This study used Michelson's (1976) Intersystems Congruence Model and Hall's (1966) theories of proxemic zones to guide in the investigation of illumination level's influence on proxemic behavior. This study attempted to determine potential influence of the effect of bright or dim lighting conditions on the personal space requirements within the behavioral setting of waiting/reception areas. Both a quantitative approach and qualitative approach were taken with this investigation. To control for various cultural, social, environmental and situational variables as possible, illuminated scale-models were constructed of three waiting/reception area scenarios and a homogenous sample of Americans participated in the study. Subjects interacted with these models by placing scale-figures within them, and answered a series of both quantitative and open-ended questions. Proxemic recordings of scale-figure placements were performed and statistically analyzed. The quantitative results showed that under general ambient bright and dim lighting conditions, there were no significant differences in personal space requirements in the waiting/receptions area behavioral setting. Thus, lighting does not appear to be a determining factor in achieving adequate personal space. The qualitative analysis agreed with these results, noting other factors as being more important, such as, the proximity to others, presence of tables (assuming they hold reading materials), and a view of the entire space. This phenomenon means ambient illumination level does not play a large role in determining proxemic distances between individuals in waiting area settings. / Master of Science

For the past three years I have been on a journey through Temple University as an MFA candidate in theatrical lighting design. I have designed a number of productions in a variety of styles and have grown in many ways as an artist throughout the process. This is a reflection of each of those productions and the lessons I have learned from each of them. In some cases, I had the opportunity to apply those lessons to other productions that will be discussed. Other times the lessons have not been relevant again during the course of the program, so they sit ready for the future. Some lessons I did not fully understand the first time through, and I ended up repeating mistakes that could have been avoided. Many lessons are only apparent in looking back on multiple productions and analyzing them as a set. This is not about a specific show or a collection of grievances. This is an extended retrospective critique of my work over the past three years to better understand my process and the process of lighting design in general. / Theater / Accompanied by one .zip file : 1)Shaffer_temple_022M_15715_Supplemental Files.zip

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / Restorative landscapes, healing gardens, and therapeutic gardens can improve mental and physical health. They relieve stress, slow us down and make us appreciate the present moment (Kaplan 1995). Research confirms these benefits: “A restorative environment provides measurable physical and/or psychological benefit to human health” (Krinke 2005, 107). Unfortunately, few restorative landscapes are designed for night time use, though stress and the need for healing occur at all hours of the day and night. To that end, the purpose of this research is to create a set of lighting design strategies that will enable designers to create restorative landscapes for nighttime use and demonstrate how they can be applied. A literature review synthesizing the information on healing garden types, outdoor lighting techniques, and their relationship to Attention Restoration Theory, identified four main components required for a space to be considered restorative. Two precedent studies allowed the author to explore the components of Attention Restoration Theory and healing garden types. The lighting principles that afford these four components and healing garden types that are best suited for an urban public space were layered in a final design to create a restorative urban space that is functional at night. The set of design strategies created with the support of this research was applied to Occidental Square, a public park in Seattle, Washington. The applied design strategies are represented and demonstrated through the site design. With these tools in hand, designers can create spaces for those in need of rejuvenation, restoration, and tranquility not only during the day, but also at night.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 A425 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 H87 / Master of Science

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Elizabeth A. E. Boyle / Light emitting diode (LED) and fluorescent (FLS) lighting effects on enhanced pork loin chops, beef longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus steaks, ground beef, and ground turkey displayed in two retail display cases set up with similar operational temperatures were evaluated using visual and instrumental color, Enterobacteriaceae (EB) and aerobic plate counts (APC), internal product and case temperatures, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Visual discoloration of the five meat products increased (P<0.05) as display time increased. Beef longissimus dorsi steaks, ground beef, and the superficial portion of beef semimembranosus steaks had less (P<0.05) visual discoloration under LED lighting than FLS. Compared to FLS, pork loin chops under LED lighting had higher (P<0.05) L* values and a lower (P<0.05) a/b ratio. The deep portion semimembranosus steak under LED was redder (P<0.05) and the superficial portion had a lower (P<0.05) a/b ratio; LED deep and superficial portion semimembranosus steaks had higher (P<0.05) saturation index values at 5.18 and 4.47, respectively, on d 0 than FLS. Pork chops under LED lighting had lower (P<0.05) APC populations than FLS by the end of display. Enterobacteriaceae populations fluctuated throughout display on ground turkey under FLS lighting while populations remained stable under LED. APC populations increased as display time increased for pork loin chops, ground beef and ground turkey, but not beef longissimus dorsi steaks possibly due to initial case-ready postmortem age. As display time increased, EB populations increased (P<0.05) for pork loin chops, ground beef and ground turkey. The internal temperature of all products, except beef longissimus dorsi steaks, was lower (P<0.05) in the LED case. FLS case temperatures were higher (P<0.05) by 0.56 to 1.11°C than LED over the duration of the study. Pork loin chops, ground turkey, and beef semimembranosus steaks had higher (P<0.05) TBARS values by 0.06 to 0.24 mg malonaldehyde/kg under LED lighting, but lighting type did not affect (P>0.05) lipid oxidation of beef longissimus dorsi steaks or ground beef. LED lighting results in lower display case temperatures, lower internal product temperatures, and extended color life; however, lipid oxidation was increased in some cuts under LED lighting.

Thesis (Magister Technologiae - Discipline Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering) -- Vaal University of Technology / Discomfort glare is a topic that has been investigated for many years without any reasonable explanation regarding its effect on the human visual system. Results of previous research concluded that established methods have a lot of similarities in implementation; but a number of differences when comparing the results of observer's evaluations with the mathematically calculated glare ratings. Therefore, an alternative method of evaluating the influence of exposure to an unshielded light source was investigated to establish a more reliable and realistic response from observers. In order to address the discrepancies of previous evaluation systems concerning observer's varying opinions regarding the level of discomfort experienced, it was decided to investigate the feasibility of evaluating the brain activity of the observers exposed to an unshielded incandescent lamp. This was done in order to facilitate the differences in each individual observer's sensitivity to bright light sources and the influence of personal taste therefore, eliminating the effect of personal interpretation. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether it would be possible to get any response regarding brain functions when an observer is exposed to a bare light source. In order to determine the pathway of visual stimuli it was necessary to investigate the operating principles of the human eye in detail. Because the eye is only an instrument that makes seeing possible; it was also important to investigate the brain and all its different functions. The part of the brain where visual interpretation takes place was indicated as the occipital lobe. This is the part of the brain monitored for any change of functional status by taking measurements with an electroencephalogram (EEG). Measurements were indeed possible; it was presented as a suppression of the alpha brain activity. During the testing procedure it was observed that the observers were not equally photosensitive. There was also a difference in the amount of alpha suppression with the observer's eyes open and closed respectively. Because the alpha rhythm has a tendency to increase with closed eyes it was much easier to notice the suppression.

Este trabalho apresenta a criação de uma metodologia de análise de projetos luminotécnicos em indústrias, voltados à eficiência energética com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas para sistemas de iluminação em plantas industriais. Visa orientar a escolha do sistema de iluminação mais eficiente, considerando os aspectos técnicos e econômicos, buscando, entre outros aspectos, simplificar a escolha do sistema mais adequado para cada indústria. A partir de um levantamento de mercado, foram identificados os equipamentos disponíveis para o projeto luminotécnico em ambientes industriais. Foram adotados tanto sistemas já consolidados e com maior aceitação pelos consumidores industriais, assim como sistemas ainda pouco difundidos por serem recentes e apresentarem altos custos, devido à tecnologia aplicada. São propostos sete sistemas para cada um dos três cenários-padrão de layout fabril escolhidos. Os cenários apresentam diferentes alturas de instalação e distância entre pilares modulados, de maneira que podem se repetir inúmeras vezes. A adoção da referida metodologia, permite que a análise dos sistemas em cada cenário seja feita a partir da figura de mérito do Custo do Ciclo de Vida Anualizado (CCVA). A avaliação do CCVA de cada sistema é seguida por uma análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros variáveis envolvidos, sendo eles: taxa de remuneração do capital, tempo de utilização do sistema, custo da energia e custo dos equipamentos. De posse de todos os resultados obtidos através das simulações e dos cálculos, com relevante representatividade no segmento industrial, podemos inferir que há sistemas mais eficientes economicamente que os já consolidados e que, apesar de apresentarem um investimento inicial mais alto, se comparado aos sistemas comuns, se viabilizam pela alta tecnologia aplicada. / This work presents the creation of a methodology for industry lighting project analysis focused on energy efficient, which aims to evaluate alternative lighting systems for industrial plants. The idea is to help the selection of more efficient lighting systems balancing technical and economic aspects trying, among others, to simplify the selection of the most suitable system for each industry. After a market overview it was possible to identify the available equipments for industrial lighting, Consolidated systems with wide acceptance by industrial consumers as well as high tech recent systems barely known due to higher costs were adopted. As a result, 7 different systems are proposed for each one of the three standard scenarios of the chosen manufacturing lay outs. These scenarios present different installation heights and distance between modulated pillars, which may be repeated many times. The adoption of the proposed methodology allows each scenario system analysis to be done by the figure of merit of the Yearly Life Cycle Costing (YLCC). The evaluation of each systems YLCC is followed by a sensibility analysis of the involved variables parameters, which are: return on investment (ROI), usage time, energy and equipment costs. With the results attained through simulations and calculations with relevant representation in the industrial segment we can infer that there are more economically efficient systems than those consolidated by the market and though they require higher investments when compared to the usual systems, they are feasible due to the high technology applied.

Este trabalho apresenta a criação de uma metodologia de análise de projetos luminotécnicos em indústrias, voltados à eficiência energética com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas para sistemas de iluminação em plantas industriais. Visa orientar a escolha do sistema de iluminação mais eficiente, considerando os aspectos técnicos e econômicos, buscando, entre outros aspectos, simplificar a escolha do sistema mais adequado para cada indústria. A partir de um levantamento de mercado, foram identificados os equipamentos disponíveis para o projeto luminotécnico em ambientes industriais. Foram adotados tanto sistemas já consolidados e com maior aceitação pelos consumidores industriais, assim como sistemas ainda pouco difundidos por serem recentes e apresentarem altos custos, devido à tecnologia aplicada. São propostos sete sistemas para cada um dos três cenários-padrão de layout fabril escolhidos. Os cenários apresentam diferentes alturas de instalação e distância entre pilares modulados, de maneira que podem se repetir inúmeras vezes. A adoção da referida metodologia, permite que a análise dos sistemas em cada cenário seja feita a partir da figura de mérito do Custo do Ciclo de Vida Anualizado (CCVA). A avaliação do CCVA de cada sistema é seguida por uma análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros variáveis envolvidos, sendo eles: taxa de remuneração do capital, tempo de utilização do sistema, custo da energia e custo dos equipamentos. De posse de todos os resultados obtidos através das simulações e dos cálculos, com relevante representatividade no segmento industrial, podemos inferir que há sistemas mais eficientes economicamente que os já consolidados e que, apesar de apresentarem um investimento inicial mais alto, se comparado aos sistemas comuns, se viabilizam pela alta tecnologia aplicada. / This work presents the creation of a methodology for industry lighting project analysis focused on energy efficient, which aims to evaluate alternative lighting systems for industrial plants. The idea is to help the selection of more efficient lighting systems balancing technical and economic aspects trying, among others, to simplify the selection of the most suitable system for each industry. After a market overview it was possible to identify the available equipments for industrial lighting, Consolidated systems with wide acceptance by industrial consumers as well as high tech recent systems barely known due to higher costs were adopted. As a result, 7 different systems are proposed for each one of the three standard scenarios of the chosen manufacturing lay outs. These scenarios present different installation heights and distance between modulated pillars, which may be repeated many times. The adoption of the proposed methodology allows each scenario system analysis to be done by the figure of merit of the Yearly Life Cycle Costing (YLCC). The evaluation of each systems YLCC is followed by a sensibility analysis of the involved variables parameters, which are: return on investment (ROI), usage time, energy and equipment costs. With the results attained through simulations and calculations with relevant representation in the industrial segment we can infer that there are more economically efficient systems than those consolidated by the market and though they require higher investments when compared to the usual systems, they are feasible due to the high technology applied.

Wu Wei. / "November 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.