Title: The influence of ACL plastic surgery in relation to the knee joint stability by female handball players and the posibility to influence this topic during training sessions The concept of the problem: One of the most common injuries of lower extremities during a handball game is the tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often leading to instability and early offset of degeneration of the knee joint. In order to be able to continue the athletic carier, the patient may require surgery of the cruciate ligament. Usually 6-8 months after the operation, the patient should be able to return to her full extand of the athletic competition. Never-the-less, functional deficit of the operated knee is not uncommon. Often times, patients post ACL surgery experience secondary injuries such as the injury of the oposite knee joint or recurring defects of the prior injured ACL. Objectives: To evaluate the conditions of knee joints by female players (2-5 years) post ACL plastic surgery and to attest the efectivity of the exercise program for improving knee joint stability by those players. Methods: The theoretical part follows up the given issue as a research and theoretical overview of the current findings based on czech and also foreign literature. The practical part is dedicated to the application of...

Theme: Evaluation of stability, sensorimotor and symmetry of football players after ACL reconstruction by MFT S3 tool. Student: Bc. Simon Otto Supervisor: PhDr. Ales Kaplan, PhD. Aims: The aim of the diploma thesis is evaluation of stability, sensorimotor and symmetry of chosen group of football players (n=4) after ACL injury by MFT S3 check test. Methodology: The level of stability, sensorimotor and symmetry was measured by MFT S3 tool and then evaluated with activities during the recondition season. Results: The study proved that some activities are more or less suitable for development of stability and sensorimotor. The biggest positive effect had special workouts aimed for tight muscles and the knee joint. The lowest values were measured after the run and football trainings when the stability and the sensorimotor were impaired. The values were higher in sagittal plane due the preferable sagittal movement used during the football matches. It is important to realize that the recondition process is needs to be lead individually for every athlete after ACL surgery because there is not any universal methodological procedure. Key words: Stability, sensorimotor, symmetry, injury, knee, ACL, football, recondition.

This report was done on behalf of Uppsala municipality with the aim to investigate how much the CO2-equivalent emissions differ between different building systems during the construction phase, considering the different choice of material used in the frames. Several multi-family houses with different building systems were therefore studied and compared by using previous LCA from collected climate reports regarding each construction project. Different scenarios of the residential development in Uppsala until year 2050, including multi- and single-family houses, were further on brought forward. The impact that the choice of material had on the climate was then studied by comparing the scenarios with the climate goals set up by Uppsala municipality regarding the construction sector. This was discussed in order to investigate whether Uppsala municipality would reach the climate goals or not. The conclusion of the study is that the building systems with wooden frames in general release less CO2-equivalent emissions than the ones with concrete frames. One of the reasons for this is that the production of the materials has different amounts of waste and the fact that concrete consists of cement, which causes a lot of emissions during the production of the material. Another part of the report was to investigate if climate improved concrete could decrease the CO2-equivalent emissions from building systems with concrete frames. This was done by doing a case-study, where parts of the concrete frame for one of the building systems were replaced, which resulted in a small decrease of the emissions. It is however, in a larger perspective, important to reduce the emissions as much as possible and there is still room to continue the improvement of concrete.

The building and construction sectors are one of the main contributors to the socio-economic development of a country. Globally, these sectors generate around 5% to 10% of national employment and around 5% to 15% of a country's gross domestic product during construction, use and demolition. On the other hand, the sectors consume around 40% of world primary energy, use 30% of raw materials, generate 25% of solid waste, consume 25% of water, and use 12% of land. Furthermore, the sectors account for up to 40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from energy use during the life cycle of buildings. This study aims to assess the potential environmental benefits of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile within the Swedish context in terms of their CO2 emission. Methodology used was a comparative LCA was to quantify the emissions. In order to calculate LCA, OpenLCA 1.7.0 software was used and to evaluate the emissions, LCIA method selected was ReCiPe, midpoint, Hierarchist model, climate change category expressed in GWP 100 years (in kg CO2eq). The FU of the study was a square meter of roof covering for a period of 40 years with potential to extent up to 80 years. A square meter of concrete roof tile weight 40 kg while ceramic 30 kg. The environment impact evaluation considered three product system, single use (cradle to grave), single use covering (cradle to user) and single reuse (user to cradle) within 40 years lifespan. In order to compare LCA of the roof tiles, two scenarios were created, Scenario 1 concrete RT in single use and single reuse whilst Scenario 2 evaluates ceramic RT. The outcomes of both scenarios were communicated through a model single family house. Dalarna’s Villa is located in Dalarna region in Sweden and a storage facility Ta Till Våra was to validate the benefits of reused materials. Comparative LCA revealed that concrete RT in single use released almost 80% more CO2 emissions than ceramic RT and generated 25% more disposable material by weight. The CO2 released by the single use vs. single reuse concrete RT showed higher emissions in the production of the concrete RT than the single reuse, the same occur with ceramic RT. The reuse of the tiles on the same site had an insignificant impact on the environment in both materials. The comparison shows that reuse reduces associated emissions by about 80% in both cases, reusing concrete is more beneficial, as emissions are reduced by 9.95 kg/m2 as opposed to 2.32 kg/m2 at the ceramics. This study reveals the benefit of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile. In addition, the advantage of building a storage facility to reuse the disposable building materials, reducing the roofing materials ending at the landfill after 40 years. Furthermore, it demonstrated the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the embodied energy.

The industry 4.0 is continuously aiming to produce faster, increasing quality, and strictly using what is necessary to achieve efficiency enhancement. Within the wide list of methods used to reach this target, robot automation is usually used, although is expensive and rigid. Alternatively, a Japanese cheap automation philosophy called "Karakuri", is being introduced by Volvo GTO to manage this goal. This thesis relies on this philosophy, which takes profit of the existing energy, like gravity, to put in motion mechanisms, in order to reduce costs and improve the production efficiency by developing a semi-automated material handling system. The design method followed, the Scrum, divides the thesis in several phases of development, presenting a fully developed solution at the end of each one and iteratively increasing the level of definition along the process, to finally provide a solution suitable to be implemented.

Recentemente, a sociedade tem empreendido ações visando minimizar os impactos ambientais associados ao atendimento de suas necessidades. A reciclagem é uma atividade de destaque e que pode contribuir para que este novo objetivo seja atingido. Porém, as eventuais vantagens decorrentes da reciclagem devem ser analisadas de forma quantificada e sistêmica, ou seja, através de estudos de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) dos produtos. Por outro lado, o método de execução de estudos de ACV apresenta aspectos não consolidados. Um exemplo, é a modelagem de sistemas de produto que envolvam o reaproveitamento de rejeitos, para a qual não há consenso na comunidade científica a respeito da abordagem mais adequada. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa visa a consolidação das alternativas para a abordagem do reaproveitamento de rejeitos em estudos de ACV. Os modelos identificados variam, basicamente, segundo três abordagens. Uma delas é baseada na expansão do sistema, com o objetivo de se evitar a necessidade de alocação de cargas ambientais. Esta abordagem tem a vantagem de considerar diretamente os eventuais benefícios decorrentes do reaproveitamento dos resíduos. Já a segunda abordagem baseia-se na alocação das cargas ambientais associadas aos processos de obtenção das matérias-primas e/ou ao reaproveitamento em si, bem como a disposição final dos rejeitos entre os Sistemas de Produto envolvidos. Por fim, a última abordagem prega a atribuição das cargas ambientais associadas aos processos citados anteriormente exclusivamente à função atendida por cada sistema. Assim, o sistema que fornece um produto pós-consumo para o reaproveitamento arca com as cargas decorrentes da obtenção das matérias-primas, enquanto o sistema que reaproveita o produto pós-consumo fica responsável pelas cargas associadas à reciclagem em si, bem como à eventual disposição final. Salienta-se que este tipo de modelagem privilegia as situações em que um determinado sistema de produto utiliza insumos reciclados, uma vez que estes entram no sistema livres de carga ambiental pregressa. / Recently, human society has taken actions in order to minimize the environmental impacts associated with meeting their needs. Recycling is an important activity that can contribute to the achievement of this new goal. However, the possible benefits of recycling should be considered systemically, i.e., through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of products. On the other hand, LCA method implementation has some unconsolidated aspects. One example is the modeling of product systems end-of-life involving waste recycling, for which there is no consensus in the scientific community regarding the most appropriate approach. In this context, this research aims to consolidate the alternative approaches for modeling wastes recycling in LCA studies. The identified models vary primarily according to three approaches. One of them is based on product system expansion in order to avoid the need for environmental burdens allocation. This approach has the advantage of directly considering the possible benefits of reusing waste. The second approach is based on the allocation of environmental burdens associated with raw materials processing, recycling and final waste disposal between product systems involved. Finally, the last approach considers the attribution of environmental burdens associated with the mentioned processes exclusively the function served by each system. Thus, the system providing a post-consumer product for reuse bears the burdens arising from raw materials processing, while the system that recoveries the post-consumer product is responsible for the loads associated with the recycling as well as eventual final waste disposition. It is noted that this modeling approach favors situations in which a particular system uses a recycled product as raw material, since they enter the product system free of previous environmental burdens.

O aço é um insumo de usos diversos que variam desde a construção civil, até a confecção de bens de consumo. Sob a perspectiva ambiental, as transformações que ocorrem nessa cadeia produtiva se destacam pelos elevados consumos de insumos e de energia - nas formas elétrica e térmica -, e por emissões para o Meio Ambiente. Assim, o grande desafio das siderúrgicas é encontrar alternativas que reduzam os impactos ambientais associados aos seus processos. Esta busca requer porém, uma análise sistêmica e integrada que considere o produto final em todo seu ciclo de vida. Este estudo tem por finalidade a avaliação do desempenho ambiental da produção de aço líquido para um arranjo tecnológico médio no país. Para tanto, utilizou-se a ferramenta de Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Embora o diagnóstico tenha sido efetuado sobre todas as etapas de processamento, optou-se por evidenciar etapas que fossem inerentes do processamento do aço líquido. O diagnóstico inicial, então, revelou que as principais etapas responsáveis pelos impactos ambientais inerentes ao processo são: a) produção de energia elétrica do Grid brasileiro, b) a manufatura do aço e c) captação e transporte de água. A partir desta vistoria de etapas inerentes pôde-se propor cenários de melhoria de desempenho ambiental para o processo de produção do aço líquido, a saber: I) Aproveitamento de Gás de Aciaria para produção de Energia Elétrica e II) Instalação de Tecnologia de apagamento a seco do coque. Embora o Cenário III não esteja contemplado nas cargas inerentes de processo, o mesmo foi efetuado a partir de solicitação da empresa: III) Substituição do fornecimento de Minério de Manganês. A técnica de ACV foi novamente aplicada com o intuito de verificar a validade das ações propostas. O estudo concluiu que houve melhorias relevantes no desempenho ambiental principalmente nos modelos CED e USEtox, em todas a categorias de impacto apresentadas (Fósseis Não Renováveis, Nuclear Não Renovável, Biomassa Não Renovável, Biomassa Renovável, Energia decorrente de efeitos naturais, Água Renovável, Toxidade Humana a Câncer, Toxidade Humana Não Câncer e Ecotoxidade Aquática) para os Cenário I e II. Pouco impacto foi observado no modelo ReCiPe Midpoint (H) para o Cenário I e II a não ser pela piora na categoria de impacto de Formação de Oxidantes Fotoquímicos para o Cenário II. Isso aconteceu por um aumento na emissão de monóxido de carbono descrito pela proposição. O Cenário III apresentou melhoria significativa apenas de uma categoria de impacto: Depleção de Metais, devido redução da depleção manganês, explicada pela melhoria de qualidade na troca de fornecedores. / Steel is an input for various uses ranging from construction, to the production of consumer goods. From an environmental perspective the changes that occur in the production chain are highlighted by high consumption of raw materials and energy - in electric and thermal forms - and emissions to the environment. So the great challenge of the steel is to find alternatives that reduce environmental impacts associated with their processes. This search, however, requires a systemic and integrated analysis that considers the final product throughout its life cycle. This study aims to evaluate the environmental performance of the liquid steel production to an average technological arrangement in the country. For this, we used the Life Cycle Analysis Tool (ACV). Although the diagnosis has been made on all processing stages, we chose to highlight steps that were inherent in the liquid steel processing. The initial diagnosis then revealed that the main stages responsible for the environmental impacts inherent in the process are: a) electricity production of the Brazilian Grid, b) the manufacture of steel and c) uptake and transport of water. From this survey inherent steps could be proposed improvement scenarios of environmental performance for the liquid steel production process, as follows: I) Steelmaking Gas Utilization for Production of Electricity and II) Coke Dry Quenching Tecnology. Although Scenario III is not contemplated in the process of inherent charges, the same was made on request from the company: III) Replacing the supply of manganese ore. The LCA technique was applied again in order to verify the validity of the proposed actions. The study concluded there were significant improvements in the environmental performance mainly in CED and USEtox models in all the presented impact categories (Fossils Renewable Not Nuclear Renewable No Biomass Renewable Non Renewable Biomass Energy from natural effects, Renewable Water, Toxicity Human to Cancer, Human Toxicity Ecotoxicity not Cancer and Frashwater Ecotoxity) for Scenario I and II. Little impact was observed in the model ReCiPe Midpoint (H) for Scenario I and II unless the worsening Photochemical Oxidant Formation impact category for Scenario II. This happened by an increase in carbon monoxide emission described by the proposition. Scenario III showed significant improvement only in a depletion impact category metals due reducing manganese depletion, explained by the improvement of quality of switching suppliers.

<div>Bike sharing system (BSS) is growing worldwide. Although bike sharing is viewed as a sustainable transportation mode, it still has environmental footprints from its operation (e.g., bike rebalancing using automobiles) and upstream impacts (e.g., bike and docking station manufacturing). Thus, evaluating the environmental impacts of a BSS from the life cycle perspective is vital to inform decision making for the system design and operation. In this study, we conducted a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of station-based and dock-less BSS in the U.S. The results show that dock-less BSS has a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions factor of 118 g CO2-eq/bike-km in the base scenario, which is 82% higher than the station-based system. Bike rebalancing is the main source of GHG emissions, accounting for 36% and 73% of the station-based and dock-less systems, respectively. However, station-based BSS has 54% higher total normalized environmental impacts (TNEI), compared to dock-less BSS. The dock manufacturing dominants the TNEI (61%) of station-based BSS and the bike manufacturing contributes 52% of TNEI in dock-less BSS. BSS can also bring environmental benefits through substituting different transportation modes. Car trip replacement rate is the most important factor. The results suggest four key approaches to improve BSS environmental performance: 1) optimizing the bike distribution and rebalancing route or repositioning bikes using more sustainable approaches, 2) incentivizing more private car users to switch to using BSSs, 3) prolonging lifespans of docking infrastructure to significantly reduce the TNEI of station-based systems, and 4) increasing the bike utilization efficiency to improve the environmental performance of dock-less systems.</div><div>To improve the design of current BSS from the life cycle perspective, we first proposed a simulation framework to find the minimal fleet size and their layout of the system. Then we did a tradeoff analysis between bike fleet size and the rebalancing frequency to investigate the GHG emission if we rebalance once, twice and three times a day. The optimal BSS design and operation strategies that can minimize system GHG emission are identified for a dock-less system in Xiamen, China. The results show that at most 15% and 13% of the existing fleet size is required to serve all the trip demand on weekday and weekend, if we have a well-designed bike layout. The tradeoff analysis shows that the GHG emission may increase if we continue to reduce the fleet size through more frequent rebalancing work. Rebalancing once a day during the night is the optimal strategy in the base scenario. We also tested the impacts of other key factors (e.g., rebalancing vehicle fleet size, vehicle capacity and multiple depots) on results. The analysis results showed that using fewer vehicles with larger capacity could help to further reduce the GHG emission of rebalancing work. Besides, setting 3 depots in the system can help to reduce 30% of the GHG emission compared with 1-depot case, which benefits from the decrease of the commuting trip distance between depot and the serve region.</div>

O desafio de se atingir o desenvolvimento sustentável tem levado os sistemas produtivos buscar um equilíbrio entre os aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Com relação ao uso dos recursos hídricos, a aqüicultura se mostra, no Brasil, como uma atividade economicamente emergente, mas que precisa considerar os aspectos de sustentabilidade em sua produção. O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo avaliar os potenciais impactos causados pelas atividades de piscicultura e pesque-pague no corpo hídrico, localizado na região de montante da bacia hidrográfica do rio Mogi-Guaçu. Dentre as metodologias de avaliação de impactos ambientais, pode-se destacar a Avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) por seu caráter sistêmico, e por isso é utilizada neste trabalho. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo da ACV, foi utilizado o método Environmental Design of Industrial Products - EDIP, alguns métodos de caracterização hídrica na fase de inventário da ACV e uma avaliação qualitativa da introdução de espécies não nativas em uma região. Os resultados deste trabalho estão estruturados de acordo com a metodologia da ACV, aplicada ao pescado advindo de pesque-pague em estudo de caso localizado na região de montante da bacia hidrográfica do rio Mogi-Guaçu. A unidade funcional adotada é a quantidade de kcal contida em um kg de filé de peixe. A utilização da metodologia da ACV na produção animal permite uma avaliação quantitativa dos principais impactos ambientais gerados ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, permitindo acompanhar o comportamento ambiental de cada unidade de processo. A piscicultura se mostra como a maior consumidora dos recursos naturais não renováveis e, seu efluente apresenta um maior potencial de acidificação, em relação ao pesque-pague. O pesque-pague, por sua vez, se mostra como o maior consumidor dos recursos naturais renováveis e seu efluente apresenta um maior potencial de eutrofização, ecotoxicidade e de toxicidade humana. O consumo de energia elétrica é, praticamente, equivalente por parte das atividades de piscicultura e pesque-pague. Qualitativamente, avaliaram-se os potencias impactos decorrentes da introdução de espécies exóticas e alóctones, diagnosticando as principais espécies comercializadas nos pesque-pague, presentes na bacia hidrográfica do rio Mogi-Guaçu. Portanto, as atividades de piscicultura e pesque-pague apresentam potenciais de impactos ambientais negativos ao corpo hídrico da região e precisam adotar medidas para reduzi-los, tais como, redução do uso de substâncias químicas e melhoria da qualidade dos alimentos dos peixes. / The challenge to reach the sustainable development has taken the production systems to search a balance among the environmental, economical and social aspects. For the hydraulic resources consumption, the water based activities in Brazil show as economically emergent, but need to include the sustainable aspects in the production. The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the potential impacts in the water caused for the activities of fish production and fishery, located in the region of the water basin of the Mogi-Guaçu river. Among the methodologies of environmental impact assessment, the life cycle assessment (LCA) can be focused, because of its systemic aspect and that\'s why it is applied in this work. For the development of the study of this LCA, the methods used are the Environmental Design of Industrial Products - EDIP, some water characterization methods for the inventory analysis of the LCA and a qualitative analysis of the impacts of the inclusion of fishes which are not from the region studied. The results of this work are structured according the LCA methodology, applied to the fish from fish production and fishery in a study case located at the water basin of the Mogi-Guaçu river. The functional unit is the amount of kcal contained in one kg of filet of fish. The use of the methodology of the LCA in the animal production allows a quantitative evaluation of the main environmental impacts caused by its cycle of life, allowing the monitoring of the environmental behavior of each unit of process. The fish production is the highest consumer of the non renewable resources and its water emissions present the highest potential for acidification. The fishery is the highest consumer of renewable resources and its water emissions present the highest potential for nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity and of human toxicity. The consumption of electric energy is, basically, equal on the activities of fish production and fishery. Qualitatively, it was evaluated the ecological impacts due to the inclusion of fishes which are not from the region studied. Concluding, the activities of fish production and fishery present negative impact potentials for the water quality and some actions should be done to reduce these impacts, as, chemical consumption reductions and a better quality food for the fishes.

Volvo Powertrain i Skövde tillverkar motorer och motorkomponenter som levereras till Volvokoncernens globala fabriker. Gjuteriet är en av flera produktionsprocesser i Skövde och är i dagsläget norra Europas största gjuteri. Här produceras över 100 000 gjutgods varje år i form av cylinderblock, cylinderhuvud och svänghjul. I gjuteriet och framförallt smältverket blir miljöpåverkan och miljökonsekvenser allt viktigare att ta hänsyn till. På sikt vill gjuteriet förbättra produktionsprocesserna ur ett miljöperspektiv och minimera miljöpåverkan. Syftet med examensarbetet är att identifiera fokusområden och parametrar som bidrar till potentiell miljöpåverkan med kombinationen av DES och LCA. Med syftet i åtanke och viljan att analysera miljöpåverkan ur ett processorienterat perspektiv byggdes en lämplig projektmetod fram. Med stöd av relevanta metoder, teoretisk referensram och litteraturstudie utvecklades projektmetoden. Examensarbetet fortlöpte genom att bygga upp en konceptuell modell som grundlade möjligheterna till datainsamling. Utifrån den konceptuella modellen och insamlade data påbörjades uppbyggnaden av simuleringsmodell. Simuleringsmodellen byggdes upp på ett användarvänligt tillvägagångsätt med en integrerad Excel-fil för att enkelt kunna justera indata. Huvudsyftet med simuleringsmodellen är att direkt kunna analysera miljöpåverkan i form av global uppvärmning, försurning och övergödning utifrån automatiskt genererade data. I simuleringsmodellen sammanställs data i en kvantifierad inventeringsanalys som sedan beräknas om med tillhörande potentiella miljöpåverkansfaktorer. En miljökonsekvensanalys sammanställs sedan automatiskt i simuleringsmodellen med möjligheten att exporteras till Excel-fil. I detta examensarbete presenteras analysresultatet över identifierade parametrar i en procentuell fördelning till varandra och i förhållande till vald funktionell enhet. Analysresultatet indikerar var eventuella insatser bör läggas och vidare analyser bör utföras. Resultatet visar att resurstillsatsen koks är en stor bidragande parameter till potentiell miljöpåverkan. Därför bör fokusinsatser och vidare analyser genomföras på koks och eventuella alternativa lösningar identifieras.  Utöver miljökonsekvensanalysen genomfördes en jämförande elektricitetsanalys på ett historiskt och alternativt produktionsscenario i förhållande till den funktionella enheten. Analysen påvisar att det alternativa produktionsscenariot nyttjar 28%-enheter mindre elektricitet i förhållande till den funktionella enheten. / Volvo Powertrain in Skövde manufactures engines and engine components for the Volvo Group's global factories. The foundry is one of the production facilities in Skövde and is the largest foundry in Northern Europe. Over 100 000 castings are produced every year in the form of cylinder blocks, cylinder heads and flywheels. In the foundry and especially the smelter, environmental impacts are becoming significant due to its large energy demand. In the long term, the foundry needs to improve production processes from to minimize its environmental impact. The purpose of the thesis work is to identify focus areas and parameters that contribute to potential environmental impacts with the combination of DES and LCA. An analysing methodology was developed based on a process-oriented perspective. Based on relevant methods, theoretical reference framework and literature study, the project was developed. The thesis work continued by building a conceptual model for data collection. Based on the conceptual model and collected data, the simulation model is developed on an integrated Excel file for easy interface of the input data. The main purpose of the simulation model is to estimate the environmental impacts in terms of global warming, acidification and eutrophication. Two data processes are performed in the simulation model. Firstly, the input data from the conceptual model is compiled into a quantified inventory analysis. Secondly, the quantified inventory results are further categorized into potential environmental impacts, thereafter the results of the assessed environmental impacts are compiled and export to Excel file. The analysis results are presented over identified parameters with regards to the defined functional unit. The results indicate that the usage of coke is the major contributor to potential environmental impact. Therefore, efforts and further analyses should be focus on the usage of coke and identifying alternative solutions. In addition to the environmental impact assessment, a comparative analysis was conducted on a historical and alternative production scenario.  The analysis shows that the alternative production scenario utilizes 28% less electricity compared to the historical scenario.