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The Importance of Cover for Juvenile Rainbow Trout in Lentic Systems: Field Observations and an Experimental Study on PredationTabor, Roger Allen 01 May 1990 (has links)
Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked into mid-elevation reservoirs in Utah are vulnerable to predation from piscivorous fish and birds. I determined how effectively juvenile trout used cover to avoid these predators by (1) direct observations (snorkel transects) of habitat selection in two reservoirs and (2) measurements of survival and growth rates in a pond experiment where adult brown trout Salmo trutta were predators. Observations of juvenile trout were conducted within five weeks of stocking in 1988 and 1989. During the day, juvenile trout were abundant in complex inshore habitats and avoided simple habitats such as sand and gravel. Measurements of gut fullness indicated that juvenile trout fed during the day but not during the night. Large Daphnia comprised more than 95% of the diet of juvenile trout. Because large Daphnia were often higher offshore than inshore in both reservoirs, selection of inshore cover is believed to be primarily a response to reduce predation risk. At night, trout in both reservoirs selected more exposed areas and rested on the bottom. In the pond experiment, the presence of brown trout significantly increased mortality of juvenile trout, decreased their growth rates, and caused them to avoid offshore areas. The presence of cover significantly decreased predation rates but did not affect growth of the juvenile trout.
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DIVERSIDADE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE COMUNIDADES DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS AQUÁTICOS EM ARROZAIS IRRIGADOS DE DUAS REGIÕES GEOMORFOLÓGICAS NO SUL DO BRASIL / DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN RICE PADDIES IRRIGATION TWO GEOMORPHOLOGICAL REGIONS IN SOUTHERN BRAZILSecretti, Elisangela 16 March 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wide spatial scales of analysis in studies conducted in natural wetlands tend to present the greatest contributions to the total diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates, because they include macrovariables such as hydrographic basins and different types of aquatic systems. However, for agroecosystems such as rice fields (usually converted wetlands), the knowledge on the variation of these communities diversity along wide spatial scales is still scarce, therefore hindering conservationist actions. In this study, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled in January 2012 in irrigated rice fields from two geomorphological regions (Planície Costeira and Depressão Central), in southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state). Four hierarchical spatial scales of analysis sample, rice field, rice area and geomorphological region were analyzed through the additive partitioning of diversity method. Estimated richness was similar between the studied geomorphological regions and rice areas. However, composition and, specially, dominant and indicator taxa varied between regions, mainly in the wider scales of analysis (regions and rice areas). Mean values of variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and water temperature had greater variation between rice areas, influencing differences between communities in this scale. Differences in accumulated precipitation and mean air temperature between geomorphological regions had strong influence on communities variation. The additive partitioning method showed that the diversity variation was significantly higher than the expected by chance in among rice areas (β3) and among geomorphological regions (β4) scales. However, the percentual contribution of these scales for total diversity (γ) was lower than that of among rice fields scale (β2), due to the influence of differences in management practices and growth stages of the rice plant on macroinvertebrate communties. Although climatic differences strongly affected macroinvertebrate community structure from different geomorphological regions, the enviromental homogeneization and simplification promoted by this agroecosystem interfered in community diversity variation at regional scale. In general, differentiated management practices for each rice field were the most determinant factors for the diversity and special distribution of the aquatic macroinvertebrates communities. / Em áreas úmidas naturais, escalas espaciais mais amplas de análise, que abarcam macrovariáveis como bacia hidrográfica e tipo de sistema aquático, tendem a apresentar as maiores contribuições para a diversidade total das comunidades aquáticas. Contudo, em agroecossistemas como arrozais (usualmente áreas úmidas convertidas), o conhecimento sobre a variação da diversidade destas comunidades ao longo de amplas escalas espaciais ainda é escasso e pouco compreendido, prejudicando ações conservacionistas. No presente estudo, comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos foram amostrados, em janeiro de 2012, em arrozais irrigados de duas regiões geomorfológicas (Planície Costeira e Depressão Central), no extremo sul do Brasil (estado do Rio Grande do Sul). Quatro escalas espaciais hierarquizadas - em ordem crescente: amostra, arrozal, área e região geomorfológica - foram utilizadas para análise. A riqueza estimada foi similar entre regiões geomorfológicas e áreas estudadas, contudo a composição e, especialmente, os táxons dominantes e indicadores variaram entre as regiões, principalmente na maior escala. Valores médios de variáveis como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e temperatura da água variaram mais entre as áreas de estudo, influenciando diferenças entre as comunidades nesta escala. Diferenças nos valores de precipitação acumulada e temperatura média do ar nas duas regiões tiveram forte influência nas variações das comunidades. O método da partição aditiva mostrou que a variação da diversidade foi significativamente maior do que o esperado ao acaso nas escalas entre áreas de arrozais (β3) e entre regiões geomorfológicas (β4). Contudo, a contribuição percentual de ambas para a diversidade total observada (γ) foi menor do o que a de escala entre arrozais (β2), devido à influência de diferenças de técnicas de manejo e estágios de crescimento dos arrozais sobre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados. Embora as diferenças climáticas das regiões afetem intensamente a estrutura das comunidades de macroinvetebrados em arrozais de diferentes regiões geomorfológicas, a homogeneização e simplificação ambiental desse agroecossistema interferiu na variação da diversidade das comunidades em escala regional. De forma geral, as práticas de manejo diferenciadas de cada arrozal foram os fatores mais determinantes para a diversidade e distribuição espacial das comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos.
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