Report (M. Eng.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55). Also available via the Internet.

I investigated juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) distribution and habitat utilization in an agricultural/urban watershed, the Salmon River, Langley, B.C. The results of my empirical work confirmed the importance of instream woody debris and undercut banks in coho distribution. I examined experimentally how juvenile coho select among patches that differ in foraging profitability and in cover availability. Ideal free distribution (IFD) models were used as the practical basis for hypotheses about habitat choice by coho salmon. My experiments were conducted in artificial stream channels and involved two different types of cover, instream and overhead, and two spatial scales. The two scales (patches within individual pools and pools within stream reaches) were used to detect the effect of different levels of sampling and information processing by the fish. Juvenile coho responded positively to food abundance both within and between pools, but they did not do it as predicted by the IFD model. Cover presence further deviated coho distribution from an IFD. Within pools, coho foraged in open patches away from cover, but preferred pools with cover when choosing between separate units. None of the alternative dispersion models that I considered, derived from the IFD, fully explained the observed dispersion patterns. Coho's ability to maximize food intake rate was not only affected by the physical complexity of their habitat, but also by intraspecific competition and interference. Subsequently, I investigated experimentally coho's response to food and different densities of woody debris in natural stream reaches. If food was abundant, coho favoured pools with sparse cover, which offers accessible refuge and leaves unobstructed foraging patches where prey and perhaps also predators are easy to detect. Pools with either high densities or total lack of woody debris attracted proportionately less fish. Earlier in the summer, fry were indifferent towards cover, but as they became older their association with instream woody debris increased. Experiments I conducted during winter indicated that water velocity and temperature affected juvenile coho downstream movement. The proportion of fish that tried to leave the experimental channels increased with water discharge and decreased with water temperature. Based on the results of my empirical and experimental work, and on information derived from comparative case studies, I evaluated the potential impact of agriculture and urbanization on coho salmon habitat. Activities associated with these types of land developments tend to: a) reduce stream channel complexity; b) eliminate off-channel fish habitat; c) increase both the magnitude and the frequency of peak flows; d) augment water sediment transport; e) alter riparian vegetation; and, f) degrade water quality. A multilayered management plan, aimed at increasing coho salmon production, was developed. The plan's management strategies were devised reflecting on the different spatial scales that watershed components have and on the connectivity processes that exist among them. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

This thesis examines the use of mathematical models in astracting real world land use systems. The purpose of the study was to determine what types of decision models are available, whether they can be adapted to land use allocation problems, and which is most suitable for use in land use planning. Since planning was felt to be a means to satisfying or maximizing public welfare, the criterion used for model selection was the degree to which the model could aid in seeking land use policies which would be optimal in the sense of maximizing some measure of social welfare. Using this criterion, a form of linear programming which allows for several concurrent goals in the objective function was felt to be the best model structure available to land use planners today. This model structure was then used to construct a land use model for the City and District of Langley in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The purpose of constructing the model was to illustrate the potential usefulness of this type of model for decision making in the land use field. This was done by showing how the various aspects of the real world land use system could be incorporated into the model and how the model could then be used to find land use patterns which would maximize a measure of social welfare. After a discussion of model results, possible further refinements and study were suggested and discussed. It was felt that the model structure chosen was well suited to the land use planning field and offered much promise as a potential planning tool. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in air, which directly and indirectly interact with solar radiation and can be monitored through its optical depth. The aims of this study was to analyze the time series of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) on São Martinho da Serra, RS and compare them with São Paulo. The AOD of São Martinho da Serra, RS were obtained by Brewer Spectrophotometer (29.44 ° S, 53.82 ° W), from 1992 to 2008, using the Langley method at wavelengths: 306.3, 310.1, 313, 5, 316.7, 320.1 nm. Values above the mean plus standard deviation were considered peaks of aerosol. Was analyzed the behavior of the EOA to São Martinho da Serra, by the MODIS sensor (TERRA and AQUA satellites), the AERONET sun photometer and Brewer, being compared with the AERONET AOD of São Paulo (large industrial area). Satellite images were generated for verification of burning and air mass trajectories (HYSPLIT model). Over 70% of The AOD on São Martinho were below 0,3. Any aerosol peaks were identified with values above 0.31, which can be attributed to high relative humidity (fog formation) and the burned sites (November to February) and/or remote (August to October - an increase of burned in Brazil). In the days 06/09/2007 and 22/08/2010, was observed the transport of pollutants from the center of Brazil to RS, with AOD of up to 1.9. As for instruments, Brewer presented a behavior similar to MODIS AOD (which recorded absolute values lower). The AERONET, absolute values recorded near the MODIS (wavelengths near) and better behavior. Sao Paulo recorded AOD bigger than São Martinho, perhaps influenced by the various sources of pollutants in the region. Although São Martinho has low AOD, days with peak aerosols were recorded, concluding that, even away from urban centers, the region isn t free of high concentrations of aerosols. / Os aerossóis são partículas sólidas ou líquidas suspensas no ar, que interagem direta e indiretamente com a radiação solar e podem ser monitorados através de sua espessura óptica. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o comportamento da série temporal das espessuras ópticas de aerossóis sobre São Martinho da Serra, RS e compará-las com São Paulo. As EOA de São Martinho da Serra, RS foram obtidas pelo Espectrofotômetro Brewer (29.44°S, 53.82°O), de 1992 a 2008, por meio do Método de Langley nos comprimentos de onda: 306,3; 310,1; 313,5; 316,7; 320,1 nm. Valores acima da média mais o desvio padrão foram considerados picos de aerossóis. Foi analisado o comportamento das EOA, para São Martinho da Serra, pelo sensor MODIS (satélites TERRA e AQUA), fotômetro solar da AERONET e o Brewer, sendo comparadas com as EOA do AERONET de São Paulo (área industrial). Imagens de satélites foram geradas para a verificação de focos de queima e trajetórias de massas de ar (modelo HYSPLIT). Mais de 70% das EOA sobre São Martinho ficaram abaixo de 0,3. Eventuais picos de aerossóis foram identificados com valores acima 0,31, que podem ser atribuídos à elevada umidade relativa do ar (formação de nevoeiro) e às queimadas locais (Novembro a Fevereiro) e/ou remotas (Agosto a Outubro aumento de queimadas no Brasil). Nos dias 06/09/2007 e 22/08/2010, foi observado o transporte de poluentes do centro do Brasil para o RS, com EOA de até 1,9. Quanto aos instrumentos, o Brewer apresentou um comportamento de EOA similar ao MODIS (que registrou valores absolutos menores). O AERONET registrou valores absolutos próximos do MODIS (comprimentos de onda próximos) e um melhor comportamento. São Paulo registrou EOA maiores que São Martinho, talvez influenciadas pelas diversas fontes de poluentes da região. Apesar de São Martinho possuir EOA baixas, eventuais picos de aerossóis foram registrados, concluindo que, mesmo afastada de centros urbanos, a região rural não esta livre de altas concentrações de aerossóis.

Community-based museums in British Columbia are testaments to the importance of belonging and social identity. Three case studies, the Saanich Pioneer Museum, the Kamloops Museum Association and the Langley Centennial Museum in Fort Langley demonstrate how community identity was the focus of collective memory construction. Museum buildings were also iconographic sites. This research draws on museum society minutes, records, journals and displays, and personal interviews. It examines the role of earlier groups and events, from agricultural fairs to fraternal organizations in these museums' origins. The influence of provincial and federal government policies and funding, Centennial celebrations, and umbrella organizations such as the British Columbia Museums Association are also analysed. Socialization, interaction, memorabilia, commemorations and celebrations were all part of the creation of collective memory, and demonstrate how belonging was vital to these museums' creation and histories. / Graduate

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-15T14:35:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T12:32:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T12:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / Ag?ncia Espacial Brasileira - AEB / O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a possibilidade de calibra??o do fot?metro solar multibanda (FSM-4), desenvolvido para esse trabalho, que opera nas bandas de 500 nm, 670 nm 870 nm e 940 nm. Investigou-se a estabilidade da profundidade ?ptica da atmosfera em um s?tio na cidade de Caic?/RN, situada regi?o semi?rida do nordeste do Brasil. O s?tio ? uma regi?o afastada de grandes centros e de atividades geradoras de polui??o atmosf?rica. Foram coletados dados de irradi?ncia solar direta em duas campanhas distintas durante o per?odo seco, sendo uma em Dezembro de 2012 e outra em Setembro de 2013, para fins de calibra??o do prot?tipo. Para a calibra??o foram utilizados os m?todos de Langley (ML) e m?todo modificado de Langley (MLM), fazendo-se uso das medidas coletadas. Para as bandas de 500 nm, 670 nm e 870 nm, utilizadas para a medida da profundidade ?ptica por aeross?is (AOD), foi utilizado o ML e para a banda de 940 nm, na qual ? medida a coluna de ?gua precipit?vel (PWC) ou vapor de ?gua na atmosfera, utilizou-se o MLM. Dentre os v?rios componentes constituintes da atmosfera, o vapor de ?gua e os aeross?is s?o os que apresentam a maior variabilidade temporal, devido a fen?menos naturais e antropog?nicos, e exercem um papel importante no balan?o de energia do planeta. O que justifica os esfor?os para o desenvolvimento de um equipamento de baixo custo. Assim, por meio do ML e MLM aplicado aos dados coletados, foram observadas variabilidades na AOD e PWC para as quatro bandas, nos dois per?odos estudados. Essa variabilidade da AOD e PWC no momento da coleta, que se d? por meio do espalhamento ou absor??o da radia??o solar na atmosfera, prejudicam o ajuste da reta aos dados e dificultando a obten??o da constante de calibra??o. Entretanto a regi?o ainda n?o pode ser totalmente descartada como s?tio de calibra??o, pois as campanhas foram de dura??o reduzida e as metodologias devem ser testadas em outros per?odos do ano. Como alternativa para a calibra??o do fot?metro solar, foi feito um estudo de curta dura??o, junto ao fot?metro da rede mundial AERONET (AERsol RObotic NETwork), instalado em Petrolina/PE, da ag?ncia espacial americana (NASA). Foram coletados dados durante tr?s dias com os instrumentos AERONET e FSM-4 operados simultaneamente no mesmo local. Por meio das t?cnicas de ML e MLM foram obtidos valores para teste das constantes de calibra??o. Foi observada uma converg?ncia dos valores, apesar da pouca quantidade de dados coletados. A metodologia mostrou-se uma alternativa vi?vel para a calibra??o do FSM-4. / Instrumentation is a tool of fundamental importance for research in several areas of human knowledge. Research projects are often unfeasible when data cannot be obtained due to lack of instruments, especially due to impor ting difficulties and the high costs there associated. Thus, in order to collaborate with the enhancement of a national technology, a multiband hand - held sun p hotometer (FSM - 4) was developed to operate in the 500 nm, 670 nm, 870 nm and 940 nm bands. In the 500 nm, 670 nm and 870 nm bands aerosols are monitored for evaluation of the AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), and the PWC (Precipitable Water Column) is evaluated in the 940 nm band. For the development of the mech anical and electronic parts for the FSM - 4, th e materials and componen ts should combine low cost and quality of the data collected. The calibration process utilized the Langley method (ML) and Modified Langley Method (MLM). These methods are usually applied at high altitudes in order to provide atmosp heric optical stability. This condition however can be found in low height sites as shown in the research by Liu et al. (2010). Thus, for calibration of the FSM - 4, we investigated the atmospher ic optical stability utilizing the ML and MLM at a site in the cit y of Caic? / RN, located in the s emiarid region in northeastern Brazil. This site lies in a region far aw ay from large urban centers and activities generating anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. Data for calibration of the prototype were collected usin g the FSM - 4 in two separate operations during the dry season, one in December 2012 and another in September 2013. The methodologies showed optical atmospheric instability in the studied region through the dispersion of the values obtained for the calibrati on constant. This dispersion is affected by the variability of AOD and PWC during the appl ication of the above mentioned methods . As an alternative to the descr ibed sun photometer calibration , a short study was performed using the sun photometer worldwide network AERONET/NASA (AERsol RObotic NETwork ? US Space Agency), installed in Petrolina / PE in Brazil. Data were collected for three days utilizing the AERONET instruments and the FSM - 4, operating simultaneously on the same site. By way of the ML and MLM techniques, convergent test values were obtained for the calibration constants, despite the low amount of data collected. This calibration transfer methodology proved to be a viable alternative to the FSM - 4 calibration .

This thesis examines through a micro-historical lens the establishment of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Langley and its early period (1827-1830) covered by the surviving post journals. Through a close reading and analysis of the journal entries, I will argue that the establishment of Fort Langley was part of a process of Europeanization, which was in turn expressed through the physical construction, the labour of the Langley contingent, and the ways that the H.B.C. servants interacted with new and existing foodways. I will argue that, although the journal entries provide only a limited window into the historical reality of Fort Langley’s early years, they are a useful source for understanding complex social, class, and racial relationships that permeated life and labour at Fort Langley. I demonstrate that even the crafting of a nail is a critical part of contextualizing the complex processes which would eventually form a distinctly European system of control on the banks of the Fraser River. / Graduate

At the beginning of the twenty-first century British costume museums were failing to attract audiences; consequently, all but the Gallery of Costume, Manchester and the Fashion Museum, Bath were closed to the public. This thesis has sought to examine the traditional display methodologies of historic costume museums, using the Gallery of Costume as its primary case study of practice. This investigation problematises the theoretical assumptions upon which the gallery’s display methodologies are founded and compares its approaches to those taken in contemporary displays of historic dress. The findings of this investigation have been used to propose new approaches to the display of historic dress that aim to engage contemporary audiences. Using the research methods of participant observation, interviews and archival research the first chapter of this thesis outlines the development of the Gallery of Costume’s display methodologies, highlighting the agency of individual curators. The next two chapters explore the ways in which curators of dress reconstruct the bodies and personalities that give form to worn dress in the museum. The thesis moves on to examine both the methods by which the Gallery of Costume’s constructed history in its displays of history and the theoretical assumptions underlying its historiography. This chapter is followed by an exploration of the performance of fashion within the museum, attending to the way in which exhibitions can express dress as ‘living’ concept within accepted conservation guidelines. Finally, this thesis outlines a framework upon which reflexive exhibitions of historic dress can be built.

The purposes of the present study were to investigate the relationship between short-term memory and reading in learning disabled and average learners, and to determine whether this relationship is different between ages 8 to 10 and ages 11 to 13 in these two populations. Studies have shown that children with learning disabilities tend to perform poorer on short-term memory tasks compared to children with no disabilities. The present study was conducted because the short-term memory component in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is new and it was felt that information regarding this test's usefulness with learning disabled students would be beneficial for individuals in the field of educational assessment. A total of 80 children, 39 average and 41 learning disabled were selected from the five public elementary schools that have learning disabilities classes in the Langley School District. For each group of learning disabled children selected from the learning disabilities class, an equal number of average learners was chosen from the same school. The children were divided into two age groups: 8- to 10-year-olds and 11- to 13-year-olds and then further divided into their two learning categories. Four short-term memory subtests of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition: Bead Memory, Memory for Sentences, Memory for Digits and Memory for Objects and three reading comprehension subtests, from B.C. QUick Individual Educational Test, Peabody Individual Achievement Test and Test of Reading Comprehension respectively, were administered to all groups to measure short-term memory and reading. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were used to analyse the data. Results showed that the average learners scored significantly higher than the learning disabled group in both short-term memory and reading. There was no interaction effect of learning group and age on reading or short-term memory. Significant relationships were found between short-term mmeory and reading for the average learning group but none was found for the learning disabled group. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The main focus of this study concerns the contribution of focalisation to the creation of fictional worlds through the combination of the “building blocks” of a fictional world, namely the central focalising and focalised character(s), focalised social contexts, events and spaces, in Hermann Hesse’s Demian (1919), Narziß und Goldmund (1930), E.L. Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times (1960) and Homer & Langley (2009). The relationship between the focalisers and their social contexts influence their human, subjective perspectives and represented perceptions of their textual actual worlds. Focalisation is constructive in the synergistic relationship between the “building blocks” that leads to the creation of fictional worlds. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical basis of the thesis which is formed by the concepts of M. Ryan, L. Doležel, R. Ronen and T.G. Pavel with regard to possible worlds and fictional worlds. G. Genette’s and M. Bal’s theories provide the foundation of this study with regard to this concept as regards focalisation. Chapter 3 contextualises focalisation and fictional worlds as possible worlds in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction and as such constitutes part of a twofold basis for the following analyses and comparisons. Four textual analyses of the individual novels by Hesse and Doctorow then follow. In the textual analysis of Demian the notions of M. Bal, M. Ryan and A. Nünning provide a theoretical basis that is specifically relevant for the argument that through his consciousness the individual, Emil Sinclair, creates the fictional world, i.e. by “transforming” textual actual world components into individualised fictional world ones. The views of Viktor Frankl, feminist activists against prostitution such as M. Farley, M.A. Baldwin and C.A. MacKinnon as well as the views of Talcott Parsons (in conjunction with those of G.M. Platt and N.J. Smelser) offer a theoretical underpinning for the analysis of the social context as the product of the mindset in the community in Doctorow’s Welcome to Hard Times and the mindset of the focaliser, Blue, that concurs with the mindset of the community. Focalised events are considered as psychologically credible and as contributing to the fictional world in Hesse’s Narziß und Goldmund. In this textual analysis the theoretical points of departure were based on theories proposed by D. Cohn, M. Ryan and S. Chatman. Concepts advanced by J. Lothe, J. Lotman, H. Lefebvre, L. Doležel, N. Wolterstorff and D. Coste comprise the theoretical basis of the analysis of social spaces in Doctorow’s Homer & Langley. Chapter 8 consists of comparative analyses of the said focalised “building blocks” of Hesse’s and Doctorow’s novels. The analyses and comparisons argue that focalising characters “filter” their actual worlds and “transform” them through their individualistic and subjective representations, as actual people do. Even if characters are “non-actual individuals” their mindsets or physical, social and mental properties (Margolin, 1989:4) are like those of actual people, i.e. “psychologically credible”. Ryan (1991:45) identifies “psychological credibility” or “a plausible portrayal of human psychology” as an “accessibility relation”, i.e. one that allows the mental properties of a fictional character to be accessible from and possible for the actual world. The interaction between a focalising character and his social context that affects his consciousness and focalisation is comparable to the interaction between a hypothetical actual person and his social world, that would also influence his mindset and how he communicates about the actual world. Perspectives of characters such as Sinclair, Blue, Goldmund and Homer Collyer are recognisable to hypothetical actual world readers as psychologically credible. In the light of Bal’s (1990:9) argument that the whole text content is related to the (focalising) character(s), one could say that the elements of a textual actual world become, as it were, focalised “building blocks” of the fictional world. The central finding is that focalisation contributes to the creation of fictional worlds. The relationship between a fictional world and the actual one becomes apparent in literary texts through focalisation that transforms the textual actual world and its elements, i.e. the central (self-focalising) character, the social context, events and space(s), through a focaliser’s consciousness. The focaliser’s consciousness in Hesse’s and Doctorow’s fiction is marked by psychological credibility. A fictional world is comparable to the actual world with regard to other accessibility relations that Ryan (cf. 1991:31-47) identifies, but focalisation specifically allows a fictional world to become possible in actual world terms by creating credibility of this kind. A fictional world is plausible not in mimetic terms, as a factual text presents itself to be, but in possible terms, i.e. through the comparability of human psychology in fictional worlds and the actual world. Focalisation significantly contributes to the creation of a fictional world through the interaction between psychologically credible subjectivity and the imaginary level of the text on which the textual actual world obtains human value through focalisation. A fictional world is, in this sense, a possible world and, in fact, comes about through being a possible world. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.