The aim of the Master thesis is to depict the first application of International Financial Reporting Standard in the company that reports under Czech Accounting System. The aim is to describe each accounting systems on theoretical basis and deduct differences between them. Subsequently, the application of IFRSs is carried out on the practical level with the cooperation of the company IPB Invest, a.s. The primary goal is the conversion of financial statements based on the IFRS requirements. The attention is given to the technical implementation of financial statement conversion. The main business of the company is rendering of financial lease services. Therefore, the conversion in particular relates to accounting treatment of financial leases under IAS 17. The outcome are financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.

The master thesis is focused on revenue recognition according to both the Czech accounting legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards. The introduction is devoted to the general description of the Czech legislation regarding accounting provisions and also brief description of IFRS is provided. An analysis of the Czech accounting regulation of revenue recognition follows and it is continuously confronted with the IFRS. Based on this comparison, appropriate improvement proposals to the Czech accounting legislation are made. This analytical part is divided into several parts such as measurement of revenue, recognition of revenue, presentation and disclosure, revenue from contracts with customers and revenue from leases. Final part devotes to the harmonization process in the EU and world (convergence between IFRS and US GAAP).

This diploma thesis is focused on new standard IFRS 16 Leases and on new US GAAP codification ASC 842 Leases. It compares basic principles from old and new regulation. In the second part it analyzes impacts of transition to new accounting rules through comparing real accounting statements of three companies, issued in compliance with IAS 17 or ASC 840, with statements adjusted for impacts of new accounting standards.

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All premises are covered by a lease which governs the rights and obligations between landlord and tenant. Contracts can be designed in different ways, but to develop a contract that takes all possible outcomes into account is basically impossible. One can still in various ways make contracts as clear as possible. One area which often causes problem of boundaries is maintenance of interior surface layers, and this is the problem that this thesis focuses on. We have studied this issue at the National Property Board (SFV) by looking at seven museums. As a landlord, SFV is strongly tied to many of their tenants because of the special facilities they manage. Because many of the tenants of SFV are strongly tied to the premises that the business is conducted in, the ability to terminate the contract is limited for both parties. It makes the relationship with the tenants extremely important since it is long-term. Even tenants cherish the relationship with SFV and short-term conflicts are rare. There is simply a lot of value in avoiding conflicts and disputes are often solved by compromises. To regulate the responsibilities and provide clarity between SFV and their tenants SFV uses detailed demarcation lists. It has been shown that these lists are rarely used because of its length and incalculability. Our judgment is that because both parties care so much about having a good relationship, they will perform their obligations, which means that such detailed demarcation lists are not necessary. Our recommendation is instead a shorter, more general list, which we believe would simplify the situation, both for SFV and their tenants. / Alla lokaler omfattas av ett hyreskontrakt som reglerar rättigheter och skyldigheter mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd. Kontrakten kan utformas på olika sätt men att ta fram ett kontrakt som tar hänsyn till alla möjliga utfall är i princip omöjligt. Man kan ändå på olika sätt försöka göra kontrakten så tydliga som möjligt. Något som ofta ställer till gränsdragningsproblem är underhåll av inre ytskikt, och det är denna problematik som detta examensarbete fokuserar på. Vi har studerat denna problematik hos Statens fastighetsverk (SFV) utifrån att titta på sju museer. Som hyresvärd är SFV starkt bundna till många av sina hyresgäster på grund av de speciella lokaler de förvaltar. Eftersom många av SFVs hyresgäster är knutna till den lokal som verksamheten bedrivs i, är möjligheten att säga upp kontraktet begränsat för båda parter. Det gör att relationen med hyresgästerna är oerhört viktig, då den är minst sagt långsiktig. Även hyresgästerna värnar om relationen med SFV och kortsiktiga konflikter är ovanliga. Det finns helt enkelt ett stort värde i att hålla sams och eventuella konflikter löses ofta genom kompromisser. För att reglera ansvarsfördelningen och skapa tydlighet mellan SFV och hyresgästerna använder sig SFV av detaljrika gränsdragningslistor. Det har dock visat sig att dessa listor sällan används i praktiken på grund av sin längd och oöverskådlighet. Vår bedömning är att eftersom parterna är så måna om sin relation, kommer de att sköta sina åtaganden vilket gör att så detaljerade gränsdragningslistor inte är nödvändiga. Vårrekommendation är istället en kortare, mer generell lista, vilket vi tror skulle förenkla både för SFV och deras hyresgäster.

”Den efterfrågan som e-handeln driver på idag går stick i stäv med oss fastighetsägare. Då de har ett temporärt behov av något som ska stå väldigt länge.” - Matthias Kettelhoit, NREP I takt med digitaliseringens framfart har detaljhandeln på senare tid genomgått stora förändringar, där framförallt förändrade konsumentbeteenden varit drivkraften till att detaljhandelsaktörer tvingats anpassa sina affärsmodeller. Vidare har nya trender vuxit fram inom detaljhandeln och antalet e-handelsbolag ökat kraftigt. Detta gör att det ställs nya krav på fastighetsägare, inte minst på hyresmarknaden inom lager- och logistiksegmentet, där de traditionellt sett långa hyresavtalen nu utmanas av hyresgästers efterfrågan på flexibla hyresförhållanden. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda hur fastighetsägare kan möta denna efterfrågan. Den metod som låg till grund för genomförandet av studien var en kvalitativ metod, där semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med fastighetsägare, e-handelsaktörer samt en tredjepartslogistiker. Studien visade på att e-handeln är drivkraften till att moderna lager och flexibla hyresförhållanden eftersöks av hyresgäster. Den slutsats som kunde dras är att det skiljer sig mellan stora och små e-handelsaktörer i vilken typ av flexibilitet som eftersöks. För att fastighetsägare ska kunna möta efterfrågan på flexibilitet från större e-handelsaktörer blir erbjudandet av expansionsmöjligheter ytterst avgörande. Dessutom är, av denna studie att döma, den noterade efterfrågan på korta hyresavtal en reaktion på bristen på ytflexibilitet inom segmentet. Vidare kan det komma att krävas en implementering av nya hyresmodeller för att fastighetsägare bättre ska kunna möta nystartade och små e-handelsaktörers efterfrågan på flexibilitet. I denna studie lyftes en omsättningsbaserad hyresmodell fram, vilken skulle kunna implementeras av fastighetsägare som ett försök i att kunna attrahera denna målgrupp och på så vis kunna erhålla större marknadsandelar av e-handeln. / "The demand that e-commerce is giving rise to today is contradictive to us property owners. Because e-commerce companies have a temporary need of something that will last for a very long time." - Matthias Kettelhoit, NREP The continuous development of digitalization as well as the growing e-commerce have profoundly changed the retail industry, where shifts in consumer behavior in particular has been one of the driving forces for retailers to adapt their business models. The rise of new retail trends and the number of e-commerce companies has increased significantly. This imposes new demands on property owners, not least on the rental market in the warehouse and logistics segment, where the traditionally long leases now are being challenged by tenants' demand for flexible rental conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate how property owners can meet this demand. The method chosen for the study was a qualitative method, where semi-structured interviews were conducted with property owners, e-commerce companies and a third-party logistics provider. The study showed that the rapidly increasing e-commerce is a driving force for modern warehouses and flexible leasing conditions being sought by tenants. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that there is a difference in what large and small e-commerce companies define as valuable flexible leasing conditions. In order for property owners to meet the demand for flexibility from large e-commerce companies, offering of expansion opportunities will be crucial. Moreover, the study shows that the noted demand for short leases is merely a response to the lack of space flexibility within the segment. To further add, it may be necessary to implement new rental models in order for property owners to better meet the demand for flexibility from startups and small e-commerce companies. In an attempt to attract this target group, a revenue-based rental model was brought up for discussion in this paper as a way for property owners to gain greater market share of e-commerce.

When standards for financial reporting are amended, potential for change in the appearance of financial position for companies reporting under those standards arises. Currently standards set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) allow for two methods of reporting lease obligations on the financial statements. The first of these methods is the operating method, which allows lease payments to be expensed within the period they are incurred and only a decrease in cash or an increase in an account payable is recognized on the balance sheet. The second method is the capital method, which requires the present value of the future lease payments to be recognized on the balance sheet as an asset and a corresponding liability. Both are reduced annually through depreciation and lease payments respectively. The FASB has recently proposed discontinuing the operating method of reporting a lease obligation and allowing only for the capital method to be used. The objective of this study is to examine some of the changes in appearance of financial position that might be brought on by this potential change in reporting standards. The airline industry has been selected to illustrate the effects of capitalizing future operating lease payments on the balance sheet. These future payments under operating leases for companies within the industry are capitalized using two different methods of depreciation. The companies are then ranked in order of proximity to an industry average for eight well known financial ratios. The rankings for each treatment on a given ratio are compared and differences between the expensed ranking and each capitalized ranking are measured and discussed.

This thesis aims to find an optimal method for the creation and evaluation of the investment and use this method in the analysis of a specific investment objective. Was chosen option to acquire an investment bank loan with 30% participation and recovery time of three, respectively. four years, finance lease with a 30% repayment of outstanding recovery time also with three, respectively. four years, own resources. Other variants were designed alternative to hiring a car transport and rental vehicles through operating leases. Based on the discounted cash flow is optimal variant chartered transport. Acquisition of investments (new vehicles) is disadvantageous for the company.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Camargo_de_Araujo.pdf: 1419615 bytes, checksum: 04437bc693cc68941fc575a3a1679938 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-10-08 / The leasing has presented a significant growth in the participant countries of the Mercosul, especially in Brazil and Argentina. Aiming at the presentation of a comparative degree of the practiced forms of leasing in each on of the countries, initially, a revision of literature concerning the pertinent subjects to the theme was developed. By this way, the systemization of the bibliographical revision of this study was looked, as a form to discourse, resume and significantly, the financial system in each one of the countries, as well as its respective society of leasing and its peculiar characteristcs. From the confrontation of the revisions, in that it refers to the aspects of the Brazilian and Argentine leasing, the elaboration of a mathematical model became possible, used in the loans amortization. The study is finished with the presentation of a study of cases that makes possible the illustration and validation of the information presented in this research / O Arrendamento Mercantil tem apresentado um crescimento significativo nos pa??ses participantes do Mercosul, especialmente no Brasil e na Argentina. Visando a apresenta????o de um comparativo das formas de leasing praticadas em cada um dos pa??ses desenvolveu-se, inicialmente, uma revis??o da literatura acerca dos assuntos pertinentes ao tema. Desta forma, procurou-se sistematizar a revis??o bibliogr??fica deste estudo, de forma a discorrer, sucinta e significativamente, o sistema financeiro em cada um dos pa??ses, bem como suas respectivas sociedades de arrendamento mercantil e suas caracter??sticas peculiares. A partir da confronta????o das revis??es, no que tange aos aspectos do leasing brasileiro e argentino, tornou-se poss??vel a elabora????o de um modelo matem??tico, utilizado nos empr??stimos com amortiza????o.O estudo ?? finalizado com a apresenta????o de um estudo de casos que possibilita a ilustra????o e valida????o das informa????es apresentadas nesta pesquisa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olyr_Bortolatti_Junior.pdf: 701928 bytes, checksum: acecd891587c71274dcfde6dc6ab6740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-04 / The main purpose of this work was to analyze the development of the operating lease companies in Brazil through an exploratory qualitative research next to 12 financial categories of financial institutions: independent institutions, institutions linked to financial conglomerates and institutions linked to industrial conglomerates. The chosen research tool aimed to study the critical factors present in the strategy of these financial institutions in the current context of the Brazilian financial market according to two dimensions: technology renewal and competitive strategy. The results showed that the development of the operating lease companies is in its initial phase, however they present operating financial institutions with high level of specialization and diversifie business management and operational structure patterns. As a final result, it was verified that, currently, the operating lease companies emphasize mainly the financing of equipment with high level of obsolescence when they focus, on their strategies, the potencial of the demand of the multinational companies and the large national groups that incorporate the concept of usage and not purchase of these assets, thus potentializing the increase in the businesses of these financial institutions. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento da ind??stria de leasing operacional no Brasil, por meio de uma pesquisa explorat??ria de car??ter qualitativo junto a 12 agentes atuantes nesta modalidade dentro de um universo de 40 agentes atuando na ind??stria de leasing. Identifica tr??s categorias de agentes atuantes: agentes independentes, agentes ligados aos conglomerados financeiros e agentes ligados aos conglomerados industriais. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado visou estudar os fatores cr??ticos presentes na estrat??gia destes agentes no contexto atual do mercado financeiro brasileiro, segundo duas dimens??es: renova????o tecnol??gica e estrat??gia competitiva. Os resultados demonstram que o desenvolvimento da ind??stria de leasing operacional encontra-se em fase inicial, mas apresentando agentes atuantes com alto grau de especializa????o e diversificadas formas de gest??o de neg??cios e estrutura operacional. Como resultados finais, constata-se que a ind??stria de leasing operacional enfatiza neste est??gio, principalmente o financiamento de equipamentos de alto grau de obsolesc??ncia, ao focar em suas estrat??gias o potencial da demanda de empresas multinacionais e grandes grupos nacionais que incorporam o conceito de uso e n??o de compra destes ativos, potencializando o incremento dos neg??cios destes agentes.