Goal of the thesis is to present main topics of L. S. Vygotsky's cultural-historical theory, especially with respect to the question of nature and character of human being. It's focused on philosophical and scientifical sources of the cultural-historical theory and the development of Vygotsky's thinking during his professional career. It attempts to picture his concept in the context of his life, as well as in the context of ideas and historic events of his era.