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Life insurance companies rely on mortality rate models to set appropriate premiums for their services. Over the past century, average life expectancy has increased and continues to do so, necessitating more accurate models. Two commonly used models are the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality and the Lee-Carter model. The Gompertz-Makeham model depends solely on an age variable, while the Lee-Carter model incorporates a time-varying aspect which accounts for the increase in life expectancy over time. This paper constructs both models using training data acquired from Skandia Mutual Life Insurance Company and compares them to validation data from the same set. The study suggests that the Lee-Carter model may be able to offer some improvements compared to the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality in terms of predicting future mortality rates. However, due to a lack of qualitative data, creating a competitive Lee-Carter model through Singular Value Decomposition, SVD, proved to be problematic. Switching from the current Gompertz-Makeham model to the Lee-Carter model should, therefore, be explored further when more high quality data becomes available.

我國的人壽保險市場，隨著國際化及自由化趨勢，在主管機關開放國人與外商可在台灣設立公司經營壽險業務之下，已進入了群雄爭霸的狀態。但隨者經濟環境的變遷，微利時代的來臨，導致壽險公司的經營成本大增，經營的方式也發生劇變，近年來卻興起一股併購的風潮；因此，未來台灣的壽險市場，將更重視組織發展及人力資源的最有效運用，以求在激烈的競爭中立於不敗之地。 在政府擴大適用勞基法，將各行業均納入勞基法的規範，其本意是希望能維持和諧的勞資關係，藉以保障弱勢的勞工。民國八十七年四月一日將「保險業」正式納入實施範圍後，在壽險界引起軒然大波，並產生莫大的衝擊，甚至發生外勤職員的街頭抗爭活動。因此，本研究將對勞基法實施的目的與意義作詳盡的分析，期能從勞基法的規範中，尋求壽險公司與外勤職員對壽險業納入勞基法後的因應對策。 壽險公司對外勤職員的「退休規劃」非常重視，若不預先作準備則將措手不及；而退休規劃需要靠「時間與複利」的累積，以彰顯其成果。因此要有外勤職員認同的退休制度，及能符合需要的激勵方式，才能充分發揮人力資源的功效，並為公司創造輝煌的經營成果。 本研究主要探討勞工退休金制度的發展及勞動基準法制定的背景，分析我國勞基法實施的適當性；並以兩個案公司—「南山人壽與ING安泰人壽」為代表，將公司的沿革、經營理念、組織結構與外勤職員的工作特性、薪資及退休制度等作為研究架構，對「外勤職員的退休制度」作相關的實證分析，評估勞基法適用壽險公司外勤職員之衝擊程度及後續影響，作成結論並提出建議供相關單位參考。 關鍵字：外勤職員、退休制度、勞基法、南山人壽、ING安泰人壽 / Following the trend of internationalization and deregulation, many new life insurance companies were set up in Taiwan under such circumstances. As a result, competition intension was driven all around the market. In view of the changes of economic conditions and profitability, which are increasing the operation cost, life insurance industry move towards the industry realignment as well as arising mergers and acquisitions. More than ever, life insurance industry shall enhance not only the development of organization but also the efficiency of the use of human resources in the future to retain the business profit as the competition intensifies. In consideration of the labor relationship and benefit, the Labor Standards Law in Taiwan was announced by the government. Insurance industry has also been applied since April 1st , 1998 but made a serious impact in life insurance industry even caused the demonstration of outdoor employee. This paper is trying to analyze the problems of current implementation for Labor Standards Law and hope to purpose the solution regarding the application of outdoor staff for life insurance companies. Life insurance companies should specifically focus on the retirement plan for outdoor employee in advance. The benefit of retirement plan is based on the accumulation of time period and compound interest . Therefore, the retirement scheme should encourage outdoor employee to meet with requirement of incentive system and to receive more efficiency in using human resources as well as to optimize their creation of successful performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of labor pension scheme and to analyze the appropriateness for the implementation of Labor Standards Law. This paper uses two real cases as sample: Nan Shan Life and ING Antai Life on the basis of their history, operating concept, organization and the specialty of outdoor employee to study for the retirement scheme of outdoor employee in life insurance industry. This paper also evaluates the impact and influence for the application of outdoor employee under Labor Standards Law for life insurance companies to provide conclusions and recommendations for reference in this aspect. Keywords : outdoor employee, retirement scheme, labor standards law, Nan Shan life insurance, ING Antai life insurance

Prohibée il y a deux siècles, l'assurance sur la vie est devenue le soutien principal de l'économie. Au carrefour de plusieurs domaines juridiques, son examen doit englober la famille du souscripteur et du bénéficiaire. Bien que, le plus souvent, le code des assurances ne tienne pas compte des rapports de famille, les règles relatives aux couples, aux héritiers et créanciers jouent. De même que s’appliquent le droit fiscal et celui des incapacités. De nos jours, l'assurance vie a un rôle clé dans le conseil patrimonial et la planification successorale. Différents types de contrats sur la vie humaine coexistent. De nouveaux contrats, comme les assurances en cas de vie, rentes et contrats en unités de compte, sont des véhicules d’épargne. Cette évolution a complètement renouvelé le marché. Deux catégories se dégagent. D'abord, les contrats de prévoyance sont destinés à fournir une somme au décès de l’assuré, comme les assurances temporaires décès et vie entière. Ensuite, les contrats de placement ont pour objectif principal la constitution d'un capital en payant une ou plusieurs primes ; ils sont l'activité centrale des assureurs. Cette étude vise à identifier l’influence de la variété des contrats sur le droit familial. Les articles L. 132-12 à 17 du code des assurances furent conçus pour les contrats en cas de décès. Il y a une contradiction flagrante dans l’application de ces règles aux nouveaux contrats, qui sont de purs outils d’épargne. Il était nécessaire d'analyser comment le code civil compense l'inadéquation du code des assurances. Des propositions ont été formulées pour adapter le régime juridique de l'assurance sur la vie à la grande diversité des contrats. / Prohibited two centuries ago, life insurance is now the mainstay of the Frencheconomy. At the crossroad of several legal areas, the study of life insuranceshould consider both the policy holder’s and the beneficiary’s families. Despite the fact that the French Insurance Code ignores, more often than not, familyrelationships, the legal rules applied to couples, heirs and creditors areinterfering with insurance law. So too do tax law and legal incapacities.Nowadays, life insurance plays a key-role in assets management and estateplanning. Several types of contracts are in use. New types of contracts, suchas universal life, annuities and unit-linked insurance plan, are savings vehicles.This evolution has completely renewed the life insurance market. Twocategories emerge among Life-based contracts. First, there are protection policies, which are designed to provide a benefit at the insured's death, such as term life and permanent life insurance. Investment policies are the second type. Their main objective is to facilitate the growth of a capital by paying single or flexible premiums ; they are the core activity of insurers. This study aims to assess the impact of this diverse range of contracts on family law. Articles L. 132-12 to 17 of the Insurance code were originally enacted to regulate term and permanent life insurance. It is a contradiction in terms to apply these provisions to the new types of contracts, which are pure savings vehicles. It was necessary to critically analyse how the Civil Code fills in the gaps left by the Insurance Code. Suggestions are made to adjust the legal regime to the wide diversity of life insurance contracts.

This thesis addresses the complex issue of risk classification in the field of insurance. Prior to accepting risks, insurance companies must first be able to evaluate those risks. Accordingly, they seek to collect the most information possible from, amongst other sources, the insured, so as to gage relative risk and evaluate whether to insure or not, to what degree and at what rate. In due course, the insurer will use this information on conjunction with statistical and actuarial calculations to draw hypotheses on the degree, probability and cost of risk. In selecting relevant risks for analysis, insurers will utilise set variables based on the area of insurance in which they operate. However, said variables are highly susceptible to being discriminatory. Notably, one thinks of sex and age which are contentiously considered by practitioners and scholars whether or not they operate in the field of insurance. This dissertation will examine exhaustively the normative framework in place in order to determine to what degree, if indeed at all, insurers can legitimately and legally utilize certain classifications such as age and sex in order to select, categorise and fix the price for the various risks offered to them. / The question shall arise, to what degree less or all-together non-discriminatory criteria should be favoured over criteria, sometimes considered, prohibited. In order to answer all these questions to better address the issue, we must first examine certain essential notions of insurance. Thus, in the first section, we will describe the relevant logistic practices in insurance industries. We shall focus on the decision process at various levels where potential discriminatory practices may arise. We will see that certain schools of thought on insurance classification are at odds, some times diametrically. We will, incidentally, favour the 'fair discrimination' doctrine over its traditional theoretical rival: 'anti-discrimination'. Our research shows that potentially discriminatory classification occurs at several stages of the ex ante and ex post contractual relationship, stages we will examine one at a time. In the second portion we will cover the general juridical regime of the right to non-discrimination in contracts at the international, national and provincial levels. Special attention will be paid to specific rules which allow some limited derogation to the constitutional rights against discrimination. We shall highlight that the legislative authority granted by the Quebec Charter does have limitations. What's more, certain guidelines recently established by the Supreme Court of Canada regarding application, must take precedence over various classification criteria pertaining to insurance which find their root in article 20.1 of the Quebec Charter. Ultimately, we will concentrate on what is just, which is to say the legitimacy of discrimination in a field that takes it for granted while seldomely questioning its foundations. We will come to apply a new measure for insurance discrimination. We will test this new measure in two specific fields: life insurance and automobile insurance. Overall, this thesis will allow us to determine how discriminatory classification can, at times, be legally employed (mostly in pre-selection and segmentation) in the above mentioned fields. We will conclude by proposing a new operating model which seeks to limit classification procedures that circumvent rights to privacy and non-discrimination.

This thesis aims to familiarize the reader with the topic of life insurance, especially insurance taken out for more people. Its focus is empirical rather as combining the use of several actuarial and statistical methods through three statistical software and applications created in MS Excel using VBA. First, thesis is focused to multiple life insurance with intention to show reader the diversity of this interesting but rarely offered product in business world, especially through the application created for the purpose of this work. Sense of mentioned application lies in the fact it is able to calculate amount of the net premium for a user-selected type of insurance. Based on this outcome insurer can determine the net price corresponding to the chosen risk coverage (regardless of the amount of the costs associated with this type of insurance and required profitability). Age of insured person isn't usually part of calculation of premium for accident insurance. One of the aims of this study is to assess whether this parameter actually has or doesn't have any effect on the price of insurance. With help of SPSS and RStudio software relationship between age of insured person and amount of indemnification from daily compensation insurance has been researched. Based on the test of variable independence were detected dependencies of these variables where all of which used measure of association suggests a weak dependence amount of indemnification on the age of the insured. It surely worth insurer should consider different insurance rates for various ages of insured person. Following by examination whether the rate used to calculate premiums in case of hospitalization extra insurance corresponds to the actual risk coverage. It has been calculated the rate could be lower than currently used due to the loss experience of insurance for the past 9 years and the assumption of certain expenses and desired profit. It would be cheaper for insurance group contracts than it is today, when the insurer has done so. It could also attract new clientele. The last stated goal in this thesis is to create prognosis of the amount of indemnity paid for injuries covered by additional daily compensation insurance. Using the software EViews is analyzed this trend in the past 32 months first. Based on its outcome there is a future level forecast created for the next four years. These resulting values indicate the insurance indemnity for group contract will grow. Therefore, based on this analysis insurer should to conclude in the contract it would be appropriate to increase the premium of the insurance coverage. With these practical tasks the reader can get idea not only of problems solved in the scope of multiple life insurance and group insurance but also to become familiar with some statistical software used for analyzes carried out not only in the insurance industry. The conclusions of this thesis can also be beneficial for insurer who may adjust premium prices of analyzed insurances.

The diploma thesis deals with innovations selected insurance products and their alternatives. The theoretical part describes the insurance market and development of insurance in the Czech Republic, defines important terms as a coincidence, insured event, insurance products, risk and legal norms in the insurance. In the practical part is an analysis of the selected insurance company and its competitors. On the basis of obtained information are selected insurance products compared. In the proposal part are recommended changes for existing insurance products of the selected insurance company in terms of their content and coverage of risk in the unexpected event. The partial aim is the proposal an alternative insurance product for selected insurance company, which could arise in the future in its range of insurance products.

This thesis object with functioning of present retirement system in the Czech republic and in selected countries. There are described differences of financing and differences of pillars on which are this systems built. Further are in this thesis answered reasons for reforming of this systems. The goal of this thesis is design expert system used to serve to financial advisers for suitable saving product selection according to client requests.

The aim of Master’s thesis is the issue of a life insurance as a tool for stimulation of employees. It includes the current situation analysis of employees insurance in the selected company. It also includes selection and compare of insurance products and proposals or recommendations for their selection to employees of chosen company.

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