Emulsion-based delivery systems offer many potential benefits for incorporating omega-3 oils into foods and beverages. Nanoemulsions are emulsion-based delivery systems that are gaining popularity because of their ease of preparation, small particle size, relatively high stability, high bioavailability, and production of optically transparent emulsions. Fish oil (FO) nanoemulsions are potentially more susceptible to lipid oxidation because of their high degree of lipid unsaturation, high surface area of exposed lipids, and greater light penetration. In the first study, spontaneous emulsification, a low-energy method, was used to fabricate FO nanoemulsions. The influence of surfactant-to-oil-ratio (SOR) on particle size, turbidity, and physical stability was evaluated. Furthermore, the oxidative stability of these nanoemulsions was compared to emulsions produced by microfluidizer, a high-energy method. The effect of particle size and SOR on oxidation was monitored by measuring lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Optically transparent nanoemulsions were formed and maintained physical stability after being held at 37 °C for 14 days. FO nanoemulsions produced by high- and low-energy methods had similar oxidative stabilities at 55 °C for 14 days. These results demonstrate that spontaneous emulsification can produce fish oil nanoemulsion that are physically stable and oxidize at similar rates as traditionally prepared nanoemulsions, and are therefore potentially suitable for fortification of clear food systems. Additionally, carrier oils can also impact the physical and oxidative stability of FO nanoemulsions. Medium chain triglycerides, lemon oil, and thyme oil were chosen as carrier oils and added to the oil phase at different ratios of FO to carrier oil for emulsions produced by the microfluidizer. Medium chain triglycerides and lemon oil produced stable FO nanoemulsions but the thyme oil only produced stable FO nanoemulsions at lower concentrations of carrier oil. On the other hand, at FO to carrier oil ratios of 75/25, lemon oil and thyme oil nanoemulsions had high oxidative stability because of natural of their antioxidants. These findings suggest that lemon oil and thyme oil can produce FO nanoemulsions that are physically and chemically stable and can be used for food system fortification.

En este trabajo, además de las determinaciones habituales de características físico-químicas del aceite esencial de limón, se introducen las de color mediante el colorímetro digital, y de densidad, mediante densímetro electrónico. El estudio gascromatográfico, para determinar el orden de elución característico, se realiza en columnas capilares de sílice fundida: OV-101 apolar, CPWax-52-CB muy polar y HP-5 ligeramente polar. Comparando los resultados se logra la identificación de setenta y cuatro componentes, ya que son complementarias en cuanto a separación de algunos de ellos. Así mismo, se determinan las condiciones cromatográficas que mejoran la resolución.Se observan las evoluciones de los distintos componentes durante la campaña de elaboración, relacionando constituyentes mayoritarios y minoritarios. Se fijan los valores máximos y mínimos encontrados para los distintos componentes y los porcentajes por grupos funcionales para el aceite esencial de limón español. La aportación para elaborar su norma de calidad presenta gran importancia tecnológica y económica. / In this work, we determine the common parameters of the physic and chemical properties of the essential oil of lemon, as well as it is introduced the colour determination by a digital colorimeter and the density by a electrical densitymeter, in addition to this we studied the characteristic elution order in a different polarity silica fussed capillary columns (Ov-101 nonpolar, CPWax-52-CB polar and HP-5 slightly polar) by gaschromatography. Due to the columns complementarity it was possible identify seventy four components.The chromatographic conditions, which give us the best resolution are indicated. The changes of the different compounds in Lemon oil during one whole year are observed. Relationship between majority and minority components are deduced for Spanish essential lemon oil. The max and min. compound values and functional groups standard percentages are also determinate

Submitted by VIVIANE GUIMARÃES ANDRADE PIRES null (vivianegapires@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T16:49:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação biblioteca.pdf: 2767943 bytes, checksum: e1fe76be3e152e585f291052742442f4 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-07T16:47:18Z (GMT) / Submitted by VIVIANE GUIMARÃES ANDRADE PIRES null (vivianegapires@gmail.com) on 2016-04-25T17:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação biblioteca.pdf: 2807473 bytes, checksum: 9205f63bafbbda40096d32b67f1dc42b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-26T19:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_vga_me_ilha.pdf: 2807473 bytes, checksum: 9205f63bafbbda40096d32b67f1dc42b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T19:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_vga_me_ilha.pdf: 2807473 bytes, checksum: 9205f63bafbbda40096d32b67f1dc42b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Filmes compostos por uma matriz de alginato de sódio incorporados com nanoemulsões do óleo de limão, copaíba e melaleuca foram produzidos e caracterizados neste trabalho. Para isso, foram obtidas partículas de nanoemulsão com tamanhos que variaram entre 67 – 277 nm. Os filmes foram produzidos com o auxílio de um planejamento fatorial 23, onde houve a variação no tamanho de partícula de nanoemulsão, na concentração de alginato (2% m/v e 3% m/v) e na temperatura de secagem (temperatura ambiente e 45 °C). Depois de obtidos, os filmes passaram por uma avaliação subjetiva, sendo classificados segundo sua homogeneidade, continuidade e manuseabilidade, tornando possível, escolher as melhores condições de filmes a serem caracterizados. Através da análise de permeabilidade de vapor de água (WVP) verificou-se que os filmes de alginato de sódio incorporados com nanoemulsões do óleo de limão, copaíba e melaleuca tornaram mais permeáveis ao vapor de água do que o filme controle de alginato de sódio. Isso ocorreu, por causa da forte interação das nanoemulsões com a matriz de alginato causadas pelas ligações de hidrogênio. Nas análises de TG e DSC foi possível comprovar essas interações, pela analise da temperatura de degradação (Td) e da temperatura de pico endotérmico (TPE) dos filmes, onde foi possível observar a estabilidade térmica dos filmes após a incorporação das nanoemulsões. A análise mecânica mostrou a influência da presença de nanoemulsões e do seu tamanho de partícula nos valores de tensão, porcentagem de elongação e no módulo de elasticidade dos filmes. Através das imagens produzidas por MEV foi possível observar as diferentes morfologias dos filmes quando incorporado diferentes partícula de nanoemulsões. / Were produced and characterized in this work films consisted of by a matrix of sodium alginate where nanoemulsions of oils of lemon, copaiba and tea tree were incorporated. Were produced nanoemulsion particles with sizes between 67 – 277 nm. The films were produced using a factorial planning 23, where there was a variation in the size of the nanoemulsion particles, alginate concentration (2% m/v e 3% m/v) and drying temperature (room temperature and 45 °C). The films had a subjective evaluation and were classified according to their homogeneity, continuity and manageability. With this was possible to choose the best conditions for the production of the films which were able to be characterized. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) analysis show that the films of sodium alginate incorporated with nanoemulsions of oils of lemon, copaiba and tea tree were more permeable to water vapor than the sodium alginate control films due to strong interaction to the nanoemulsions with alginate matrix caused by hydrogen bonds. TG and DSC analysis showed these interactions, through the degradation temperature (Td) and the endothermic peak temperature (TPE) of the films, where it was possible to observe the thermal stability of the films after the incorporation of nanoemulsions. Mechanical analysis showed the influence of nanoemulsions and its particle size in the tensile stress value, percentage elongation and elastic modulus of the films. The images produced by SEM showed the different morphologies of the films when incorporated with different particle nanoemulsions. / CNPq: 132356/2014-7

Orientador: Marcia Regina de Moura Aouada / Resumo: Filmes compostos por uma matriz de alginato de sódio incorporados com nanoemulsões do óleo de limão, copaíba e melaleuca foram produzidos e caracterizados neste trabalho. Para isso, foram obtidas partículas de nanoemulsão com tamanhos que variaram entre 67 – 277 nm. Os filmes foram produzidos com o auxílio de um planejamento fatorial 23, onde houve a variação no tamanho de partícula de nanoemulsão, na concentração de alginato (2% m/v e 3% m/v) e na temperatura de secagem (temperatura ambiente e 45 °C). Depois de obtidos, os filmes passaram por uma avaliação subjetiva, sendo classificados segundo sua homogeneidade, continuidade e manuseabilidade, tornando possível, escolher as melhores condições de filmes a serem caracterizados. Através da análise de permeabilidade de vapor de água (WVP) verificou-se que os filmes de alginato de sódio incorporados com nanoemulsões do óleo de limão, copaíba e melaleuca tornaram mais permeáveis ao vapor de água do que o filme controle de alginato de sódio. Isso ocorreu, por causa da forte interação das nanoemulsões com a matriz de alginato causadas pelas ligações de hidrogênio. Nas análises de TG e DSC foi possível comprovar essas interações, pela analise da temperatura de degradação (Td) e da temperatura de pico endotérmico (TPE) dos filmes, onde foi possível observar a estabilidade térmica dos filmes após a incorporação das nanoemulsões. A análise mecânica mostrou a influência da presença de nanoemulsões e do seu tamanho de partícula nos valor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Were produced and characterized in this work films consisted of by a matrix of sodium alginate where nanoemulsions of oils of lemon, copaiba and tea tree were incorporated. Were produced nanoemulsion particles with sizes between 67 – 277 nm. The films were produced using a factorial planning 23, where there was a variation in the size of the nanoemulsion particles, alginate concentration (2% m/v e 3% m/v) and drying temperature (room temperature and 45 °C). The films had a subjective evaluation and were classified according to their homogeneity, continuity and manageability. With this was possible to choose the best conditions for the production of the films which were able to be characterized. Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) analysis show that the films of sodium alginate incorporated with nanoemulsions of oils of lemon, copaiba and tea tree were more permeable to water vapor than the sodium alginate control films due to strong interaction to the nanoemulsions with alginate matrix caused by hydrogen bonds. TG and DSC analysis showed these interactions, through the degradation temperature (Td) and the endothermic peak temperature (TPE) of the films, where it was possible to observe the thermal stability of the films after the incorporation of nanoemulsions. Mechanical analysis showed the influence of nanoemulsions and its particle size in the tensile stress value, percentage elongation and elastic modulus of the films. The images produced by SEM showed the different morpholog... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre