Socio-economic development of Africa's human resources is tied to language policies that are undergoing global pressures. Though the languages of colonization are the official and dominant languages of education and communication, African countries recognize the importance of promoting their indigenous languages. This descriptive study is an overview of cross-language communication as it relates first to the colonial heritage and then to changes brought about by globalization. Themes explored include literacy, democratization, evangelization, judicial processes and media. Information was compiled from literature on translation and multilingualism in Africa, recent conferences and personal experiences. The focus is on Cote d'lvoire, Ghana and Nigeria, which are representative of the language situation in West Africa. A few references are also made to other sub-Saharan African countries so as to show the intertwined regional phenomena of translation and interpretation. Currently, technology is being applied to linguistics, translation and terminology of indigenous languages to build knowledge societies. Translation and terminology development are empowering speakers of African languages to participate fully in the development of their communities.

Translation memory (TM) systems are among the most aggressively marketed and widely used computer-aided translation tools. Previous studies have focused on when and how TMs are used, but there is significantly less information available relating to translators' perceptions of and attitudes towards them. The goal of this thesis is to explore translators' unprompted opinions of the issues related to TM system usage. After analyzing postings on translators' discussion boards, I propose to compare current assumptions about TM systems and their use with what translators are expressing in their unprompted opinions. I believe that with a better understanding of different perspectives and attitudes, translators can evaluate and potentially adjust their own perceptions in light of others' experience, developers and vendors can respond more accurately to users' needs, clients can better comprehend translators' concerns, and researchers and trainers can properly address the issues currently surrounding TM system usage. This thesis is organized into three chapters. Following a general introduction, Chapter I explains the functioning of TM systems and the issues surrounding their use, and then explores what is known about the use of TM systems and attitudes towards them as these are expressed in scholarly research, vendor promotional materials, surveys of practicing translators, and analyses of mailing lists. Chapter 2 provides a description of the methodology used in this project to select a primary resource, extract TM-related information, and classify the data. Chapter 3 presents a summary and analysis of the data found in the corpus. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the findings of this research and their implications for translators, vendors, clients/agencies, translator trainers, and researchers, addresses areas requiring further investigation and research, and evaluates the methodology of the project.

According to the most common definition, self-translation refers to a phenomenon in which author and translator are the same individual. Self-translation has been practiced for centuries, and research on the practice has increased noticeably over the past 15 years. Yet, two main observations can be made with respect to academic interest pertaining to this phenomenon: first of all, to date, there exists no critical review of research conducted specifically on this topic; secondly, although certain scholars have noted that self-translation seems to be overlooked within translation studies texts in which translation is discussed as a general concept, little data has been provided to substantiate the extent to which this might be so. Therefore, in this thesis, I seek to identify which aspects of self-translation have been studied by self-translation scholars as well as what evidence there might be of self-translation in publications on translation as a broader topic. This investigation also reveals that which has not been studied, allowing the reasons for and implications of these gaps to be addressed. Ultimately, this project sheds light on the under-representation---or "invisibility"---of the self-translator and of self-translation within Translation Studies. In the first chapter, I conduct an etat des lieux of research on self-translation specifically, noting which aspects of self-translation have tended to be discussed and which have tended to be neglected. The second chapter involves analyzing the tables of contents and indices of encyclopedic publications as well as the argumentation of theoretical texts in order to ascertain whether there is evidence to substantiate that self-translation is under-represented. In the conclusion, I propose various reasons for which self-translation constitutes an important area of investigation within Translation Studies. 1An aided, simultaneous self-translation from the French version, with assistance from Joanne Desroches.

Cette étude vise à montrer comment le transfert et la propagation des représentations par l'intermédiaire de la traduction, comme système et comme pratique sociale, instaurent des modèles mentaux qui permettent d'expliquer ou d'assigner des significations spécifiques à des événements récents. Considérée comme un champ des prises de position et de circulation conflictuelle des idées, la traduction permet de configurer un état du discours social et de montrer comment une société en mutation et subissant une crise du sens s'objective dans des textes et des pratiques collectives. Le cas envisagé est celui d'un espace postcommuniste, en l'occurrence celui de la Roumanie depuis 1989. La traduction apparaît comme une conséquence de l'ouverture du pays après la chute du communisme. Elle permet d'observer le cheminement d'une culture qui se modifie ou se modernise sous l'impact de la diffusion de représentations nouvelles, créées dans l'espace de communication Ouest-Est, ou suite à l'actualisation de représentations passées. Elle dynamise l'imaginaire de la société roumaine, prédisposant cette culture à engendrer, à maintenir ou à rejeter certaines croyances, mythes ou idées, tout comme à réfléchir sur des problèmes contemporains. À partir d'un corpus de textes, originaux et traduits, appartenant à la littérature, aux sciences humaines et sociales et regroupant aussi des articles de presse, l'étude montre comment la traduction participe à l'éveil de la conscience publique. Au-dela de cette incidence sociale immédiate, elle permet d'eclairer d'autres types de transferts intra- ou interculturels parce qu'elle propose d'autres modèles, d'autres représentations dans le nouvel espace social.

Based on the theory of translation universals, the general hypothesis that translated texts are distinguishable from non-translated texts by certain recurrent features of translation has been tested in recent contributions to Corpus-based Translation Studies. This hypothesis assumes that translation will leave similar traces in different languages. Major corpus-based studies have recently investigated three specific hypothetical recurrent features of translation (normalization, explicitation, and simplification). However, each of these research projects has hypothesized only one recurrent feature of translation at a time, using mainly literary, Anglo-European corpora, and using English as the sole target language of the translated texts. In the present study, all three of the above previously-studied recurrent features of translation are hypothesized and investigated, along with a fourth (levelling-out), which has not been the subject of previous study. Characteristics of translated and non-translated texts are compared in both English and French: appropriately for study of hypothetical "universal" features, the present research is carried out on target texts in more than one language. Our corpora consist of texts taken from Government of Canada Web sites; they constitute a broad sample of non-literary texts. Specific techniques of analysis are adapted from the literature, and where appropriate, new techniques are devised. WordSmith (versions 3 and 4) was the primary tool used for corpus analysis. The empirical evidence gathered in the present research supports the hypotheses of normalization and explicitation as recurrent features of translation into both English and French, but does not support the hypotheses of simplification and levelling-out. There is some indication that translated texts in both English and French tend to be more difficult to read (according to the standards of readability indices), an unexpected but interesting finding. All of these results must be interpreted in the light of future corpus-based study of recurrent features of translation, and it is recommended that a standardized protocol for recording the attributes of future comparable corpora should be adopted.

Le trouvère picard Raoul de Soissons, né vers 1210 et mort pen après 1272, semble être mieux connu des historiens que des spécialistes de la littérature. Peu étudié comme poète, il nous a pourtant laissé au moins onze chansons et un jeu-parti. Dix-neuf manuscrits transmettent des chansons attribuées ou attribuables à Raoul, et si cette riche tradition manuscrite témoigne de la grande popularité dont a du jouir son oeuvre, les contrafacta qu'elle a inspirés la confirme. Remarquons en outre que dans les chansonniers, les pièces de Raoul sont souvent placées à proximité de celles de trouvères illustres, comme Thibaut de Champagne. Gace Brulé, le Chastelain de Couci, Adam de la Halle et al.1 En effet, tout permet de compter Raoul parmi les trouvères les plus doués de l'époque, son oeuvre faisant preuve d'un maniement savant des techniques formelles et stylistiques peut-être comparable à celui que l'on accorde au "Prince des poètes": Thibaut de Champagne, ami et confrère de Raoul. Chevalier, croisé et trouvère. Raoul fut un perso e intéressant et pittoresque dont la vie est assez bien documentée dans les chartes et chroniques; citons comme exemple les chroniqueurs Gilbert de Mons, qui le désigne vir strenuus et famosus (homme endurant et célèbre) 2 et Baudouin d'Avesnes, qui le décrit comme étant vaillans chevalier.3 La seule édition de l'ensemble des chansons de Raoul est celle d'Emil Winkler, publiée en 1914: Die Lieder Raouls von Soissons . Malgré son apport, l'ouvrage comporte des lacunes importantes (sur lesquelles nous reviendrons dans la section "Éditions antérieures") et n'est plus aujourd'hui que difficilement acessible. II nous a donc semblé utile de préparer une nouvelle édition critique de l'ensemble de l'oeuvre lyrique de Raoul de Soissons. Nous la présentons sous forme électronique, ce qui, croyons-nous, constitue le moyen par excellence de communiquer l'essentiel du texte médiéval dans sa variance. Le site renferme un riche éventail de ressources multimédia et de données situant les textes dans leur cadre socioculturel, historique et intertextuel. Comme les manuscrits transmettent des mélodies pour chacune des chansons, l'édition peut, espérons-nous, servir de base à une édition musicale sur CD-ROM. 1Cf. Spanke, dans son eommentaire sur l'ordre des chansons du manuscrit X: "Vielleicht ist es aueh keim Zufall, dass die gauze Sammlung mit je einem Liede Raouls von Soissons begonnen und beschlossen wird, was auf eine besondere Wertschatzung dieses Dichters...schliessen liesse". Hans Spanke, "Das oftere Auftreten von Strophenformen und Melodien in der altfranzosischen Lyrik", ZFSL LI (1928), p. 87. Le grand historien Estienne Pasquier, lui aussi, plaça Raoul parmi les trouvères les plus illustres de l'époque: "...je vous diray que nostre Poésie Françoise ne se logea pas seulement aux prits do commun peuple, ains en ceux mesmes des Princes & grands Seigneurs de nostre France. Parce qu'un Thibault Comte de Champagne, Raoul Comte de Soissons, Pierre Mauclerc Comte de Bretagne, voulurent estre de cette brigade; quelques-uns y adjoustent Charles Comte d'Anjou, frère de S. Louys", Les oeuvres d'Estienne Pasquier t. ler (Amsterdam: Cie des Librairies assoziez, 1723). Ajoutons qu'en désignant Raoul "Comte" de Soissons, Pasquier se trompe, comme nous le verrons plus loin. 2Cf. L'abbé Pecheur, Annales du Diocese de Soissons (Soissors, Chez Demoncy, 1875), p. 395. 3 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, t.xxv, 1890 (Hannover, Kraus Reprint Corp., 1964), p.437.

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