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Enhancing the Quandle Coloring Invariant for Knots and LinksCho, Karina Elle 01 January 2019 (has links)
Quandles, which are algebraic structures related to knots, can be used to color knot diagrams, and the number of these colorings is called the quandle coloring invariant. We strengthen the quandle coloring invariant by considering a graph structure on the space of quandle colorings of a knot, and we call our graph the quandle coloring quiver. This structure is a categorification of the quandle coloring invariant. Then, we strengthen the quiver by decorating it with Boltzmann weights. Explicit examples of links that show that our enhancements are proper are provided, as well as background information in quandle theory.
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交叉驗證用於迴歸樣條的模型選擇之探討謝式斌 Unknown Date (has links)
在無母數的迴歸當中,因為原始的函數類型未知,所以常用已知特定類型的函數來近似未知的函數,而spline函數也可以用來近似未知的函數,但是要估計spline函數就需要設定節點(knots),越多的節點越能準確近似原始函數的內容,可是如果節點太多有較多的參數要估計, 就會變得比較不準確,所以選擇適合節點個數就變得很重要。
在本研究中,用交叉驗證的方式來尋找適合的節點個數, 考慮了幾種不同切割資料方式來決定訓練資料和測試資料, 並比較不同切割資料的方式下選擇節點的結果與函數估計的效果。 / In this thesis, I consider the problem of estimating an unknown regression function using spline approximation.
Splines are piecewise polynomials jointed at knots. When using splines to approximate unknown functions, it is crucial to determine the number of knots and the knot locations. In this thesis, I determine the knot locations using least squares for given a given number of knots, and use cross-validation to find appropriate number of knots. I consider three methods to split the data into training data and testing data, and compare the estimation results.
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Caractérisation topologique de tresses virtuelles / Topological characterization of virtual braidsCisneros de la Cruz, Bruno Aarón 03 June 2015 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse est de fournir une caractérisation topologique de tresses virtuelles. Les tresses virtuelles sont des classes d’équivalence de diagrammes de type tresses tracés sur le plan. La relation d’équivalence est générée par l’isotopie, les mouvements de Reidemeister et les mouvements de Reidemeister virtuels. L’ensemble des tresses virtuelles est munie d’une opération de groupe. On parlera alors du groupe de tresses virtuelles. Dans le Chapitre 1, nous introduisons les notions de base de la théorie de noeuds virtuels, nous évoquons certains propriétés du groupe tresses virtuelles, et des liens qu’il a avec le groupe de tresses classiques. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous introduisons la notion de diagramme de Gauss tressé (ou diagramme de Gauss horizontal), et on démontre qu’il s’agit là d’une bonne réinterprétation combinatoire pour les tresses virtuelles. On généralise en particulier certains résultats connus en théorie de noeuds virtuels. Un application est de retrouver la présentation classique du groupe de tresses virtuelles pures à l’aide des diagrammes de Gauss tressés. Dans le Chapitre 3, on introduit les tresses abstraites et on montre qu’elles sont en correspondance bijective avec les tresses virtuelles. Les tresses abstraites sont des classes d’équivalence des diagrammes de type tresses tracés sur une surface orientable avec deux composantes de bord. La relation d’équivalence est générée par l’isotopie, la compatibilité, la stabilité et les mouvements de Reidemeister. La compatibilité est la relation d’équivalence générée par les difféomorphismes préservant l’orientation. La stabilité est la relation d’équivalence générée par l’addition ou la suppression d’anses à la surface, dans le complémentaire du diagramme. Dans le Chapitre 4, on démontre que tout tresse abstraite admets une unique représentant de genre minimal, à compatibilité et mouvements de Reidemeister prés. En particulier, les tresses classiques se plongent dans les tresses abstraites. / The purpose of this thesis is to give a topological characterization of virtual braids. Virtual braids are equivalence classes of planar braid-like diagrams identified up to isotopy, Reidemeister and virtual Reidemeister moves. The set of virtual braids admits a group structure and is called the virtual braid group. In Chapter 1 we present a general introduction to the theory of virtual knots, and we discuss some properties of virtual braids and their relations with classical braids. In Chapter 2 we introduce braid-Gauss dia- grams, and we prove that they are a good combinatorial reinterpretation of virtual braids. In particular this generalizes some results known in virtual knot theory. As an application, we use braid-Gauss diagrams to recover a well known presentation of the pure virtual braid group. In Chapter 3 we introduce abstract braids and we prove that they are in a bijective cor- respondence with virtual braids. Abstract braids are equivalence classes of braid-like diagrams on an orientable surface with two boundary components. The equivalence relation is generated by isotopy, compatibility, stability and Reidemeister moves. Compatibility is the equivalence relation generated by orientation preserving diffeomorphisms. Stability is the equivalence relation generated by adding handles to or deleting handles from the surface in the complement of the braid-like diagram. In Chapter 4 we prove that for any abstract braid, there is a unique representative of minimal genus, up to compatibility and Reidemeister equivalence. In particular this implies that classical braids embed in abstract braids.
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Evaluate Machine Learning Model to Better Understand Cutting in WoodAnam, Md Tahseen January 2021 (has links)
Wood cutting properties for the chains of chainsaw is measured in the lab by analyzing the force, torque, consumed power and other aspects of the chain as it cuts through the wood log. One of the essential properties of the chains is the cutting efficiency which is the measured cutting surface per the power used for cutting per the time unit. These data are not available beforehand and therefore, cutting efficiency cannot be measured before performing the cut. Cutting efficiency is related to the relativehardness of the wood which means that it is affected by the existence of knots (hardstructure areas) and cracks (no material areas). The actual situation is that all the cuts with knots and cracks are eliminated and just the clean cuts are used, therefore estimating the relative wood hardness by identifying the knots and cracks beforehand can significantly help to automate the process of testing the chain properties, saving time and material and give a better understanding of cutting wood logs to improve chains quality.Many studies have been done to develop methods to analyze and measure different features of an end face. This thesis work is carried out to evaluate a machinelearning model to detect knots and cracks on end faces and to understand their impact on the average cutting efficiency. Mask R-CNN is widely used for instance segmentation and in this thesis work, Mask R-CNN is evaluated to detect and segment knots and cracks on an end face. Methods are also developed to estimatepith’s vertical position from the wood image and generate average cutting efficiency graph based on knot’s and crack’s percentage at each vertical position of wood image.
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Svensk contortatall (Pinus contorta) på en amerikansk marknad? / Swedish lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) on an American market?Algotsson, Elin, Östman, Hanna January 2023 (has links)
Tack vare vissa önskade egenskaper gjordes en storsatsning på contortatall (Pinus contorta) i Sverige på 70-talet. Idag finns cirka 600 000 ha i Sverige som det gjorts provsågningar på och är nu dags att hitta användningsområden till. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skillnaden i utbyte mellan contortatall och gran (Picea abies) efter hyvling. Målet var att undersöka om sidobrädor av contortatall kan vara ett substitut till sidobrädor av gran vid hyvling ämnat för den amerikanska marknaden.Efter skanning av brädor samt manuell visuell sortering visade det sig att 92 % av granbrädorna var utan defekt medan 24 % av contortatallen var det. 34 % av contortatallen nedklassades för hål och 3 % av granen. Slutsatsen av studien visar att mängden och storleken på kvistarna är ett problem för contortatallvirket. För att få ett högkvalitativt virke behövs en djupare översyn av tillvägagångssättet för torkning och trädens tillväxtförhållanden.
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Some Fibred Knots with Bi-orderable Knot GroupsLu, Wangshan January 2007 (has links)
<p>This project aims to give an overview of knots, orderability of knot groups, and to construct knots for which the knot groups enjoy some nice properties.</p> <p>To accomplish this, we first present some preliminary results concerning knots and knot groups. We then introduce the Alexander polynomial, and explain the idea of a special polynomial originally introduced by Linnell, Rhemtulla and Rolfsen. By investigating the conditions on a special polynomial, we classify all the special Alexander polynomial of fibred knots of degree less than 10. Finally we construct examples of fibred knots which have a special Alexander polynomial.</p> / Master of Science (MS)
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Segmentation et analyse géométrique : application aux images tomodensitométriques de bois / Segmentation and geometric analysis : application to CT images of woodKrähenbühl, Adrien 12 December 2014 (has links)
L'étude non destructive du bois à partir de scanners à rayons X nécessite d’imaginer de nouvelles solutions adaptées à l'analyse des images. Préoccupation à la fois de la recherche agronomique et du milieu industriel des scieries, la segmentation des nœuds de bois est un défi majeur en termes de robustesse aux spécificités de chaque espèce et aux conditions d'acquisition des images. Les travaux menés dans cette thèse permettent de proposer un processus de segmentation en deux phases. Il isole d'abord chaque nœud dans une zone réduite puis segmente le nœud unique de chaque zone. Les solutions proposées pour chaque phase permettent d'intégrer les connaissances sur l'organisation interne du tronc et les mécanismes inhérents à sa croissance, à travers des outils classiques du traitement et de l'analyse d'image. La première phase repose en grande partie sur un principe de détection du mouvement emprunté à l'analyse vidéo et revisité. Deux approches de segmentation sont ensuite proposées, considérant pour l'une les coupes tomographiques initiales, et pour l'autre de nouvelles coupes ré-échantillonnées pour chaque nœud, orthogonalement à sa trajectoire. L'intégralité du processus a été implémenté dans un logiciel dédié aussi bien à l'expérimentation et la validation de l'approche qu'aux échanges interdisciplinaires. Le support applicatif du bois souligne la capacité de spécialisation des algorithmes génériques du traitement et de l'analyse d'image, et la pertinence de l'intégration de connaissances a priori dans cette optique / The non-destructive study of wood from X-Ray CT scanners requires to imagine new solutions adapted to analysis of images. Relating both agronomic research and industrial sector of sawmills, segmentation of wood knots is a major challenge in terms of robustness to specificities of each species and to image acquisition conditions. The works carried out in this thesis allow to propose a segmentation process in two phases. It first isolates each knot in a reduced area then it segments the unique knot of each area. Proposed solutions for each phase allow to integrate knowledges about internal organization of trunk and mechanisms inherent to its growth, through classical tools of image analysis and processing. The first phase is essentially based on a movement detection principle borrowed from video analysis and revisited. Two segmentation approaches are then proposed, considering for one the initial CT slices and for the other news slices resampled for each knot orthogonally to its trajectory. The complete process has been implemented in a software dedicated both for experimentation and validation of approach, and to interdisciplinary dialogs. The applicative support of wood emphasizes the specialization abilities of generic image analysis and processing algorithms, and the relevance to integrate priori knowledges in this perspective
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Belastungsuntersuchungen von arthroskopischen und offenen Knotentypen unter Verwendung von hochfestem, polyfilem Nahtmaterial / Mechanical testing of different knot types using high-performance suture materialSachs, Christian 16 December 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Mechanising knot TheoryPrathamesh, Turga Venkata Hanumantha January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Mechanisation of Mathematics refers to use of computers to generate or check proofs in Mathematics. It involves translation of relevant mathematical theories from one system of logic to another, to render these theories implementable in a computer. This process is termed formalisation of mathematics. Two among the many ways of mechanising are:
1 Generating results using automated theorem provers.
2 Interactive theorem proving in a proof assistant which involves a combination of user intervention and automation.
In the first part of this thesis, we reformulate the question of equivalence of two Links in first order logic using braid groups. This is achieved by developing a set of axioms whose canonical model is the braid group on infinite strands B∞. This renders the problem of distinguishing knots and links, amenable to implementation in first order logic based automated theorem provers. We further state and prove results pertaining to models of braid axioms.
The second part of the thesis deals with formalising knot Theory in Higher Order Logic using the interactive proof assistant -Isabelle. We formulate equivalence of links in higher order logic. We obtain a construction of Kauffman bracket in the interactive proof assistant called Isabelle proof assistant. We further obtain a machine checked proof of invariance of Kauffman bracket.
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Des Muscles Moléculaires dans tous leurs Etats aux Noeuds Moléculaires inédits à Cavité Modulable / From Molecular Muscles in all States to New Molecular Knots having Tailorable CavityRomuald, Camille 17 November 2011 (has links)
Cette thèse est dédiée à la conception de machines moléculaires pH-sensibles inédites de type muscles et nœuds moléculaires. Le premier muscle moléculaire pH-sensible a été synthétisé de manière très directe, et publié en 2008, en utilisant une stratégie en deux étapes: 1) fermeture des axes encapsulés par cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire de type Huisgen catalysée par le cuivre (I), 2) méthylation des triazoles formés en triazoliums, capables d'être reconnus par les macrocycles DB24C8. Deux états étirés ou contractés, déclenchés par simple variation de pH, permettent le contrôle de l'orientation et de la distance entre les deux « stoppeurs » glucidiques non reliés de manière covalente. Des stations pyridiniums amides mono ou disubstitués inédites ont également été utilisées pour la synthèse de muscles moléculaires de plus large amplitude à effets co-conformationnels induits. Lors de la contraction du muscle par carbamoylation des ammoniums, la différence de localisation des macrocycles autour des stations pyridiniums amides, dépendante de la substitution des amides, engendre deux effets très différents : rôle de frein moléculaire de la DB24C8 ou basculement conformationnel impressionnant des chaises des mannopyranoses. Une étude méthodologique a été menée afin de classer les stations moléculaires rencontrées dans ce manuscrit, selon leurs affinités respectives pour la DB24C8, et a conduit à la conception d'un muscle moléculaire oscillant dont l'état varie continuellement entre contracté et semi-contracté en fonction de la température et de la nature du solvant. Enfin, différentes stratégies de synthèse ont été explorées pour obtenir des nœuds moléculaires inédits en forme de double lasso par cyclisation de synthons dimères de rotaxanes. Un double lasso dont la vitesse de rotation et la taille de la cavité peuvent être modulées en fonction du pH a ainsi été obtenu. / This thesis is devoted to the synthesis of pH-sensitive molecular muscles and knots. The first molecular muscle has been readily synthesized and published in 2008, using a two-step strategy: 1) end-capping of the interlocked axles by copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, 2) methylation of triazoles to triazoliums, which are able to interact with the macrocycle DB24C8. Two stretched and contracted states, triggered by variation of pH, allow the control of the distance and of the orientation of the two glucidic ends, which are not covalently linked. Novel mono- and disubstituted pyridinium amide stations have been used for the synthesis of large-amplitude molecular muscles, whose translation of the macrocycles trigger a second co-conformational induced effect. In fact, upon contraction of the molecular muscle, using carbamoylation of the ammoniums, the slight different localizations of the macrocycles around the pyridinium amides (depending on their mono- or disubstitution) trigger two very different effects. The first one is a molecular break played by the DB24C8, whereas the second one is a flipping of the chair-like conformation of the mannopyranosyl ends. A methodologic study was then carried out with the aim to determine the relative affinity of the new described molecular stations for the DB24C8, and led to the synthesis of a molecular muscle which oscillates from the contracted to the semi-contracted co-conformation, depending on solvent and temperature. Eventually, different routes to very new double-lasso molecular knots were investigated from a molecular muscle building-block. One molecular knotted machine has been obtained, and has a double-lasso structure, whose rotation and size of its cavity can both been modulated by variation of pH.
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