Metacognition is one of the aims of the Swedish curricula in language teaching. This pilot study focuses on the implementation of this aim in a Swedish high-school. The teachers’ and the pupils’ attitudes towards the pupils’ metacognitive learning strategies and the reasons underpinning these attitudes are examined. The material finding of nine semi-structured interviews, held in a Swedish high-school in language teaching classes of Spanish, French and German, is analyzed with a qualitative method to get an understanding of the situation.The theoretical framework gives an introduction and overview of the actual research on the two key notions for this study: learning strategy and metacognition and related main concepts like cognitive and socio-affective strategies. The literature review shows that metacognitive learning strategies promote the pupils’ autonomy and responsibility in learning a foreign language in a more effective way.The analysis of the empirical material indicates that metacognition is a marginalized topic, although, after explaining them its meaning, both the teachers and the pupils think that it would be important to promote the pupils’ metacognitive learning strategies. However, the teachers emphasize more indirectly and unconsciously on offering different choices to accomplish an exercise than on consciously promoting metacognitive strategies. The main reasons for this were: the lack of time due to large and heterogeneous classes and doubting that most of the pupils could be responsible for their own learning.In cases where pupils had used learning strategies that worked best for them, they had developed these on their own and rarely reflected on them. The work with self-evaluative material like the European Language Portfolio was thought to be a good idea by both teachers and pupils but was not used at this particular school.

本研究基於字彙學習以及字彙學習策略的重要性，探討台灣國中學生使用字彙學習策略的情形。且加入其在字彙學習程度高低的因素，來探討台灣國中學生使用策略之情形。本研究問題有二：第一，台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？最不常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？第二，台灣國中學生字彙學習程度與字彙學習策略之間是否有關聯性？如果有，其關聯性又為何？本研究依據Oxford（1990）的語言學習策略分類標準，測驗某台北市立國中二年級的學生使用字彙學習策略的情形，同時也比較字彙學習程度不同的學生使用這些策略的頻率高低。結果顯示如下：(1)台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略為認知策略，最少使用的字彙學習策略為情意策略。(2)程度高的學生使用字彙學習策略的頻率高於程度低的學生。此研究結果可為英語教師和學習者在字彙教與學方面提供一些參考，讓英語字彙的教學變得更加有效率。 / The study investigates the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies by some junior high school students in Taiwan. The factor of the levels of the students is included. There are two research questions: (1) what are the most commonly used English vocabulary learning strategies among junior high school students in Taiwan? (2) whether the levels of the students are related to the types of vocabulary learning strategies they use? If the answer is “yes”, what relationship it is? The study is based on the language learning strategies in Oxford（1990）. The subjects are some second graders in a junior high school in Taipei. In the study, the researcher compares the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies among students at different vocabulary levels. The result shows that the most commonly used vocabulary strategy among the students is cognitive strategy, and the least commonly used one is affective strategy. Furthermore, the result also shows that higher level students use vocabulary learning strategies more often than lower level students. The researcher hopes that this study could give the English learners some suggestions to make vocabulary learning more effective.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine if questioning can be used as an effective teaching and learning skill to develop learners' higher level thinking in the natural sciences learning area. The types of questions asked by the teachers as well as the different questioning techniques that can be used to provoke the learners' higher level thinking during a learning experience was discussed. The way in which learner questions can be used to encourage student engagement and learning was determine. Questioning as it is used in secondary school was investigated to determine the ways in which it is applied during teaching and learning. The present situation regarding the development and stimulation of learners' questions was determine. The degree to which training and experience determine the teachers application of questioning as an effective teaching and learning skill is investigated by means of a survey. Guidelines to enhance questioning as a skill to develop the learners' higher level thinking was formulated. Method: A literature study was done to investigate the ways in which questioning can be used to enhance the teaching and learning of higher level thinking. Learning strategies, teaching and learning methods and skills to enhance effective higher level thinking was discussed in terms of teaching and learning in the natural sciences. The success rate of teaching and learning can be measure in terms of good questioning and the level of thinking. 'The teaching and learning experience in natural sciences is influenced by the nature of science. The objectives of teaching and learning in the natural sciences is discussed. The empirical data about the grade 8 and grade 11 natural sciences classroom situations was obtained by means of video recordings. These recordings was analysed and coded with a situation analysis instrument developed against the background of the literature study. Empirical research was also undertaken in terms of a survey procedure to obtain the biographical data about the teachers. The empirical data are analysed and discussed in terms of the present situation in use in the natural sciences classrooms. Based on this discussions, guidelines were developed in terms of the proposal of the findings with which to ensure the application of questioning as a teaching and learning skill to enhance the development of learners' higher level thinking in the natural sciences learning area. Core findings: The core findings are, that not enough effort is put to the didactic task of enhancing questioning as an effective teaching and learning skill of learners in the natural sciences. The teachers are confronted with the challenge to make use of spiral questioning to provoke the learners thinking in the classroom situation. Questioning can be used to serve and support the teaching and learning experience. From the empirical data it can be deducted that the teachers in this research group are not trying to enhance, stimulate of provoke learners' questioning. Questioning as practice by the teachers are mostly classified as communication and lower level questions. Furthermore no deduction can be made about the degree to which training and experience determine the teachers application of questioning as an effective teaching and learning skill to enhance the higher level of thinking in the natural sciences learning area. Based on these core findings recommendations are made about the development of higher level thinking to promote deeper understanding of the natural sciences with the aid of questioning as an instructional skill during learning. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Although studies on L2 learning strategies are a major strand of second language research, recent research has shifted its focus onto language learners’ metacognitive awareness and use of strategies. Previous studies shed important light on the amelioration in L2 educational practices, but research on learners’ metacognition in the reading process in EFL contexts remains insufficient, especially at the university level in terms of the emic view of the participants studied in Taiwan. Based on an interpretive stance, this exploratory case study aimed at probing 12 Taiwanese first year university EFL learners’ metacognitive awareness and use of reading strategies during their strategic reading process, and the relationship with proficiency levels and texts of both the narrative and the expository type. This study relies on the think aloud and immediately retrospective protocols of 6 high proficient and 6 low proficient readers as the principal sources of data. The think aloud protocols and the immediately retrospective interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis by means of coding them. Taiwanese first year university EFL readers’ metacognitive awareness and use of reading strategies were then analysed and interpreted from a broad metacognitive perspective within the information processing model in terms of strategy application for reading comprehension problem-solving. The findings revealed that the participants demonstrated an awareness and control of their cognitive activities while reading. The strategies they employed were grouped into the categories of supporting reading strategies (SRSs), cognitive reading strategies (CRSs), and metacognitive reading strategies (MRSs). The study found that these learners’ metacognitive awareness and use of reading strategies in learning to read were closely related to L2 proficiency. The low proficient readers’ unfamiliarity with L2 is a hindrance to their reading comprehension which, in turn, disabled them from using the strategies appropriately and effectively. Furthermore, the high proficient readers outperformed their low proficient counterparts in terms of both the quality and quantity of strategies used. Both groups did not use the same strategy types. The findings also revealed that certain types of reading strategy were used differently due to the texts of the narrative and the expository type across the different ability levels. The existing literature on metacognitive awareness and use of reading strategies in learning to read is discussed and pedagogical implications for teachers of L2 reading are offered. These implications include suggestions made for providing learners with explicit reading and strategy instruction and texts with different structure in relation to strategy use. Finally, the limitations of the current research study and recommendations for further research were stated.

The diploma thesis "Interpersonal Multiple Intelligence and Its Development in B2 English Lessons" focuses on Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences with special emphasis on interpersonal multiple intelligence. The thesis consists of two main sections: theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part introduces the concept of intelligence, the theory of multiple intelligences and interpersonal intelligence. The practical part introduces the research that investigates whether, how and to what extent interpersonal intelligence is developed in B2 English lessons. It consists of two parts: the main part discusses the content analysis of two course books and the second part of the research - the questionnaire - complements findings of the content analysis.

La thèse se concentre sur la recherche de stratégies d'apprentissage dans les lycées vietnamiens quant à la participation aux projets d'apprentissage intégrés à l'enseignement et apprentissage de la science physique dans le cadre d'une éducation au développement durable. Elle développe cinq stratégies principales d'apprentissage dans le cadre d'un scénario de projet de l'exploitation des énergies solaires dans la vie courante, et cela dans trois classes de terminales de différentes écoles. Les résultats de la thèse révèlent de nombreux indices concernant les impacts de l'enseignement par les professeurs sur l'apprentissage de leurs élèves, ainsi que sur les méthodes d'apprentissage mobilisées par les élèves pour la réalisation du projet dans un contexte où ils doivent jumeler ce projet avec leurs cours courants sur la classe. Ces résultats sont analysés et nous aident à proposer des suggestions afin d'améliorer le déploiement des projets intégrés à l'enseignement/apprentissage des disciplines scolaires ainsi qu'à augmenter l'efficacité de l'éducation au développement durable dans le contexte scolaire. / The research focuses on student learning strategies in project based learning in context of sustainability education through secondary physics education in Vietnam. The intervention about a learning scenario for the grade-12 student project on solar energy at three different high schools has resulted in five possible learning strategies. In addition, the research outcome shed light on the relation between how the teacher implemented the project design and student achievements as well as how the student struggled with classroom activities and group-based assignments to fulfill their projects. Based on these results, the application of project based learning is suggested to change for more effective student learning and better sustainability education in the school.

Notre thèse porte sur les élèves nouvellement arrivés en France. Il s’agit, plus précisément, de comprendre comment ces élèves s’intègrent dans les établissements scolaires français et selon quel parcours. Ainsi, cette étude se base principalement sur l’analyse des discours de treize élèves concernant leur apprentissage et leur vécu scolaire. Elle s’appuie également sur les représentations que se font ces élèves de leur apprentissage scolaire, de l’apprentissage de la langue française, d’eux- mêmes, des autres (les élèves français, les professeurs) et du contexte dans lequel ils apprennent le français. Par ailleurs, nous avons souhaité comprendre la place des langues premières des élèves dans les apprentissages scolaires. Le lien entre langue et identité a depuis longtemps été démontré par les chercheurs de différentes disciplines et de ce fait il nous a semblé indispensable d’y apporter une attention particulière. Nous avons ainsi essayé de comprendre à partir d’un projet basé sur les notions de multilittératie et de multimodalité portant sur l’autobiographie, en quoi la prise en compte de la langue première des élèves leur permet de mieux progresser dans l’apprentissage du français et les apprentissages en général. Nous avons aussi réfléchi aux apports d’une telle démarche sur le plan de la reconstruction identitaire de ces élèves. Pour tenter de répondre à notre problématique de départ, à savoir comment ces élèves s’intègrent à l’école française, nous avons souhaité également interroger d’une part le regard de l’institution scolaire à travers les témoignages de trois professeurs, de trois chefs d’établissements, et de deux inspecteurs et d’autre part le regard familial à partir des témoignages de neuf parents. Ainsi, cette étude est réalisée dans le but de contribuer à un ensemble de travaux sur la problématique de la migration en contexte scolaire et de proposer une meilleure compréhension des enjeux éducatifs actuels dans notre société mondialisée. / Our thesis focuses on newcomer students in France and aims at understanding how these students integrate into French schools and exploring the educational paths they tread. Thus, this study is based mainly on the analysis of the discourse of thirteen students concerning their learning and their school experiences. It is also based on the representations that these students have of themselves, others (French students, teachers), their learning in general, their learning of the French language in particular and the context in which this learning takes place. Our thesis also focuses on the students’ first languages and their role in the learning process. The link between language and identity has long been established by researchers from different disciplines. Therefore, we have tried to understand, through an autobiographical project based on the notions of multiliteracy and multimodality, how the first languages of the students can be taken into consideration in order to help them progress in both the learning of French and learning in general. We also considered the significance of such an approach in the reconstruction of these students' identities. Furthermore, in response to our initial question regarding how these students integrate into the French education system, we investigated two complementary perspectives: that of the institution through interviews with three teachers, three heads of school and two inspectors and that of the students’ families through questioning nine parents. The aim of this study is to contribute to the body of research on the role of migration in the French educational context and to provide a better understanding of the current educational challenges facing our globalized society.

Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome are entering institutions of higher education at an increasing rate. However, they may not be prepared to meet the academic and social demands of the postsecondary environment. Although studies have evaluated the impact of academic and social interventions for children and adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome, little research has been conducted on the college population. The current study utilized a multiple baseline across participants design to evaluate the effectiveness of a writing learning strategy on the writing performance of three college students with Asperger’s Syndrome. Results indicated that the quality of the writing performance improved following strategy instruction. In addition, participants were able to generalize the use of the strategy to content specific writing tasks. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

No ensino centrado no aluno, o foco da instrução é transferido do professor para o estudante. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar os efeitos do ambiente proporcionado em uma disciplina de Bioquímica para expectativas, motivação, estratégias de aprendizagem, avaliação da eficiência do ensino, participação, frequência e desempenho. Nesse cenário, são utilizadas duas principais dinâmicas: período de estudo (PE) e grupo de discussão (GD). A coleta dos dados envolveu a aplicação de questionários, testes de desempenho e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados reuniu as abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa. Os resultados obtidos para expectativas e atendimento das expectativas mostraram predomínio do nível mais alto da escala de Likert para todas as afirmações sobre aspectos gerais e método de ensino. A comparação entre estes instrumentos indicou que a maioria dos alunos teve suas expectativas atendidas ou superadas na disciplina de Bioquímica. Além disso, verificou-se que as expectativas para carga de trabalho foram maiores do que a carga de trabalho percebida e as expectativas de desempenho também foram maiores do que o desempenho efetivo na disciplina. Os resultados sobre motivação indicaram que a disciplina contribuiu para os alunos apresentarem valores altos para motivação intrínseca, autoeficácia, estratégias de aprendizagem ativa e valor da aprendizagem científica. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que os alunos estavam mais ou igualmente motivados na disciplina de Bioquímica quando em comparação a outras disciplinas do primeiro ano. Os padrões obtidos evidenciam o papel do PE e GD para estimular a participação ativa e autônoma dos alunos e contribuir para que eles se mantivessem motivados e engajados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Em relação às estratégias de aprendizagem, os resultados indicaram que as estratégias colaborativas foram efetivas para aprender Bioquímica: foram frequentes e tiveram avaliação positiva as estratégias de explicação para o grupo e discussão. As respostas sobre a eficiência do ensino mostraram que 80% dos estudantes acharam que o ensino foi eficiente. Nos resultados sobre a participação e frequência verificou-se que a maioria indicou altos valores para essas variáveis, porém mais de 25% assinalaram participação menor ou igual a 5 (escala 1-10) e 32% apresentaram número elevado de faltas. Este é um dado relevante porque a falta em uma disciplina com método ativo exclui a oportunidade de colaborar com os pares. A principal justificativa para a baixa assiduidade foi a sobrecarga de trabalho gerada por outras disciplinas. Em relação ao desempenho, 37% dos estudantes foram reprovados, porcentagem maior do que em anos anteriores. Para entender os motivos que resultaram no desempenho insatisfatório, comparou-se os grupos de aprovados e reprovados em função das variáveis investigadas nesta pesquisa. Os resultados revelaram que os estudantes que tiveram alta participação e/ou alta frequência apresentaram maior desempenho do que aqueles que tiveram baixa participação e/ou baixa frequência. Entrevistas realizadas para compreender com mais detalhes o baixo desempenho destes alunos permitiram confirmar os padrões da análise quantitativa: a sobrecarga de créditos comprometeu a participação e frequência dos alunos em Bioquímica. A apreciação conjunta dos resultados confirmou o efeito positivo dessa abordagem inovadora para as variáveis investigadas, apesar de influência significativa de fatores externos. / On student-centered teaching, the focus is shifted from the teacher to the student. The purpose of this survey was to verify the effects of the environment provided on a Biochemistry course for expectations, motivation, learning strategies, evaluation of the teaching efficiency, participation, attendance and performance. In this scenario, two core dynamics are applied: study periods (SP) and discussion groups (DG). The data gathering involved the use of questionnaires, performance tests and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis gathered both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results obtained for expectations and meeting of expectations showed prominence of the highest level of the Likert scale for all statements on general aspects and teaching method. The comparison between these instruments indicated that most students had their expectations met or exceeded in the Biochemistry course. Not only that, it was verified that the expectations for workload were greater than the perceived workload and the expectations of performance were also greater than the effective performance in the course. The results on motivation indicated that the course contributed to the students´ high levels of intrinsic motivation, self-efficiency, active learning strategies and the value of scientific learning. In addition, it was verified that the students were more or equally motivated on the Biochemistry course compared to other courses in the first year. The patterns obtained show the role of SP and DG in stimulating the active and autonomous participation of the students and contributing to their continued motivation and interest in the process of teaching and learning. Regarding the learning strategies, the results indicated that the collaborative strategies were effective in learning Biochemistry: the strategies of explanation for the group and discussion were frequent and well received. The responses on teaching efficiency showed that 80% of the students thought the teaching was efficient. The results for participation and attendance showed that the majority had high levels for those variables, however more than 25% indicated participation less than or equal to 5 (in a 1-10 scale) and 32% presented a high rate of absenteeism. This is a relevant data because absenteeism in a course with active methods excludes the opportunity to collaborate with peers. The main justification for the low participation is the work overload generated by other courses. Regarding performance, 37% of the students failed, a higher percentage than in previous years. In order to understand the reasons that resulted in the subpar performance, a comparison was made between the approved and unapproved group in regard to the variables investigated in this survey. The results revealed that the students with high participation and/or high attendance displayed higher performance than those with low participation and/or low attendance. Interviews held to understand in greater detail the poor performance of these students made possible to confirm the patterns of quantitative analysis: the classes overload compromised the participation and attendance of students in Biochemistry course. The joint assessment of the results confirmed the positive effect of this innovative approach to the investigated variables, despite the significant influence of external factors.

This qualitative research study examined developmental reading instructors' reported use of metacognitive reading strategies as well as what other approaches they used to improve and increase the reading comprehension of their struggling adult readers. The researcher collected data using two interviews per participant and document analyses. Although studies have deemed metacognitive reading strategies effective in increasing the reading comprehension of struggling readers, the results indicated that the participants did not typically instruct their struggling adult readers in the use of metacognitive reading strategies. The implications for the study were related to instructional practice in developmental reading courses, policy changes, and struggling readers. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection