Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T15:33:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão final dissertação (pdf).pdf: 2842067 bytes, checksum: 71980271f97a94a6ea43230a642639d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-10T18:35:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão final dissertação (pdf).pdf: 2842067 bytes, checksum: 71980271f97a94a6ea43230a642639d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T18:35:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Versão final dissertação (pdf).pdf: 2842067 bytes, checksum: 71980271f97a94a6ea43230a642639d1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A formação de professores de línguas estrangeiras tem assumido cada vez mais contextos adversos, demonstrando a necessidade de perspectivar novos caminhos para a educação e para a construção de cidadãos mais capazes e autônomos diante de uma sociedade multifacetada. Dessa certeza, faz-se necessário compreendermos as relações entre as políticas linguísticas e o ensino de línguas, associadas à formação de docentes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as ações formativas para a formação continuada de professores de francês língua estrangeira (FLE) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir do aporte teórico dos estudos sobre política linguística (CHAUDENSON, 1996; CALVET, 2002 e COOPER, 1997), associado aos estudos sobre a formação continuada de professores de língua estrangeira (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2006). Por meio da aplicação de questionários junto aos licenciandos de francês das universidades públicas do estado do Rio de Janeiro e aos professores de língua francesa de diferentes instituições, comparamos as necessidades e a relevância desta formação para o exercício do magistério. Correlacionamos estas necessidades às ações formativas propostas pelos agentes identificados como os responsáveis pela formação continuada. Entendemos que estas ações fazem parte de políticas linguísticas educativas que contribuem para a diversidade linguística e para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras / The foreign language teacher´s education has been facing increasingly adverse contexts, showing the need to put new paths for education into perspective and for the building of citizens that are capable and autonomous in the face of a muti-faceted society. With this certainty, it becomes necessary to understand the relationships between educational language policies and language teaching, associated to the teachers´ education. This way, the aim of this research is to identify the formative actions for the continuing formation for teachers of French as a Foreign Language (FLE) in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This study was developed using as theoretical basis the studies about language policy (CHAUDENSON, 1996; CALVET, 2002 e COOPER, 1997), associated with the studies about the continuing education of foreign language teachers (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2006). Through the use of questionnaires given to undergraduates of French at public universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro and with French teachers in different institutions, we have compared the needs and the relevance of this formation for the practice of teaching. We have related these needs to formative actions proposed by the agents in charge of the continuing education. We understand that these actions are part of educational language policies that contribute to language diversity and for the teaching of foreign languages

La présente étude est une contribution à la compréhension des stratégies et initiatives de diffusion de la langue française ainsi qu’à leurs effets réels. Elle se situe au Tchad, un espace négroafricain de contact entre deux communautés linguistiques mondialisées : la francophonie et l’arabophonie. L’objectif du travail consiste à examiner la dynamique de l’instance d’intervention didactique que sont les CALF, lieu de partage de pouvoirs et d’intérêts entre le Tchad et la France. L’analyse du contexte linguistique et éducatif tourmenté du Tchad permet de comprendre les enjeux de l’émergence de cet « appareil » formatif et d’apprécier l’influence des diverses politiques sur son évolution. Les modalités de partage des rôles entre les deux Etats et la fonctionnalité du triangle didactique sont décortiquées et évaluées. Le rythme et les conditions d’une réelle autonomisation du réseau des CALF sont discutés en particulier en matière de formation des enseignants. Enfin, l’examen de l’intégration des apprenants arabophones dans le tissu administratif et économique francophone du Tchad permet d’estimer l’impact des CALF et son utilité sociale pour cette nation en construction. Les données et analyses produites se veulent informatives, pragmatiques et valorisables pour le développement futur de cette institution au montage original. / This study contributes to understand strategies, initiatives and genuine effects of French language dissemination. It’s set in Chad, a black African space connecting two globalized linguistics communities : the French-speaking world and the Arabic-speaking world. This work aims to investigate dynamics of FLLC as a didactic intervention authority and a sharing place of powers and interests between Chad and France. Chad choppy linguistic and educational context analysis allows understanding the emergence issues of this training system and appraising the influence of the various policies on its evolution. Practical details of dividing out roles between the two states and functionality of didactic triangle are dissected and assessed. Cadence and conditions of FLLC network genuine independence are argued more particularly about the training of teachers. Finally the analysis of the Arabic-speaking learner integration in Chad French-speaking economic and administrative network allows estimating FLLC impact and its social utility for this nation in construction. Data and analysis produced claim to be instructive, pragmatic and useful for the coming development of this original organisation institution.

L’objet général de la recherche est de baliser un champ de réflexion sur la notion d’Hispanophonie, à travers une approche transversale de la communauté hispanophone linguistique, culturelle, politique et économique. Notre objectif est de tenter d’en comprendre les mécanismes de définition et d’affirmation et de questionner ses fondements et ses enjeux. Nous avons déterminé deux angles pour analyser la construction de l’Hispanophonie : le registre du discours et le registre de l’agir. Pour mener à bien la recherche, nous combinons deux types de réflexion à partir de ces deux axes de structure centrale : (a) l'une centrée sur le registre du discours, portant sur l'élaboration de la notion d'Hispanophonie, par analogie à celle de Francophonie, en nous basant sur l'existence d'une "Communauté de fait" et en livrant un éclairage à la fois historique et politique de sa construction ;(b) et l'autre axée sur le registre de l’agir, portant sur la compréhension et le décryptage des logiques de réseaux qui mobilisent activement les nations du sous-continent américain, dans leur recherche de visibilité politique, économique, diplomatique, linguistique et culturelle sur la scène internationale. A partir d’une analyse sur les stratégies discursives, nous étudierons les courants idéologiques et les différentes formulations, de l’Hispanité à la Communauté Ibéro-américaine des Nations, qui sous-tendent la construction de l'Hispanophonie. Nous démontrerons que les liens, qui fondent le sentiment d’appartenance et d’adhésion communautaire, dans le registre du discours, ne sont pas exclusifs dans le registre de l’agir. Si les discours politiques, célébrant les liens, parviennent à définir la communauté hispanophone et à la faire exister symboliquement ; au-delà des discours, l’Hispanophonie se cherche dans sa quête de construction et ne parvient pas à affirmer clairement son existence en son sein et, par conséquent, sa légitimité sur la scène internationale, dans le registre de l’action. / The general purpose of this thesis is to delimit a field of reflection about the notion of Hispanophony, Spanish-speaking World, through a transversal approach of the linguistic, cultural, political and economic Hispanic community. Our aim is to try to comprehend the mechanisms of its definition and assertion and to question its foundations and challenges. We have identified two angles to pursue in this analysis of the construction of Hispanophony: the register of speech and the register of action. In order to pursue this research, we will combine two types of reflection, deriving from these two axes of the general structure: (a) one centered on the register of discourse, and the idea of elaborating the notion of Hispanophony, by analogy to that of the Francophony, taking as our basis the existence of a "Community of Fact" or "Established Community" and highlighting its historical and political construction; (b) the other focused on the register of action, based on the comprehension and the deciphering of the logic of social networks that actively mobilize the nations of the Sub-American continent, in their quest for political, economic, diplomatic, linguistic and cultural presence on the international stage.Starting from an analysis of discursive strategies, we will examine the ideological currents and different ways of expressing them from Hispanity to the Ibero-American Community of Nations, which underlie the construct of Hispanophony. We will demonstrate that the close links that create the feeling of belonging and sense of community, in the register of discourse, are not exclusive in the register of action. If political speeches, by celebrating these links, succeeds in defining the Hispanic community and making it symbolically exist; beyond the rhetoric of discourse, Hispanophony is seeking for itself in its quest for selfconstruction and remains unable to clearly affirm its existence within its core, and, consequently, its legitimacy on the international scene, in the register of action.

More than 200 years have passed since Haiti cut loose from the French colonial empire. A lot has happened since, both to Haiti as a state and to the society as a whole. This study investigates the critiqued relevance of postcolonialism in the 21th century, taking stance in the question of language of instruction in the Haitian school system. Through a qualitative interview based method of data gathering and a comparison with a postcolonialistic theoretical framework, this study first examines the reasons why the recommended use of Haitian creole as language of instruction, rather than French, has been sparsely implemented with the supposed effect of keeping the majority of Haitians in poverty. Secondly it discusses the conclusions drawn on the issue and what they say about the role of colonial societal structures globally. After establishing proof for the prevalence of colonial societal structures as reasons for the dominance of the French language in Haiti, this report suggests further studies on the subject of the relevance of postcolonialism as a model of explanation for contemporary societal phenomena.

This research explores issues relating to language policy, and language learning and teaching. It further looks at the relationship that exists between language policy and language learning and teaching. In the research I argue that well-thought out and well-meaning language policies will fail to be implemented meaningfully if there is no clear and unambiguous implementation plan. I also note that the national vision and ideals which are often embodied in the language policy fail to take effect if, again, there is no comprehensive implementation plan. This view is held by many scholars and researchers in the areas of language policy and planning.

Le monde, depuis des millénaires, est bâti sur les fondations de sociétés bilingues. Or, ce « parler multiple » semble depuis toujours être source de conflit. Loin d’être considéré comme une richesse, le bilinguisme (ou plurilinguisme) semble plutôt représenter un problème auquel on tâcherait de trouver une solution. « La multiplicité » dit Louis-Jean Calvet (1999), « est chose mauvaise, on lui préfère de façon toute jacobine un bon gros Etat monolingue bien cerné dans ses frontières politiques et linguistiques ».La région caraïbe occupe une place tout à fait intéressante sur cette scène en perpétuel mouvement qu’est la mondialisation. Ces pays/îles doivent continuellement chercher l’équilibre entre appartenance locale, régionale et internationale, grand nombre d’entre eux luttant toujours aujourd’hui pour concilier leur statut d’anciennes colonies et le rythme rapide de la mondialisation. Cette thèse porte sur la place des langues vivantes dans les écoles du premier degré à la Martinique et à la Dominique et sur les enjeux d’un enseignement bilingue pour ces deux îles qui appartiennent à la fois à la Caraïbe et au monde. Nous proposons, dans un premier temps, une étude de la situation actuelle de l’enseignement des langues dans les deux îles : quelles sont les politiques linguistiques dans les deux contextes? Dans quelle mesure sont-elles mises en œuvre? L’enseignement des langues répond-il aux exigences des textes officiels ? Les politiques linguistiques sont-elles adaptées aux réalités sociolinguistiques de ces îles ? Dans un deuxième temps, nous interrogeons la possibilité d’un enseignement bilingue dès l’école préélémentaire dans les îles de la Martinique et de la Dominique et nous expérimentons des approches d’enseignement des langues en milieu institutionnel et en contexte périscolaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur des modes de fonctionnement différents : ne pourrait-on pas imaginer d’autres manières de faire ? Que pouvons-nous proposer comme solutions complémentaires et/ou alternatives à l’existant ?Enfin, dans un troisième temps, dans une perspective plus globale, nous posons la question de l’éducation bilingue, par une approche comparée, en analysant les faits éducatifs dans deux systèmes différents et en nous intéressant à la question de l’altérité. La compréhension de l’Autre peut-elle améliorer l’existant dans le cas de la Martinique et de la Dominique ? Nous revenons ainsi à la question de l’intérêt et des enjeux d’une comparaison de l’enseignement des langues dans ces deux systèmes, en prenant en compte les identités locales, régionales et internationales à travers des analyses historiques et sociolinguistiques. A la suite de cette analyse, nous faisons des propositions concrètes en faveur d’un enseignement bilingue intégré dans ces deux îles. Ces propositions concernent les domaines tels que la didactique, la planification en éducation et le curriculum bilingue, la formation des enseignants et la politique linguistique de la Caraïbe. Notre question centrale est la suivante : comment enseigner aujourd’hui pour mieux préparer les citoyens caribéens au monde de demain ? / The Caribbean region occupies an interesting space in the perpetually changing scene of globalisation. Caribbean countries or islands must continually seek to balance their sense of belonging to a local, regional and international community. This is sometimes a difficult task as any of them are still fighting to balance their evolution as old colonies with the fast pace of globalisation in a new world.This thesis focuses on language teaching at primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. It examines the many issues surrounding language teaching and questions the role of bilingual education in the development of these two Caribbean islands as they evolve within the Caribbean and the world. Firstly, we propose a careful study of the current situation of language teaching in Martinique and Dominica. What are the language policies of these islands? How and to what extent are they implemented? Does language teaching truly reflect the objectives of official texts? Are the present language policies adapted to the sociolinguistic reality of each island?Secondly, we raise the question as to the possibility of the implementation of bilingual education at the pre-primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. We examine the question through the experimenting of different language teaching methods within a school setting and as part of an extracurricular bilingual program. Can we envision alternative approaches to the present situation? What complementary or alternative solutions can we propose to improve on what already exists?Lastly, we look at the subject from an overall perspective and we address the question of bilingual education. We analyse how comparative education, the study of other education systems and the understanding of others play a major role in developing solutions to present day situations. This analysis takes into account issues relating to local, regional and international identities through a study of the historical and sociolinguistic context of the islands of Dominica and Martinique.Based on our analysis and on the literature, we put forward concrete proposals for holistic bilingual education on the islands of Martinique and Dominica. These proposals focus on areas such as language teaching pedagogy, education planning, the bilingual curriculum, teacher training, and language policy for the Caribbean. The main question underlying this thesis is: how do we teach today to better prepare Caribbean citizens for the world of tomorrow?

Magister Artium - MA / Language diversity continues to create a language barrier to international tourism. Tourists from non-English speaking countries face a language barrier in South Africa and this affects their experiences in the country. Measuring and understanding something of this challenge is the purpose of this study. The focus is on how the tourism industry in Cape Town uses languages to sell and promote the city internationally. The study investigates procedures, strategies, and policies adopted by the tourism industry in Cape Town to cater for tourists from across the world. In addition, the study also investigates how tourists from non-English speaking countries adapt linguistically to cope with their stay in Cape Town. The study targeted both tourism organisations and international tourists who use tourist facilities in most popular tourist areas in Cape Town. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Convenience sampling was used to select both tourism service providers and tourists. To enhance validity, reliability, and accuracy, various tools have been deployed to collect the data. Primary data were collected from both tourism service providers and international tourists using questionnaires, interviews, photographs and observations. Secondary data collection involved observations of public signage as well as analysis of electronic and printed promotional materials such as brochures, guidebooks, menus, newspapers and websites. Collected data were captured in spread sheets to enable descriptive analysis of tourists’ languages and of language use in tourism organisations in different of forms of niche tourism in Cape Town. Survey results reveal that a little more than half of all surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town sell and promote their products using only South African languages including English whilst a minority sell and promote their products using English coupled with foreign languages. The majority of multilingual staff in those surveyed tourism organisations who have adopted multilingualism are working part-time or employed temporarily. In addition, results also indicate that English dominates other languages in public signs and printed and electronic promotional publications used by surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town. Foreign languages are used most in tour operations and travel agencies sector whilst South African languages dominate in accommodation and restaurants sectors. On the other hand the research shows that a big proportion of foreign tourists in Cape Town were able to speak English and other foreign languages. The research shows that the majority of tourists from non-English speaking countries are more interested in learning foreign languages compared with their counterparts from English speaking countries. Only less than a quarter of all surveyed tourists from non-English speaking countries in Cape Town are monolingual in their home languages. These tourists struggle to communicate with service providers in Cape Town. Translators and gestures were used by non-English speaking tourists as a way of breaking down communication barriers in Cape Town. Contrarily, a big proportion (two thirds) of all surveyed tourists from English speaking countries in Cape Town does speak only English. Foreign tourists in Cape Town speak tourism service providers’ language rather than tourism service providers speaking tourists’ languages. The majority of tourism service providers in Cape Town are reluctant to learn foreign languages and to employ multilingual staff. This means that most tourism organisations sell and market their product in English only. Other South African languages such as Afrikaans and Xhosa are used frequently in informal communication in the ourism industry in Cape Town. Seemingly, Afrikaans dominates Xhosa in all forms of tourism except in township tourism where the majority of service providers are Xhosa-speakers. To market and promote Cape Town internationally, the tourism industry in Cape Town should employ multilingual staff who can communicate in tourists’ native languages. Multilingualism should be practised in all tourism sectors rather than in one or few sectors because all tourism sectors compliment each other in meeting customer’s satisfaction. Failure in one tourism sector may affect other tourism sectors’ performance. / South Africa

The purpose of the study is to investigate how mother tongue instruction influences the learner performance in the acquisition of reading and comprehension skills of Khoekhoegowab speaking learners in Grade 2 in comparison with foreign medium of instruction. (p. 1)

La thèse porte sur les processus d’émergence de nouvelles langues et des communautés transfrontalières proto-nationales fondées sur ces langues dans l’Europe occidentale d’aujourd’hui. L’analyse se centre sur le francoprovençal (ou arpitan), parlé entre la France, l’Italie et la Suisse : dans « l’espace autour du Mont Blanc », ainsi que l’identifient ses locuteurs eux-mêmes. Epistémologiquement, il s’agit de la dernière-née des langues gallo-romanes, qui vient s’ajouter à l’opposition traditionnelle langue d’oc vs. langue d’oïl, et qui est en train d’être reconnue comme langue à part entière dans les législations régionales, nationales et européenne. Conçue au croisement de la4sociolinguistique et l’anthropologie, la thèse privilégie les approches de l’analyse critique du discours et celles des études sur le nationalisme. La méthode ethnographique de l’observation participante (le vécu dans les trois pays de la zone francoprovençale) a été complétée par 60 entretiens approfondis d’une durée de 1-3h et un corpus des textes écrits (manifestes, blogs etc.) L’étude met en évidence un fossé entre les pratiques communicatives quotidiennes, avec les sens sociaux qui leur sont attribués, et l’idéologie linguistique et politique. / The thesis examines the current phenomena of the emergence of “new” languages and trans-border proto-national communities in Europe. It is demonstrated how a set of idioms on the borderland between France, Italy and Switzerland, which had been considered as patois, became recognised as a unique “language”: the Francoprovençal language, and the trans-border linguistic space became identified as Arpitania. Conceived as cross-disciplinary, the study combines methods of anthropology and sociolinguistics, drawing more particularly on critical discourse analysis and studies on nationalism. The findings are based on extensive fieldwork in which priority was given to the ethnographic method of participant observation (five months-stay in the Francoprovençal-speaking areas of France, 10 months in those in both Switzerland and Italy). The observation was combined with in-depth sociolinguistic interviews (60 interviews of 1-3 hours in length). Besides, the study includes analysis of written discourse: scientific and journalistic printed sources, manifestos, internet blogs, etc.

The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. Before the war, the government attempted to disseminate hyojun-go aiming at creating a unified Japan in the time when many countries were developing to be nation states after industrial revolution. After the Pacific war, the less strict-sounding term kyotsu-go was more often used, conveying an ideology of democratization. Yet despite the difference in the terms, speaking a common language continues to play a role of unifying the country. Today there is great interest in regional dialects in Japan. Although kyotsu-go is the common language, most people, especially in urban areas, are familiar with (if not fluent in) kyotsu-go. Due to the development of media and mobilization there are few people who cannot understand kyotsu-go. However, until around the 1970s people were more likely to believe in the superiority of standard Japanese (hyojun-go). Standard language was believed to be superior as a result of language policy that had its origins in Meiji and lasted through WWII. This included education policy that required school children to learn hyojun-go. After the war, in a process of democratization there emerged greater acceptance of language variety: dialect. Thus, there has been a shift in language ideology in Japan, and the people's interests in dialects is one indicator of this. This shift is analyzed here from the perspective of Bourdieu's notion of social and linguistic capital, tying it to policy, historical events and societal change.