The broad aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the Victorian letter is more than the sum of its parts. By focusing on the archival collection of a gentry family from Derbyshire, it asserts that the material remains of a nineteenth-century letter are as important as the words and, as such, have a valuable contribution to make to the understanding of letters and letter writing culture of the period. Furthermore, throughout it is demonstrated that the nineteenth-century familial letter was important as an emotional and material object to both the reader and the sender but, as yet, is an undervalued tool in historical research. It argues against the dominant historical trend to read only the text of letters, and in so doing offers a model that can be adopted and adapted to investigate the nineteenth-century letter. The thesis applies James Daybell’s argument that, in order to understand an early modern manuscript, the historian must be directed both to the physical characteristics as well as to the social contexts of its composition, delivery, reception and latterly its archiving. By taking a case study approach, this thesis examines the unpublished nineteenth-century letters of the Turbutt family collection. Each chapter focusses on a particular aspect of letter writing which affords a greater understanding of the nineteenth-century letter as literary culture as well as material culture. Taking this approach uncovers a wide range of uses for the familiar letter and demonstrates that the letter was vital to the nineteenth-century Turbutt women of the Ogston estate. It is demonstrated that the Turbutt women used letters to perform their role as gentry women, to navigate courtship and the emotional and relational divide, and also determine how the letter writer used the material properties to their advantage and, if so, did the material and literary qualities of letters converge to further this. In so doing this thesis bridges the gap between text and materiality, two areas that have tended to be treated separately and, as such, it contributes to the scholarship of letter writing in the nineteenth century as both literary culture and material culture and also to the letter writing culture of nineteenth-century gentry women.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Divina de Fatima dos Santos.pdf: 3004508 bytes, checksum: c79cae78c782bb49ee526add52bbe8e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis analyzed the benefits of an exchange of letters between very different generations, investigating how the act of writing about events of everyday life may be associated with a better self perception of the participants in the process. We try to understand the meaning of an exchange of letters occurred between children and elderly people, in the city of Caraguatatuba, on the northern coast of São Paulo, and its effects on their subjectivities. The study analyzed the participation of eight pairs, each one consisted of a student from the 4th or 5th year of a Primary School and aged between 9 and 11 years, and an elderly, over 60 years of age, from a Reference Center for the Elderly, in 2011 and 2012. Its specific objectives were: to identify whether the words written and exchanged between children and the elderly promote moments of gratification and joy, as well as opportunities to see themselves in the world; to provide and to analyze moments of social interaction between participants, thereby contributing to the construction of a memory about this experience and stage of their lives; to promote the opportunity for inter-relationship, providing both for the child and for the elderly a sense of social inclusion; to create in the participants alternatives of self-expression, validating their experiences of social sharing. A qualitative research was made with letters and questionnaires used as instruments and considered from the perspective of content analysis focused on meanings, and this strategy was methodologically complemented by participant observation. The experience of an exchange of letters produced positive psychological effects for its participants, both immediate and remote, by contributing to the expansion of the view about the world and themselves. For the elderly, expanding the memory of significant experiences, associated with written records and the possibility of using them in moments of weakness, produced psychological benefits that were observed by the research. The experience of living positive emotions brought comfort to the aging process because it attenuated to the old people the perception of social exclusion and loneliness, by reviving the feeling of usefulness and social inclusion, by providing a real life experience and by meeting the needs of this phase of life. The possibility of self-expression also favored the maturation and psychosocial development of children, as the correspondence produced an interlocutor that listen carefully and seek to understand the demands that are specific to childhood / Esta tese analisou os benefícios da troca de cartas entre gerações muito distintas, investigando o quanto o ato de escrever sobre acontecimentos da vida cotidiana pode estar associado a uma melhor autopercepção dos participantes do processo. Procurou-se compreender o significado de uma troca de correspondências ocorrida entre crianças e idosos, residentes na cidade de Caraguatatuba, no litoral norte de São Paulo, e os seus efeitos sobre suas subjetividades. O trabalho analisou a participação de oito duplas, cada uma composta por um aluno do 4º ou 5º ano de uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental e com idade entre 9 e 11 anos, e por um idoso, acima dos 60 anos, de um Centro de Referência para Idosos, nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Seus objetivos específicos foram: identificar se as palavras escritas e trocadas entre crianças e idosos promovem momentos de gratificação e alegria, bem como oportunidades de se perceberem no mundo; propiciar e analisar os momentos de interação social existentes entre os interlocutores, contribuindo assim para a construção de uma memória sobre esta experiência e fase de suas vidas; promover a oportunidade de inter-relação, propiciando tanto para a criança quanto para o idoso a sensação de inserção social; criar nos interlocutores alternativas de autoexpressão, validando suas experiências pela partilha social. Foi feita uma pesquisa qualitativa, com cartas e questionários utilizados como instrumentos e considerados sob a perspectiva da análise de conteúdo focada em significados, estratégia esta que foi complementada metodologicamente pela observação participante. A experiência de troca de cartas produziu efeitos psicológicos positivos para seus participantes, tanto imediatos quanto remotos, ao contribuir para a ampliação da visão acerca do mundo e de si mesmos. Para os idosos, a ampliação da memória de experiências significativas, associada ao seu registro escrito e à possibilidade de recorrer a ele em momentos de fragilidade, produziu benefícios psicológicos que foram observados pela investigação. A experiência de viver emoções positivas trouxe conforto para o processo de envelhecimento na medida em que atenuou para o idoso a percepção de exclusão social e de solidão, ao lhe reavivar a sensação de utilidade e inserção social, ao oferecer uma experiência de vida real e ao atender às necessidades desta fase da vida. A possibilidade de autoexpressão favoreceu também o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento psicossocial de crianças, pois a troca de correspondências produziu um interlocutor que as ouvisse com atenção e que procurasse compreender as demandas que são específicas da infância

"Corresponding Republics" is a study of how letter writing practices shaped elite political organizing during the early years of the American, Dutch and French Revolutions of the late eighteenth century. The heart of the project is a study of revolutionary leaders' correspondence and epistolary practices. Letters were the lifeblood of all early modern politics--the means to share information, develop strategies and resolve internecine disputes. This was particularly true of the eighteenth-century Atlantic patriot parties, which all faced the challenge of building cohesive movements in the fragmented political landscape of the old regime. Yet even though most studies of revolutionary politics make heavy use of private correspondence, nobody had yet examined the ways in which patriots' reliance on private letters and networks shaped the revolutions' broader political cultures. "Corresponding Republics" argues that the distinctive old regime private correspondence practices of patriots in each region persisted into the revolutionary period. These practices, which played a crucial role in patriots' political self-fashioning, helped produce different kinds of political networks and cultures of patriot organizing. Though by no means the whole explanation for the three revolutions' different courses, epistolary practices are an essential and untold part of that story. The main sources for the project are manuscript letters in American and European archives. The first three chapters of the dissertation examine inter-colonial organizing during the first years of the American Revolution. Chapters One and Two offer a revised view of the efforts by Sons of Liberty, as the patriot leaders called themselves, to build a cohesive inter-colonial patriot party from 1765 to 1772. They document patriots' deep immersion in mercantile correspondence and their persistence in using it after 1765. Yet this style, which raised high barriers to posing questions or engaging in debate, made it difficult for patriot leaders to have tactical discussions and coordinate their activities across the colonies. The Sons instead created a largely symbolic agreement on general principles of resistance. Chapter Three focuses on the developing relationship after 1772 between the patriots' private networks and public committees of correspondence. It shows how private letter writing helped the Sons organize formal inter-colonial corresponding committees in 1773, which reflected the private networks' focus on information transmission rather than discussion. Not until the meeting of the First Continental Congress in 1774 did patriot leaders develop an inter-colonial network whose affective depth enabled tactical and ideological debate. And even then, the patriots' epistolary tools still encouraged them to paper over serious differences about political strategy and ideology in order to maintain the unity of the colonies. The second half of the dissertation uses studies of national organizing in the Dutch and French Revolutions to examine what was distinctive about the Sons of Liberty's organizing efforts. The underlying problems the patriot movements confronted, I argue, were similar: like their American counterparts, Dutch and French patriots sought to build a cohesive political movement on a national scale through correspondence. In practice, however, the process differed significantly. French Jacobin leaders drew on a pre-revolutionary tradition of scholarly epistolarity, which encouraged discussion and dialogue among participants. These qualities helped them develop epistolary communities far more tightly knit than those of their American counterparts. This proved to be both an asset and a liability. It helped them forge a high degree of ideological and tactical unity within the movement. But it also made it more difficult for them to avoid internal disagreements, contributing to the serious internal dissention in 1792 that foreshadowed the eruption of violence among patriot leaders. The Dutch patriot elites, for their part, created highly hierarchical private and public networks. The division between the two types of networks, heightened by their reliance on courtly epistolary habits, inhibited their efforts to forge alliances with the growing popular militia movement. These divisions were a factor in the Dutch patriots' failure, in the short term, to successfully achieve their goal of seizing and holding national political power.

O objetivo deste trabalho é resgatar a metalinguagem de Monteiro Lobato apresentada em um corpus único e cronológico e demonstrar que ele registra marcas de oralidade, criando um discurso que o próprio autor denomina de “conversa em mangas de camisa". Elegemos como corpus A Barca de Gleyre por julgarmos ser uma obra especial, em que o próprio Lobato relata suas considerações lingüísticas ao longo de quarenta anos em correspondência mantida com o amigo e também escritor Godofredo Rangel. Uma visão diferenciada da vida do autor é retratada, enfocando concomitantemente a essa biografia as considerações de Monteiro Lobato sobre a língua numa perspectiva sincrônica. Faz-se a seguir um apanhado descritivo das modalidades falada e escrita da língua, que auxilia nas reflexões e posicionamentos lobatianos, uma vez que o autor já reconhecia a existência dessas duas modalidades. Em seguida, ampliamos os pressupostos teóricos relativos aos aspectos selecionados para a pesquisa. Procede-se à análise das ocorrências no discurso do autor, no que tange a sua própria metalinguagem, a presença das repetições , termos gíricos e construções fixas, que contribuem para tornar o texto epistolográfico “uma conversa com um amigo, um duo". Na conclusão, destaca-se a valiosa contribuição de Lobato, que, por meio da obra A Barca de Gleyre, traçou um panorama da língua e da literatura durante quatro décadas e que demonstra pela sua própria postura lingüística que é possível elaborar um discurso crítico com a presença de repetições , gírias e construções fixas que corroboram para a expressividade, interação e coesão textual. Vale dizer que A Barca foi um dos instrumentos que possibilitou Lobato a ser Lobato, pelo exercício lingüístico e disposição que os dois correspondentes mantiveram por tantos anos. / The aim of this work is to ransom Monteiro Lobato’s metalanguage presented in a unique and chronological corpus and to demonstrate that it contains orality marks, creating a speech the author himself denominates “conversation in shirt sleeves". We elected the corpus, A Barca de Gleyre, judging this is a special opus, in wich Lobato himself relates his linguistic considerations along forty years in held correspondence with the friend and also writer Godofredo Rangel. A distinguishing vision of the author’s life is represented, are focusing altogether this biography and Monteiro Lobato’s considerations about the language in a synchronal perspective. We show it as it follows, a descriptive summary of the spoken and written modalities of the language, wich helps in Lobato’s reflexions and posture, once the author has already recognized the existence of this two modalities. After that, we increase the theoretical presupposition related to the select aspects for the research are presented. It preceeds to the happening analysis in the author’s speech, in wich concerns his own metalanguage, presence of repetitions, slang and fixed constructions, wich contributes to make the epistolary text in a conversation with a friend, a duo. In the conclusion, it is detached the valuable Lobato’s contribution, that through the opus A Barca de Gleyre, traced a prospect of language and literature during four decades and that demonstrates it through his own linguistic position that is possible to create a critical speech with the presence of repetitions , slang and fixed constructions that corroborates the expressiveness, text interaction and cohesion. It’s worthwhile saying that A Barca was one of the tools that made Lobato to be Lobato for the linguistic practice and disposition that both correspondents kept for so many years.

A dissertação analisa as relações entre a honra e a escravidão na América Portuguesa. Procura compreender como a propriedade, a exploração e a boa administração dos escravos deram origem a uma nova acepção de honra, gerada a partir de uma relação interpessoal fundada na concentração máxima de poderes nas mãos do senhor e na destituição de todos os privilégios, direitos e poderes dos escravos. Como sentimento intrínseco ou valorização externa, de sua origem em Portugal medieval até o Antigo Regime, a honra foi se adaptando e se moldando aos interesses, aos valores e às concepções político-sociais dos mais variados grupos. Esses múltiplos significados correntes em Portugal, em todos os seus componentes potencialmente instáveis e dinâmicos, atravessaram o Atlântico entre o final do século XVI e meados do XVIII e passaram a figurar nas obras dos diversos letrados coloniais que, em suas reflexões sobre as relações de gênero, classe e raça apontavam a honra como um princípio fundamental na organização da sociedade colonial. / The dissertation analyzes the relationships between honor and slavery in Portuguese America. It tries to understand how the ownership, the exploration and the good management of slaves originated a new meaning of honor, produced by an interpersonal relationship grounded in the maximum concentration of powers on the masters side and in the deprivation of all privileges, rights and powers on the slaves\' side. As an intrinsic feeling or public valuation, and from its medieval origins to the Old Regime Portugal the honor was adapted to and shaped by the interests, values and political-social conceptions of the most varied groups. Those multiples meanings currents in Portugal in all their potentially unstable and dynamic components crossed the Atlantic between the end of the XVIth century XVI and the first half of the XVIIIth century, being present in the works of the several colonial men of letters who in their reflections on gender, class, and race relations pointed the honor as a fundamental principle of colonial society.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O trabalho envereda pelos modos e artifícios de construção da subjetividade nos gêneros autobiográficos e nos textos ficcionais, investigando como se dá a escrita que versa sobre o eu. Dos textos abertamente autobiográficos de Caio Fernando Abreu, como a correspondência, passa-se às formas tênues como a crônica e o conto, nos quais se entrecruzam ficção e subjetividade, experiência e invenção. Nesse sentido, estudamos como o sujeito torna-se o centro dos acontecimentos e passa a escrever sobre aquilo que lhe acomete o espírito, o corpo, os sentimentos e pensamentos, seja no registro pontual e objetivo dos acontecimentos ou no floreamento do vivido e do inventado. A intenção é explorar, nos espaços biográficos e literários de Caio Fernando Abreu, o entrelaçamento de vida e grafia, e as possibilidades de escritura de si mesmo em sua correspondência, organizada por Ítalo Moriconi, em Cartas (2002), na coletânea de crônicas Pequenas Epifanias (2006), e nos contos de Ovelhas negras (1995) / This study is about the ways and devices of the construction of subjectivity in autobiographical genres and fictional texts, investigating how it is the writing about the self. From plain autobiographical texts by Caio Fernando Abreu such as letters, we go to tenuous forms such as the essays and short stories, which intertwine fiction and subjectivity, experience and invention. This way, we studied how the subject becomes the center of events and starts writing about what affects his mind, body, feelings and thoughts, either in a real or objective report of events or in a "embellishment of what was lived and invented. The intention is to explore, in Caio Fernando Abreus biographical and literary spaces, the intertwining of life and writing, and the possibilities of writing himself in his letters, organized by Italo Moriconi, in Cartas (2002), in the compilation of essays Pequenas Epifanias (2006), and in the short stories in Ovelhas Negras (1995)

Esta tese pretende estabelecer os nexos históricos entre dois aspectos aparentemente contraditórios da atuação do poeta quinhentista português Francisco de Sá de Miranda (1486?-1558): a inovação na poesia e a retirada para o campo. Por um lado, ele foi o letrado e cortesão responsável pela introdução na lírica portuguesa de formas italianas como o soneto e o verso hendecassílabo. Por outro, foi o senhor de terras que decidiu se afastar da corte de D. João III e ir morar numa quinta distante, no Norte de Portugal. A partir do seu retiro campestre, Sá de Miranda passou a se dedicar ao gênero da epístola em verso, espalhando em suas \"cartas\" sua crítica dos destinos que ia tomando o reino de Portugal em meados do século XVI, sobretudo com relação às Índias, ao comércio das especiarias e às navegações. O afastamento do corpo do autor permitiu que sua imagem nas letras sobressaísse: Sá de Miranda se retirou da corte, mas não da cultura letrada. Sem deixar de reconhecer sua própria amargura diante das circunstâncias da vida humana, ele não aderiu à doutrina neoplatônica de exaltação da melancolia como enfermidade dos homens de gênio. Para ele, como adepto da atitude estóica difundida no Renascimento, a desavença consigo próprio experimentada pelo indivíduo melancólico era análoga à desordem do corpo político entregue à corrupção e à cobiça. Seu modo de resistir à própria melancolia acabou revelando uma melancolia própria do ordenamento político moderno, ao qual também cumpria resistir. / This thesis aims at establishing historical links between two aspects of the trajectory of the sixteenth-century portuguese poet Francisco de Sá de Miranda (1486?-1558) that appear to be contradictory: innovation in poetry and retreat to the country. On the one hand, he was the man of letters and courtier that introduced in Portuguese poetry Italian poetical forms such as the sonnet and the hendecasyllable verse. On the other hand, he was the landlord who decided to retreat from the court of the King D. João III and live in his distant manor in northern Portugal. From his country retreat, Sá de Miranda devoted himself to the genre of the verse epistle, spreading in his \"letters\" his criticism of the directions taken by the Kingdom of Portugal in mid-Sixteenth Century, especially concerning its expansion to India, the commerce of spices and the navigations. While the author\'s body moved away, his literate image could take the front scene: Sá de Miranda retreated from the court, not from the culture of letters. Although he acknowledged his own bitterness in respect to the facts of human life, he did not adopt the Neoplatonic exhalted view of melancholy as the typical condition of the men of genius. For him, as a supporter of the Stoic attitude disseminated in Renaissance, the melancholy man\'s disagreement with himself was analogous with the disorder of a political body taken over by corruption and greed. Thus, his way of resisting his own melancholy ended up revealing the modern political order\'s own melancholy, demanding resistance as well.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-03-09T15:38:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jeanine Poock de Almeida Drumond - 2017.pdf: 2051910 bytes, checksum: 5d1ada9054c8c7e96deb4c15d214a6da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T11:25:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jeanine Poock de Almeida Drumond - 2017.pdf: 2051910 bytes, checksum: 5d1ada9054c8c7e96deb4c15d214a6da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T11:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jeanine Poock de Almeida Drumond - 2017.pdf: 2051910 bytes, checksum: 5d1ada9054c8c7e96deb4c15d214a6da (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aimed at analyzing the letters that were sent to Hitler between the years of 1925 and 1939 to understand how power was self-constituted with public opinion. From the letters analyzed, we sought to explain the main events between this period, in view of Hitler's views on his political program (1925-1933) and the Nazi state until the beginning of World War II (1933-1939). Through public opinion we sought to understand the scope of Nazi propaganda and how it influenced voters. The letters analyzed in this research demonstrated a high level of veneration, loyalty and fanaticism by the Nazi leader and from the analyzes we tried to clarify how the process of the seizure took power by the Nazis and how the government of Hitler consolidated in Germany. / Esta dissertação tem como proposta analisar as cartas que foram enviadas para Hitler entre os anos de 1925 a 1939 para entendermos como o poder se auto-constituía com a opinião pública. Buscamos, a partir das cartas analisadas, explicar os principais acontecimentos entre esse período, tendo em vista a opinião dos seguidores de Hitler sobre o seu programa político (1925-1933) e o Estado nazista até o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1933-1939). Através da opinião pública buscamos compreender o alcance da propaganda nazista e como ela influenciava os eleitores. As cartas analisadas nesta pesquisa demonstraram um alto nível de veneração, lealdade e fanatismo pelo líder nazista e a partir das análises tentamos esclarecer como se deu o processo da tomada de poder pelos nazistas e como o governo de Hitler se consolidou na Alemanha.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A variaÃÃo linguÃstica à um fenÃmeno universal que atinge todos os nÃveis da gramÃtica (CAMACHO, 2011). Em muitas lÃnguas, a classe dos pronomes, especialmente a dos chamados pronomes pessoais, à a que sofre mais variaÃÃo e a que mais se reorganiza dentro do sistema (MONTEIRO, 1994), embora esta costume ser constituÃda por um nÃmero relativamente pequeno de itens gramaticais, formando um inventÃrio fechado. Dentre as pessoas do discurso, à a 2 a que mais tem sido codificada de maneira variada, nÃo sà na lÃngua portuguesa, como em diversas outras lÃnguas indo-europeias, nas quais hà um sistema dual de pronomes para a 2 PESS.: as formas T e as formas V (derivadas, respectivamente, do uso do "tu" e do "vos" latinos) â as primeiras sÃo de uso familiar ou informal, enquanto as outras denotam polidez e distanciamento. A partir da terceira dÃcada do sÃculo XX, com o uso de "vocÃ" (forma V) em variaÃÃo com "tu" (forma T), todo o quadro pronominal da lÃngua, incluindo os possessivos de 2 PESS, passou a sofrer variaÃÃo. Partindo do pressuposto defendido pela SociolinguÃstica Variacionista, sobretudo com Labov (1978; 1983; 1994; 2008), de que a variaÃÃo linguÃstica se dà motivada tanto por fatores internos quanto externos ao sistema, o presente trabalho busca analisar a variaÃÃo das formas "te" e "lhe" como pronomes de 2 PESS. SING., tanto na funÃÃo de acusativo, quanto na de dativo, no portuguÃs brasileiro escrito do sÃculo XX. Para isso, utiliza uma amostra de 186 cartas pessoais escritas entre 1940 e 2000, obtidas numa busca entre os habitantes do municÃpio de QuixadÃ, no SertÃo Central cearense. As cartas coletadas sÃo de pessoas do povo, isto Ã, nÃo de profissionais da linguagem, tendo sido trocadas entre amigos ou parentes. Como metodologia, estratifica a amostra em trÃs perÃodos do sÃculo XX nos quais as cartas foram escritas (anos 1940-50, anos 1960-70 e anos 1980-90) e por gÃnero da autoria (cartas de homens e cartas de mulheres) e submete os dados ao programa computacional GoldVarb X para obter dados estatÃsticos e interpreta esses dados à luz das teorias da SociolinguÃstica Variacionista. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a variaÃÃo das formas pronominais "te"/"lhe" à condicionada por fatores linguÃsticos, como a forma do verbo, a posiÃÃo do pronome e a presenÃa de forma V antes de "te" ou "lhe", e que, apesar de mais frequente do que o uso de "te", o uso de "lhe" sofreu declÃnio ao longo dos trÃs perÃodos de tempo analisados. / The linguistic variation is a universal phenomenon that affects all levels of grammar (CAMACHO, 2011). In many languages, of all the word classes, the pronouns, especially the so-called personal pronouns, are more inclined to variation and to rearrangement in the system (MONTEIRO, 1994), although they use to be constituted by a relatively small number of grammatical items, restricted to a kind of closed inventory. The 2nd PERS SING is which more has been coded in a variant way, not only in the Portuguese language, as in many other Indo-European languages, in which there is a dual system of pronouns for 2nd PERS: the T-forms and the V-forms (derived, respectively, from the use of Latin "tu" and "vos") â the first are used both familiarly and informally, while others denote politeness and distance. From the third decade of the twentieth century, with the use of "vocÃ" (a V-form) in variation with "tu" (a T-form), the entire pronominal frame of the Portuguese language, including the 2nd PERS possessive, began to undergo change. Assuming the ideas defended by Variationist Sociolinguistics, especially with William Labov (1978, 1983, 1994, 2008), that the linguistic variation occurs motivated by factors both internal and external to the system, this work aims to analyze the variation of forms "te" and "lhe" as 2nd PERS SING, both in accusative and in dative function, in Brazilian Portuguese written in the twentieth century. It uses a sample of 186 personal letters written between 1940 and 2000, obtained in a search among the inhabitants of the town of QuixadÃ, in the middle of the state of CearÃ. The letters are collected from common people, that is, not from language professionals, having been exchanged between friends or relatives. As methodology, the sample was stratified into three periods of the twentieth century in which the letters were written (years 1940âs and 50âs, years 1960âs and 70âs, years 1980âs and 90âs) and gender of authorship (letters from men and letters from women) and submits the data to the computer program GoldVarb X in order to obtain statistical results and interpret these results in light of theories of Sociolinguistics Variationist. The survey results showed that variation of the pronoun forms "te"/"lhe" is conditioned by linguistic factors, such as the form of the verb, the position of the pronoun and the presence of a V-form before "te" or "lhe", and that, although "lhe" was more used than "te" in the letters, its use has declined over the three periods of time analyzed.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar, partindo de uma perspectiva filológica, um conjunto de cartas manuscritas, lavradas durante a década de 1765 a 1775, na capitania de São Paulo. Transcrevem-se os textos, para, a partir desse trabalho inicial, buscar-se definir algumas de suas coordenadas sincrônicas e diacrônicas, situacionais e linguísticas.1 Realiza-se um estudo minucioso de aspectos materiais e formais de um corpus predominantemente homogêneo quanto à espécie documental (carta), porém que mostrou apresentar variações. Ao final do trabalho filológico, publica-se a edição semidiplomática dos 137 fólios que compõem o corpus, acompanhada dos facsímiles. Por seu caráter conservador, a edição interessa a linguistas, e, pelo assunto tratado nas cartas, é fonte rica para historiadores. A partir do exame atento das fontes publicadas, trabalha-se com a hipótese da existência de uma relação entre a categoria socioprofissional dos destinatários e as formas de tratamento a eles dirigidas. A contextualização sócio-histórica dos documentos setecentistas culmina com a pesquisa sobre a origem dos remetentes, que localizou e permitiu traçar um perfil social mínimo de metade deles, atestando que pelo menos 32 documentos foram escritos, ou ditados, por homens nascidos na Colônia, principalmente na capitania de São Paulo. A partir dessas informações, da descrição sócio-histórica do período e do estudo de Marquilhas (2000), apresenta-se uma proposta de categorização socioprofissional que dê conta do corpus. As formas de tratamento (FT\'s) em língua portuguesa têm sido objeto de vários estudos, sincrônicos e diacrônicos: parte busca explicar de que maneira se deu a inclusão do pronome você, advindo da forma nominal vossa mercê, no sistema de tratamentos brasileiro; parte concentra-se na análise das formas nominais e pronominais, buscando descrever sua utilização e comparar o uso em documentos públicos e privados e entre períodos distintos. Número significativo de investigações linguísticas sobre o tema constituem corpora a partir de cartas, espécie documental bastante produtiva para tal análise. A teoria do Poder e da Solidaridade, desenvolvida por Brown e Gilman, e a análise das relações epistolares a partir das classificações em simétrica e assimétrica são comumente utilizadas em trabalhos recentes. No presente estudo, a análise das FT\'s comprova que a forma mais frequentemente empregada é vossa mercê, resultado que contraria a literatura especializada com relação a documentos oficiais. Além disso, chega-se à conclusão de que tal forma, diferentemente do que se verifica em outras pesquisas, não é utilizada preferencialmente nas relações assimétricas descendentes. O que condiciona seu emprego, na esfera pública, é a categoria socioprofissional do destinatário. Assim, aqueles que pertenciam às categorias socioprofissionais dos militares e dos administradores locais (juízes, ouvidores, provedores) eram tratados por vossa mercê. A análise sob o ponto de vista de categorias socioprofissionais permite também identificar que algumas delas, como a dos eclesiásticos, marcavam linguisticamente as posições hierárquicas superiores por meio do uso de FT\'s de alto valor honorífico, como vossa senhoria e vossa reverendíssima, enquanto outras, como a dos militares, não apresentavam essa diferenciação, sendo todos tratados por vossa mercê. / The present study uses a philological perspective to analyse a group of handwritten letters drafted during the decade of 1765-1775, in the Sao Paulo captaincy. From this initial work, the texts are transcribed for one try to define some of their syncronic and dyacronic coordenates, situational and linguistics. Thus, one can do a detailed philological study of material and formal aspects of a mostly homogenous corpus of one type of document (letters) but which shows variations. At the end of this philological work, the semidiplomatic edition of 137 folios is published, along with document facsimiles. Because of its conservative character, the edition is of interest to linguists, and because of the topics covered in the letters, it is a rich source for historians. From the attentive observation of the published sources, it has been possible to raise a possible relation between sociohistorical factors of senders and receivers and about the adress forms used on the texts. To make clear the relationship between social factors and linguistic elements, it has been done a social-historical description of the documents, culminating with research on the senders\' origin, and allowing the researcher to outline a basic social profile of half the authors. At least 32 documents were written, or dictated, by men born in the Colony, mainly in the Sao Paulo captaincy. Based on this information, of the social-historical description of the period and of Marquilha\'s study (2000), we propose a socialprofessional classification that takes the corpus into account. Forms of address (FAs) in Portuguese have been the object of various synchronic and diachronic studies. Some seek to explain how the pronoun você (from vossa mercê) was included in the Brazilian FA system; some focus on analysis of nouns and pronouns, describing and comparing their use in public and private documents at specified time periods. A significant number of linguistic investigations on the subject base their corpora on letters, a very productive kind of document for this analysis. Brown and Gilman\'s Theory of Power and Solidarity and the analysis of epistolary relationships in symmetrical and asymmetrical classifications have often been used in recent works. On the present study, the analysis of the FAs proves that the form of address most frequently used was vossa mercê, a result that contradicts the specialized literature related to official documents. Furthermore, one may conclude that this form, differently from that found in other researches, is not used preferentially in descending asymmetrical relationships. What determines one\'s employment in the public sphere is the social-professional classification of the recipient. Thus, those who belonged to categories of military social-professionals and local administrators (judges, ombudsmen, providers) were addressed as vossa mercê. The analysis from the socialprofessional point of view also allows us to identify that some of them, such as clergy, were linguistically marked, by means of highly honorific FAs, such as vossa senhoria and vossa reverendíssima, superior hierarchical positions, while others, like those in the military, did not make this distinction, all being addressed as vossa mercê.