Orientador: Eunice Oba / Resumo: As células-tronco de origem mesenquimal provenientes do tecido endometrial (CTMsE) e seu meio condicionado (MC) apresentam propriedades terapêuticas, e são alternativas promissoras para estudos na medicina veterinária. Estudos envolvendo CTMsE e seu MC ainda são considerados escassos na espécie bovina até o presente momento. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de diferenciação, perfil imunofenotípico, estabilidade cromossômica, eficiência de clonicidade, resposta à criopreservação das CTMsE de bovinos coletadas em duas fases do ciclo estral. Adicionalmente, avaliar o secretoma, produção de citocinas e de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) das CTMsE estimuladas ou não com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) bacteriano. Para tanto, foi colhido o útero de fêmeas hígidas (Fase II n=6/ Fase III n=6) para o isolamento das CTMsE por digestão enzimática. CTMsE em primeira passagem foram avaliadas quanto ao número de cromossomos e as em segunda passagem foi conduzido o ensaio de clonicidade. As CTMsE em terceira passagem (P3) foram submetidas a diferenciação nas linhagens adipogênica, condrogênica e osteogênica e caracterizadas em relação ao perfil imunofenotípico por citometria de fluxo (CF) (vimentina, CD29, CD44, MHC-II, CD34) e imunocitoquímica (vimentina e CD44). Adicionalmente, as CTMsE em P3 foram criopreservadas utilizando-se dois meios de criopreservação e avaliadas por CF antes e após a criopreservação. Para avaliação da produção de citocinas, PGE2 e análise do secreto... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

An increase in attachment of SRBCs to Procambarus clarkii hemocytes has been shown after the crayfish were injected with a live or killed Pseudomonas strain RS2b. The increase in attachment occurred at 8 hours post injection and peaked at 24 hours for both experimental groups. The population of hemocytes with receptors for LPS and mannose also increased at 8 hours post injection and peaked at 24 hours for both experimental groups. At 96 hours post injection the number of receptor bearing hemocytes and hemocytes bound to SRBCs began to decrease to the level of the control for both groups. The protein concentration of hemolymph from the experimental groups remained stable at 8 and 24 hours post injection and increased at 96 hours. The correlation of the protein concentration increase at 96 hours with the decrease of receptor bearing hemocytes may be due to the degranulation of the receptor bearing hemocytes.

Endotoxins (E) are a unique and abundant family of glycolipids located in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Host immune responses to endotoxin depend on ordered endotoxin-host protein interactions, resulting in delivery of an endotoxin monomer to MD-2 which acts as a potent agonist of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4. Activated TLR4 is unique among TLRs in its ability to mobilize two distinct intracellular signaling pathways: the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. The regulated action of both pathways is likely important for optimal host immune responses to Gram-negative bacterial infection, but how this is achieved is not well understood Recent studies have indicated an essential role for host CD14 in TRIF-dependent signaling by activated TLR4 but the extent to which these observations reflect a general role of CD14 in endotoxin-triggered TRIF signaling or one more narrowly restricted to the specific endotoxins and/or cell types used is uncertain. We have addressed this question by identifying a novel CD14-independent mechanism for efficient delivery of E monomer to MD-2 and TLR4 activation, that is mediated by endotoxin.albumin complexes. We have used these complexes to demonstrate CD14-independent activation of MD-2⋅TLR4 by a wider range of endotoxin species than previously thought possible and activation of both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. Taken together, the findings in this thesis indicate that the molecular structure and physical presentation of endotoxin as well as CD14-independent properties of the host cell help determine the extent to which CD14 is required for TRIF-dependent signaling by activated TLR4.

The inter-relation between inflammation, the immune system and leukocytes is multifaceted, with communication between stroma and immune cells mediated by cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, integrins and other molecules. Proteolysis plays an important role in regulating these molecules. Proteolytic cleavage can not only destroy some molecules but can activate or shed others, converting local juxtacrine signalling proteins into effectors that act at a distance. Shedding can also convert membrane-bound receptors into soluble ligand-binding inhibitors. Finally, cleavage can convert agonist molecules into antagonists. As a wide-ranging inhibitor of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) has the potential to down-regulate many of these activities. We explore the role of TIMP3 in the regulation of inflammation, revealing that loss of TIMP3 leads to a more rapid increase of soluble TNF, higher levels of soluble TNF receptors and ultimately to increased TNF signalling in systemic inflammation. We also demonstrate TIMP3 loss impacts local inflammation. In addition we investigate the importance of TIMP3 in the expansion of hematopoietic cells.

The inter-relation between inflammation, the immune system and leukocytes is multifaceted, with communication between stroma and immune cells mediated by cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, integrins and other molecules. Proteolysis plays an important role in regulating these molecules. Proteolytic cleavage can not only destroy some molecules but can activate or shed others, converting local juxtacrine signalling proteins into effectors that act at a distance. Shedding can also convert membrane-bound receptors into soluble ligand-binding inhibitors. Finally, cleavage can convert agonist molecules into antagonists. As a wide-ranging inhibitor of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) has the potential to down-regulate many of these activities. We explore the role of TIMP3 in the regulation of inflammation, revealing that loss of TIMP3 leads to a more rapid increase of soluble TNF, higher levels of soluble TNF receptors and ultimately to increased TNF signalling in systemic inflammation. We also demonstrate TIMP3 loss impacts local inflammation. In addition we investigate the importance of TIMP3 in the expansion of hematopoietic cells.

Identifying the molecular interactions of pathogens in different mosquito species is critical for understanding how mosquitoes transmit diseases. In this study, the role of the Jak-STAT immune signalling pathway in two different mosquito species, (Aedes aegypti L.) and (Culex quinquefasciatus L.) was assessed. Using in silico analysis tools, cell culture, and molecular techniques, changes in gene expression were assessed during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the two species. It was found that activation of the Jak-STAT pathway occurred more quickly in Ae. aegypti cells compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus cells during LPS exposure. During WNV infections, no significant differences were observed, although preliminary evidence suggests that differential activation of the Jak-STAT pathway may exist between the two species. This research extends our understanding of the mosquito immune system while demonstrating the critical importance of vector-virus interactions across different mosquito species.

The main objective of the study was to understand the mode of interaction of protamine (Ptm), a cationic antibacterial peptide from fish milt on the Gram negative bacterial envelope. The present study was designed to resolve the question of Ptm translocation across the seemingly impermeable Gram negative cell envelope. The Gram negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied as an example of a microorganism that is Ptm-sensitive but doesn’t lyse even at bactericidal concentrations. Acquired resistance to Ptm was induced in P. aeruginosa by continuous sub-culturing in nutrient rich media containing increasing concentrations of Ptm. Alterations in bacterial surface charge, LPS composition, cell morphology and Ptm localisation on acquiring resistance were also examined. Expression of outer membrane proteins significantly decreased as P. aeruginosa acquired resistance to Ptm. OprF, the major porin in P. aeruginosa was found to be stably expressed in control, revertant (Ptm-Rev) and resistant (Ptm-Res) groups. No change in expression of efflux proteins was observed as a result of induced Ptm resistance, indicating that efflux is not among the Ptm resistance mechanisms at least in P. aeruginosa. OprM, which is part of the major efflux system (MexAB-OprM) in P. aeruginosa, was found to be down-regulated in Ptm-resistant P. aeruginosa. Another outer membrane protein down-regulated in Ptm-resistant P. aeruginosa was found to be petidyl-prolyl cis trans isomerase (PPIase) which plays a major role in proper folding and maturation of channel proteins in the outer membrane. Among the sarcosinate soluble proteins, DNA dependent RNA polymerase ? and ?’ subunits were found to be down-regulated in Ptm-resistant group indicating lower transcription levels in them. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the three groups of P. aeruginosa under study was isolated and separated by SDS-PAGE. LPS composition of Ptm-Res P. aeruginosa was found to be significantly different from that of the control and Ptm-Rev but was found to be similar with that of LPS from O-antigenic mutant (A+B-, which possessed only A band structures). Comparison of the zetapotential of control, Ptm-Rev and Ptm-Res P. aeruginosa, proved that electrostatic shielding was coincidental in acquired resistance to Ptm in P. aeruginosa. The MIC of the parent strain of P. aeruginosa (A+B+) and the O-antigenic mutants (A+B-, A-B+ and A-B-) were found to be the same which may be indicating that alterations in O-antigenic components alone cannot contribute to Ptm resistance. Effects of Ptm treatment on morphologies of E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa whole cells and spheroplasts were also studied using transmission immuno-electron microscopy. Condensation of cytoplasmic contents was observed when whole cells and spheroplasts were treated with Ptm. Also, Ptm-treated cells and spheroplasts were stained with colloidal gold-labelled antibodies against Ptm to determine distribution within the target cells. It was quite evident that Ptm internalised in whole cells and spheroplasts without lysis and was found to be concentrated in the cytoplasm. Morphological changes observed in Ptm-Rev P. aeruginosa when exposed to Ptm were comparable with that of the control. Condensation of cytoplasmic contents was not observed in Ptm-Res P. aeruginosa when challenged with Ptm. Most of the Ptm was localized at or near the outer membrane of Ptm-treated Ptm-Res P. aeruginosa, indicating decreased outer membrane permeability. Results obtained from these experiments confirm that the resistance to Ptm observed in P. aeruginosa is at the very least, coincidental with the pleiotropic mutations involving change in outer surface including change in LPS composition, loss of porins and or alterations of porin size in OprF.

Identifying the molecular interactions of pathogens in different mosquito species is critical for understanding how mosquitoes transmit diseases. In this study, the role of the Jak-STAT immune signalling pathway in two different mosquito species, (Aedes aegypti L.) and (Culex quinquefasciatus L.) was assessed. Using in silico analysis tools, cell culture, and molecular techniques, changes in gene expression were assessed during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the two species. It was found that activation of the Jak-STAT pathway occurred more quickly in Ae. aegypti cells compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus cells during LPS exposure. During WNV infections, no significant differences were observed, although preliminary evidence suggests that differential activation of the Jak-STAT pathway may exist between the two species. This research extends our understanding of the mosquito immune system while demonstrating the critical importance of vector-virus interactions across different mosquito species.

Endotoxin recognition by the innate immune receptor CD14 is a critical part of the innate immune system’s early detection and activation of the inflammatory response during microbial invasion. The differential recognition and high affinity binding of endotoxins from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria is performed by the innate immune receptor CD14. Upon endotoxin binding, CD14 transfers the specific endotoxins to a Toll-like receptor signaling complex, which is responsible for initiating the intracellular signaling cascade. In the presence of overwhelming infection, the effects of CD14 lead to the over-activation of the inflammatory response, which results in the life threatening condition known as sepsis. Preparation of a 15N isotopically labeled truncated version of soluble CD14, using Pichia pastoris, allowed direct structural observation of the binding interaction between CD14 and two endotoxin ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively using solution NMR spectroscopy. These studies revealed that CD14 uses both a common set of residues, and endotoxin specific subsets of residues, to bind LPS and LTA. To further investigate the structural features of each endotoxin recognized by CD14, 13C 15N isotopically labeled Kdo2–Lipid A, a fully active chemically defined gram-negative endotoxin, and LTA lipid anchor, the minimal unit of LTA, were produced. This allowed detailed NMR spectral mapping of these agonist ligands bound to sCD14 which identified, for the first time, structural regions and features in each that are strongly affected during complex formation with sCD14. Additionally, the presence of differential dynamic behavior was seen in both CD14 and the ligands upon complexation. This behavior suggests a likely role for dynamics in the mechanism of pattern recognition by CD14, which uses the dynamic ability of specific residue combinations to differentially affect endotoxin binding. Using NMR, the dynamic behavior of CD14 was further investigated using temperature and pH-dependence studies of isotopically labeled CD14. These studies clearly demonstrated the presence of multiple conformations for several residues, and may provide a possible explanation for the broad specificity of ligand binding by CD14. In addition, the spin-labeling of isotopically labeled lipid A enabled the collection of intermolecular distances on CD14 bound lipid A.

El objetivo de esta Tesis ha consistido en estudiar diversos aspectos de la biología de los macrófagos, células clave en el desarrollo de la respuesta inmunitaria. Los macrófagos se caracterizan por ser células que en los tejidos se encuentran proliferando y manteniendo su viabilidad gracias a la presencia de factores de crecimiento. Sin embargo, cuando reciben un estímulo activador, ya sea el IFN-gamma, principal activador endógeno de los macrófagos o bien el LPS, componente de las bacterias Gram negativas, dejan de proliferar y pasan a activarse y a desarrollar sus funciones características, como son la expresión de citocinas proinflamatorias (como el TNF-alfa Il-1beta, IL-6), la producción de NO o bien la expresión de las moléculas del MHC II. En algunos casos, por ejemplo en ausencia de factores de crecimiento o bien estimulados con LPS, los macrófagos experimentan apoptosis o muerte celular. Este trabajo se ha centrado en estudiar las diferentes vías de señalización que participan en las distintas respuestas de los macrófagos (como proliferación, activación, supervivencia y apoptosis). En este sentido se ha demostrado que la vía de señalización de MEK/ERK es esencial para los procesos de proliferación y activación, aunque lo hace con una cinética distinta. Mientras que estímulos proliferativos generan un pico corto y rápido de activación, estímulos que inducen la activación de los macrófagos como por ejemplo el LPS, la cinética de activación de estas quinasas es más tardía. Esta cinética de activación de ERK diferencial nos permite discernir entre estímulos proliferativos y activadores. Además se ha demostrado que el IFN-gamma, aunque no activa a las quinasas ERK, induce un alargamiento en el tiempo de la activación de estas quinasas a través de la inhibición de la expresión de MKP-1 inducida por factores de crecimiento. El alargamiento de actividad de ERK, inhibe la expresión de c-myc, proteína indispensable para la progresión del ciclo celular y por tanto inhibe la proliferación de los macrófagos. Por otro lado, hemos demostrado que la vía de señalización de PI-3K/AKT es la responsable de la expresión de p21Waf1 y responsable de la respuesta de supervivencia de los macrófagos debida a factores de crecimiento y otros agentes. También hemos visto que la ciclosporina, un inmunosupresor ampliamente utilizado para evitar el rechazo de los transplantes, inhibe la actividad de ERK inducida por el M-CSF lo que produce un bloqueo de la proliferación. Este efecto es independiente de la fosfatasa Calcineurina, principal diana de la ciclosporina.Además, también se ha analizado como el entorno celular puede afectar a las respuestas de proliferación y activación de los macrófagos. Se ha demostrado que un aumento de adhesión producido por la decorina y fibronectina inhibe la proliferación de los macrófagos a través de la expresión de p27Kip1 y la prolongación de la actividad ERK. La decorina aumenta la activación de los macrófagos a través del secuestro del TGF-beta? producido de forma endógena por estas células. Por ultimo el LPS, aunque es un buen activador de los macrófagos, induce apoptosis en determinadas situaciones, por ejemplo cuando dicha estimulación se produce de forma incorrecta, es decir, en ausencia de IFN-gamma o bien debido a dosis elevadas de LPS, responsables del shock séptico. La apoptosis inducida por el LPS se produce a través de dos vías de señalización independientes. Una primera vía mas temprana debida a la secreción autocrina de TNF-alfa y una segunda vía mas tardía, basada en la producción de NO. La apoptosis de los macrófagos inducida por el LPS se da principalmente a través de la producción de TNF-alfa que esta regulada mayoritariamente por PKC-epsilon a través de la modulación de la actividad JNK.