíveis no Brasil. Como inovação entre os nematicidas, o tioxazafen é uma nova molécula de amplo espectro, desenvolvida para aplicação via tratamento de sementes, para o controle de nematoides nas culturas do milho, da soja e do algodão. Portanto, seu desenvolvimento e posterior registro poderão fornecer uma nova alternativa ao manejo integrado de nematoides aos produtores brasileiros. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a eficácia do nematicida tioxazafen, por meio do tratamento de sementes, no controle de Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne javanica e Pratylenchus brachyurus na soja; M. incognita e P. zeae no milho; e M. incognita no algodão. Além disso, foram avaliados possíveis efeitos fitotóxicos do tratamento de sementes com tioxazafen nas mesmas culturas. Ensaios de casa de vegetação foram conduzidos para avaliação do efeito do tratamento de sementes na população de nematoides, em plantas artificialmente infestadas, bem como na massa de raízes e parte aérea das plantas. O tioxazafen demonstrou supressão substancial na população de nematoides em todas as espécies testadas nas três culturas, com atividade igual ou maior que à referência comercial (imidacloprido + tiodicarbe). As melhores doses observadas foram de 0,250 mg de tioxazafen por semente no controle de M. javanica e de P. brachyurus em soja, 0,500 mg por semente no controle de H. glycines na soja e de M. incognita no milho, 0,750 mg por semente no controle de M. incognita no algodão e 1,000 mg por semente no controle de P. zeae no milho. As plantas tratadas com tioxazafen não exibiram sintomas de fitotoxidez e desenvolveram biomassa similar às plantas não tratadas. Esses resultados mostram o potencial do tioxazafen em se tornar um efetivo tratamento de sementes para controle dos principais nematoides da soja, do milho e do algodão no Brasil,com baixos riscos de fitotoxidez. / Corn, soybean and cotton crops are of great economic importance in Brazil. They together account for the greatest amount of planted area in country. These crops are essential for keeping and providing enough food and fiber for a growing world population. Many factors can affect the production of these crops, and the nematodes are among the most relevant, causing crop losses that reach into billions of dollars. The main techniques available for managing nematodes are crop rotation, resistant cultivars and chemical nematicides. Chemical control is one of the key tools, but there are only a few nematicides available in the Brazilian market. Tioxazafen is a novel nematicide for seed treatment designed to provide consistent broad-spectrum control of nematodes in corn, soy, and cotton. Therefore, the registration of this molecule will provide an important tool to Brazilian farmers that suffer losses due to nematodes. Thereby, the current trials aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tioxazafen through seed treatment to control Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean; M. incognita and P. zeae in corn, and M. incognita in cotton. Furthermore, were evaluated if tioxazafen may cause phytotoxicity in these crops. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of seed treatments on nematode population densities, and plant shoot and root weight. Tioxazafen demonstrated substantial suppression of nematode population to all species tested in three crops, with activity equaled or exceeded commercial standard nematode seed treatments (imidacloprid + thiodicarb). The best rates observed were 0.250 mg of tioxazafen per seed to control de M. javanica and P. brachyurus in soybean, 0.500 mg per seed to control H. glycines in soybean and M. incognita in corn, 0.750 mg per seed to control M. incognita in cotton and 1.000 mg per seed to control lesion P. zeae in corn. Tioxazafen treated plants also did not exhibit phytotoxicity and grow equally to untreated plants. These results demonstrated the potential of tioxazafen for the control of the main nematodes in soybean, corn and cotton, without the risk of phytotoxicity.