Laser cladding is a process that is used to improve the properties of a metal surface. The properties in question may include hardness, wear-, corrosion- and/or fatigue-resistance. The process involves fusing a thin layer of additional metal to the original surface, using a laser as the heat source. Unfortunately, residual stresses are generated due to the rapid and highly localised thermal expansion and contraction that occur during the heating-melting-solidification-cooling cycle. These residual stresses can have a detrimental effect on the final performance of the clad component, especially with respect to corrosion resistance. Detrimental tensile residual stresses can be mitigated through the use of post-processing techniques such as laser shock peening (LSP). LSP is a process that uses a pulsed laser to generate intense spots of recoil pressure on a surface, thereby introducing compressive residual stresses. Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is another process that could be also used in laser cladding in order to relieve tensile residual stresses. In this work, laser cladding was carried out by depositing a clad layer of AISI grade 316L stainless steel on to either a S275 steel substrate or an AISI grade 316L stainless steel substrate, using different process parameters. The hardness and residual stresses in the overlay and substrate were assessed for each laser clad sample before and after being treated with LSP and PWHT. The corrosion rate and microstructure were also assessed in each case. The novelty of this work is two-fold. Firstly, to the author's knowledge, it is the first study that attempts to link process parameters to both the residual stresses and the corrosion performance of austenitic stainless steel overlays deposited by laser cladding. The second novel aspect is based on the application of both LSP and PWHT to the deposited overlay in order to investigate whether an improvement in the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance can be realised. In this study, tensile residual stresses were generated in the clad layers. However, the magnitude of the residual stresses did not appear to be particularly sensitive to the deposition parameters. Indeed, it was found that the number of layers that is deposited is more important than the choice of process parameters. LSP was effective in reducing the tensile residual stresses and in fact it introduced compressive stresses to all the samples that were treated. In contrast, PWHT only led to satisfactory stress relief when the AISI grade 316L stainless steel was deposited on to a matching substrate material. This was related to the fact that a difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the overlay and substrate led to the development of significant tensile residual stresses on cooling down after PWHT. The corrosion tests on the clad coupons led to the development of pits and cracks. However, after LSP only pits were found, without any sign of cracking, for the test durations that were investigated owing to the fact that compressive stresses were generated. Similar results were found after PWHT for the clad samples in which the overlay material matched the substrate material. However, signs of cracking were observed after PWHT in samples where AISI grade 316L stainless steel was deposited on to an S275 steel substrate due to tensile residual stresses remaining within the overlay. This result suggests that there may be little benefit in carrying out PWHT for components in which grade 316L stainless steel is deposited on to a steel substrate. In contrast, there appear to be clear benefits associated with carrying out LSP in order to mitigate the residual stresses and retard the onset of cracking.

<p>Laser shock peening is a high strain rate plastic deformation process, and it has been widely used in automobile, aerospace, and nuclear industries for surface enhancement. Lots of new developments of the laser shock peeing process have been studied to expand its new applications such as cryogenic laser shock peeing, warm laser shock peening, laser shock peening without coating, laser shock peening without confinement. There are still some issues that has not been addressed: 1) interaction between laser shock wave and layer structured composite material has not been studied. 2) investigation on microstructure and mechanical properties of intermetallic phase strengthened composite material processed by warm laser shock peening is rare. 3) preheating method for warm laser shock peening needs improvement.</p> <p>In this study, thermal and temporal modulated laser shock peening process is developed to control microstructure and mechanical properties. 1) Laser shock peening and cryogenic laser shock peeing was applied to copper graphene heterostructure. Hardness, yield strength were measured and microstructures were characterized. Shock wave propagation and its interaction with monolayer graphene was studied by finite element analysis. Results showed that the yield strength of laser shock peeing and cryogenic laser shock peeing processed copper graphene samples increased by 40%, and 76% respectively. It was found that shock wave could pass through long-distance to generate dislocation transportation from one layer to another graphene with the shock wave interaction between graphene layers separated very far away. 2) Warm laser shock peening with different preheating temperature was performed on lightweight steel. Effect of temperature on mechanical properties, precipitates and dislocation distributions are investigated. A coupled phase field-dislocation dynamics model was developed to study the precipitates and dislocation generation mechanism. The yield strength of the lightweight steel after warm laser shock peeing reaches 2030Mpa, which is the highest for lightweight mid-carbon steel (70% Fe, 1%C). Experiment results have confirmed high density dislocations and precipitates are generated by warm laser shock peeing process. And we find a new mechanism, avalanche multiplication of dislocations and precipitates, during the warm laser shock peeing: I) Dislocations assist precipitates formation. II) Precipitates boost dislocation generation. 3) A novel dual pulse laser shock peening process was developed which combines preheating and laser shock peening process.The effect of modulating pulse width and pulse duration on processing temperature and material microstructures were studied. Results showed that single pulse laser processing could successfully remelted the second phase and had much smaller grain (500nm) due to fast cooling, and dual pulse with appropriate pulse duration resulted in high density nanosized (30nm) intermetallic phase. High hardness 59 HV and yield strength 547MPa could be achieved due to the combination of grain size refinement, hard second phase and dislocations.</p>

<p>This study is concerned with investigating the effects of warm laser shock peening (wLSP) on the enhancement of mechanical performance of laser welded joints. A 3-D finite element model is presented which predicts the surface indentation geometry and in-depth compressive residual stresses generated by wLSP. To define the LSP pressure on the surface of the material, a 1-D confined plasma model is implemented to predict plasma pressure generated by laser-coating interaction in an oil confinement regime. Residual stresses predicted by the finite element model for wLSP reveal higher magnitude and depth of compressive residual stresses than room temperature laser shock peening. A novel dual laser wLSP experimental setup is developed for simultaneous heating of the sample, to a prescribed temperature, and to perform wLSP. The heating laser power is tuned to achieve a predefined temperature in the material through predictive analysis with a 3-D transient laser heating model.</p><p>Laser welded joints of AA6061-T6 and TZM alloy in bead-on-plate (BOP) and overlap configurations, created by laser welding with a high power fiber laser, were post processed with wLSP. To evaluate the strength of the welded joints pre- and post-processing, tensile testing and tensile-shear testing were carried out. To understand the failure modes in tensile-shear testing of the samples, a 3-D finite element model of the welded joint was developed with weld regions’ material strength properties defined through microhardness testing. The stress concentration regions predicted by the finite element model clearly explain the failure regions in the experimental tensile testing analysis. The tensile tests and tensile-shear tests carried out on wLSP processed AA6061-T6 samples demonstrate an enhancement in the joint strength by about 20% and ductility improvement of about 33% over as-welded samples. The BOP welds of TZM alloy processed with wLSP demonstrated an enhancement in strength by about 30% and lap welds demonstrated an increase in joint strength by 22%.<br></p><p></p>

In this report, the feasibility of a massively parallel, nanoscale laser shock peening process is investigated. This report will give a fundamental background on laser shock peening processes in general. The background will include a description of the mechanisms associated with laser shock peening, and the theory behind laser shock peening. The experiments that were performed to develop a nanoscale laser shock peening process will also be described in detail. The problems associated with different experiments and the results will be presented. / text

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Le cold spray, procédé qui consiste en la projection de particules de poudre à haute vitesse sur un substrat solide, permet de réaliser des dépôts denses de tantale sur substrat de cuivre. Tout au long de la projection, les particules restent à l'état solide ce qui prévient toute pollution ou modification chimique indésirable comme l'oxydation. Le risque d'altération de la composition chimique est ainsi reporté sur d'autres étapes telles l'obtention des matériaux ou la conservation des poudres. Le tantale est particulièrement sensible à la présence d'oxygène et peut ainsi voir sa dureté augmenter même pour des très faibles taux. Cette étude s'intéresse donc aux conséquences d'une augmentation du taux d'oxygène dans les particules avant projection sur la qualité (adhérence, cohésion) du dépôt. Pour cela, des particules de poudres ont été enrichies en oxygène puis ont été analysés suivant différentes méthodes (DRX, microsonde de Castaing, MET, XPS, nanoindentation, …) afin de déterminer le type d'oxydation et le comportement mécanique des particules oxydés. Ensuite, la phénoménologie des particules à l'impact a été étudiée via l'observation de particules isolées adhérant au substrat après impact (splats), d'une part, et des dépôts, d'autre part. Les techniques d'analyses et les procédés utilisés pour caractériser leur déformation et leur adhérence sont le MEB, le MET, l'EBSD, un essai de rayure modifié, la structuration laser et un essai d'adhérence et de cohésion par choc laser (LASAT®). Enfin, une simulation numérique de la construction de dépôt a été réalisée selon les lois ensemblistes établies par la morphologie mathématique. L'influence de l'oxydation des poudres est représentée dans ce modèle via l'introduction du rebond des particules. / Cold gas dynamic process, namely Cold Spray, can be used to achieve fully-dense tantalum coatings onto a copper substrate due to spraying of powder particles at a high velocity. During spraying, the particles stay at the solid state, which prevents pollution and detrimental chemical modification such as oxidation. The risk for chemical damage therefore moves to other processing stages, primarily raw material production and powder storage. Tantalum is very sensitive to oxygen (for example, hardness increases even for low oxygen contents). In the present work, the consequences of the particle oxygen degree on coating quality are studied. Oxidized powder particles were analyzed using different methods (XRD, EPMA, TEM, XPS, nanoindentation, …) to characterize oxidation and particle mechanical properties. Particle impact phenomenology is studied from observation of splats, i.e. single deposited particles, and coatings. Analysis techniques and processes to describe splat deformation and adhesion are SEM, TEM, EBSD, modified scratch testing, laser structuring and LAser Shock Adhesion Test (LASAT®). In a final part, numerical simulation of coating build-up was developed using a mathematical morphology approach. Particle oxidation is involved in this simulation through the particle rebound phenomenon.

La découverte récente d’un grand nombre d’exoplanètes et en particulier des planètes potentiellement habitables suscite une grande fascination. Pour modéliser les intérieurs de ces planètes, il est crucial de connaître avec précision les propriétés physiques et les équations d’état des composants planétaires. Ces matériaux se trouvent à des conditions de pressions et températures extrêmes ( 1-100 Mbar, 10^3-10^4 K), correspondantes à celles de la matière dense et tiède ou Warm Dense Matter (WDM). La description théorique de cette matière a progressé grâce aux calculs ab initio, mais reste complexe. Les données expérimentales sont fondamentales dans ce contexte.Ce projet de thèse porte sur l’étude expérimentale de trois matériaux importants pour la géophysique, le MgO, MgSiO3 et Mg2SiO4 dans le domaine ≈ 0.5-10 Mbar. Ces trois matériaux en fait sont les pôles purs magnésiens du (Fe, Mg)SiO3 and (Fe, Mg)2SiO4 qui sont parmi les composantes plus abondantes du manteau terrestre et très probablement des manteaux du Super-Terres et des noyaux des planètes géantes. Pour amener ces matériaux aux conditions typiques des intérieurs planétaires on a utilisé la technique de chocs laser. En particulier, nous avons réalisé trois campagnes expérimentales sur des grandes installations: LULI2000 (Ecole Polytechnique, France), GEKKOXII (Osaka University, Japan), MEC à LCLS (SLAC, USA). Pour chaque campagne, on a utilisé une technique différente. Sur LULI2000 et GEKKOXII nous avons étudié les propriétés de MgO, MgSiO3 et Mg2SiO4 liquide et la fusion avec des chocs décroissants couplés avec des diagnostiques optiques. Sur LULI2000 on a étudié les propriétés électroniques et structurelles du MgO liquide avec la spectroscopie XANES. Sur MEC, on a conduit une expérience de diffraction X pour déterminer les changements structuraux induits par des chocs stationnaires dans le régime solide sur le MgSiO3 et le Mg2SiO4. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats de ces expériences impliquent une révision des diagrammes de phase des matériaux étudiés. En particulier, on a déterminé un nouveau point de fusion pour le MgO (à 470 ± 40 GPa et 9860 ± 810 K), on a résolu une controverse sur la présence d’une transformation liquide-liquide dans le diagramme de phase du MgSiO3 (qui concernait une région autour de ~ 400 GPa sur la Hugoniot) et on a obtenu pour la première fois des évidences de la amorphisation de la Forsterite (Mg2SiO4 cristal) sous choc (à ~ 50 GPa sur la Hugoniot). En plus on a obtenu des informations sur la réflectivité (liée à la conductivité) pour le trois matériaux, et les données de spectroscopie XANES ont permis de comprendre le mécanisme de fermeture du gap (métallisation) du MgO sous effet de la température. / Two decades of exoplanet discoveries brought the physics of planetary interiors among the topics of broad and current interests. To advance in this field, one of the key ingredient is the knowledge of the equation of states and physical properties of planetary constituents. At the extreme conditions of planetary interiors ( 1-100 Mbar, 10^3-10^4 K), matter lies in the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) regime and theoretical descriptions are not trivial. Important progress have been done with ab-initio calculations based on differential functional theories, but such calculations need to be validated by experiments.In this thesis, we experimentally characterized phase diagrams and physical properties of MgO, MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 at conditions relevant for planetary science (0.5-10 Mbar). The studied compounds are the Mg end members of (Fe, Mg)SiO3 and (Fe, Mg)2SiO4 that are among the most abundant components of Earth’s mantle and are also thought to be abundant in Super-Earth’s mantle and giant planet cores. To bring these materials to planetary interior conditions we performed laser shock compression experiments at three high power laser facilities: LULI2000 (France), GEKKOXII (Japan), MEC at LCLS(USA). At LULI2000 and GEKKOXII we investigated the liquid properties and melting of MgO, MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 using decaying shocks coupled to visible diagnostics. At LULI2000 we studied with XANES spectroscopy MgO in the WDM regime highlighting its metallisation mechanism and structural properties in the liquid phase. Finally, at the MEC end station of LCLS, we used X-ray diffraction to measure shock induced structural changes on MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 in the solid region of their phase diagrams. Altogether these works, obtained with different diagnostics, imply a revision of the phase diagrams of the studied compounds. In particular we determined a new experimental melting point for MgO (at 470 ± 40 GPa and 9860 ± 810 K), we ruled out the occurrence of an MgSiO3 liquid-liquid transition (supposed to occur at ~ 400 GPa along the Hugoniot) and we evidenced for the first time the occurrence of an amorphous phase along the Forsterite (Mg2SiO4 crystal) Hugoniot (at ~50 GPa).

No description available.