Hanna Arendt (1906-1975) and Eric Voegelin (1901-1985) were two political thinkers which can be placed in the Totalitarianism-theory discourse. In 1951, Voegelin was commissioned to review Hannah Arendt´s recently published book The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). Arendt was given the right to reply. Voegelin also wrote a letter to Arendt in German which she responded to. With their dialogue as a starting point, aspects of the theoretical content of the philosophical and political thinking in Voegelin and Arendt was analyzed. The main conclusion is that their theories complement each other and that they can be better understood in light of each other. A deeper understanding of Arendt´s and Voegelin´s ideas has been achieved using the anthropological concept liminality. It is an aid to understanding the dissolution of an order and the transition towards a new order. All kinds of changes in paradigm can be studied from the perspective of liminality. The political situation in Europe in the 30ths was a liminality of the thinking of Voegelin and Arendt. Therefore, their ”conservatism” can be interpreted as a ”plasticity” of ideologies-discourse according to the specific liminality, and their ideas as both radical and conservative due to the political situation in the liminality. Conducting a reflexive approach towards their ideas has clarified their explicit divergence as both divergence and convergence. Their supposed divergence is sometimes explained by their different theoretical perspectives. Despite a disagreement with sine ira et studio in dialogue, their views correspond to each other, since both affirm a historical approach to political phenomena which is evaluative but not judicial in the sense that empiri judge evaluative statements. Arendt rejected the idea of totalitarianism as a utilitarian-scientific project, but could not deny the empiri of nazism and bolshevism using utilitarian-scientific (”everything is possible”) propaganda language. Nor did Voegelin see a direct causality from 16th century scientism to totalitarianism, but concluded that scientism was a discourse for the totalitarian ideologies in which mankind had immanentized God into the concept ”everything is possible”. None of them accepted a metaphysical and essential concept of the human nature. Arendt`s foundation for human Being was a plurality of mankind while Voegelin founded it in a consciousness which transcend to the world. Regarding political religion Arendt reject totalitarianism as a secular religion, although she observes the religious elements while Voegelin adopt a political religion theory. The divergence is accomplished by their different theories in the concept religion. They both observe same phenomena, but Voegelin theorized totalitarianism in a way Arendt would call speculative. It is further suggested that the concept pneumopathology can be used as a model for approaching the phenomena totalitarianism.

The paranormal industry in Edinburgh has become a thriving niche within the country's tourist market. While ghost walks have been explored in anthropology from the perspective of spectacle, this thesis investigates and analyses the cultural framework which has furthered the success of the industry. Namely, the ways in which the paranormal industry have appropriated the beliefs and practices of an overarching ghost culture: a community of believers, investigators, mediums, and all those who actively attempt to engage with the paranormal. The increased visibility of the paranormal within popular culture has spurred a wide interest in the unknown and unexplained. Ghost hunting television shows and the prevalence of ghost stories has inspired the desire for unique experiences, and for audiences to contextualise the supernatural within their own lives. The paranormal industry has grown to accommodate this intense, active enthusiasm for all things spectral, and belief has become a commodity. This burgeoning fascination in ghosts has become an important aspect of how Scotland is sold as a destination. While commercial paranormal industries exist in other cities around the world, the historical perception of Scotland as other has created a precedent for the connection between Scottish national identity and the spectral. This thesis further investigates the ways in which the tourist industry continues to solidify the connection between Scottish heritage and the paranormal.

This Diploma thesis deals with the character of Holden Caulfield, the main protagonist of J.D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye, identifying him as a liminal character. It is concerned with the term liminality and inbetweennes. It focuses on evidence of his inbetweennes by means of the examples from the novel itself. It illustrates the examples of his position between childhood and adulthood by way of some of Holden's manners, behaviour and talks.

Abstract The culture of law enforcement is an all or nothing proposition with no gray area where membership into this society is concerned. You are either “on the job” or you are not. Even references among officers to “the job” indicate there is only one job. Likened to a secret handshake, that initial phrase if answered correctly opens the door to instant fraternal acceptance, get out of violation passes, and the many other assumed privileges of brotherhood. Manning (1980) describes the powerful mystification of policing as the “sacred canopy”. He further asserts that “the police role conveys a sense of sacredness or awesome power that lies at the root of political order, and authority, the claims a state makes upon its people for deference to rules, laws and norms” (Manning, 1980, p. 21). These elements make policing unique to all other American occupations. The sacredness of the profession creates social autonomy protected by the officers’ code of silence. Operating in this vacuum apart from public accountability fosters an environment for behavior outside of laws the institution is charged with enforcing. My research shows the process of occupational socialization ushers officers into a state of becoming blue, or the enculturation of expectant behavior and actions. I confirm that assignments into the Special Operations Group (SOG) facilitate a subculture separate and apart from the institutional ideals (Librett, 2006) and encourage a darkening of the shade of blue identifying officers with a labeling of deviance. While previous research identifies the code of silence as a by-product of the policing culture, my research identifies it as fundamental for maintaining the covenant of the dark blue fraternity.

Background: Usage of temporaries in contemporary business is increasing due to demand for agile and efficient way of doing business. This trend has been rising especially when turning into 21stcentury. Growing group of temporary workers in different industries being mobile and under different circumstances than regular full-time workers. One professional group working with clients in temporal terms is consultants hired as project managers to lead customer projects in project-based organizations. These project managers switch context between businesses and try to adapt as soon as possible to new environments. The paper uses concept of liminality as a metaphor to describe these passages between projects which starts identity work and sensemaking process in individual. Purpose of Thesis:  The purpose of this thesis was to study how project managers cope with liminality using sensemaking and identity work as a point of view. Methodology: This is a qualitative cross-sectional study conducted through semi-structured interviews in order to gather primary data for further analysis and findings. The empirical data was gathered from a Finnish professional service company and consisted ten interviews of consultant project managers. Findings: The study presents a four-field matrix forming project manager archetypes as embodiments of variation how consultant project managers deal with liminality. Although, the group of people in the sample can be perceived homogeneous, it turned out that it contained heterogeneous characteristics regarding the research scope. The main differences found are illustrated through technical or social approach toward work, and whether sensemaking processes occurred in individual or collective manner. Therefore, the study was able to create four different form of archetypes: the realist, the connector, the performer and the moderator.

Este trabalho analisa três peças de Brian Friel - The Enemy Within (1962), Faith Healer (1979) e Dancing at Lughnassa (1990) escritas em um intervalo de quase trinta anos. Nossa tese é de que Friel escreve as três peças como rituais, o que, por sua vez, retira da concepção elaborada pelos ritualistas de Cambridge, na década de 1920, de que a tragédia grega e o drama se desenvolveram a partir dos rituais de fertilidade. Notamos que a influência da tragédia e dos rituais em Friel está consideravelmente mais vinculada à forma e à abordagem das peças enquanto um ritual que à reescritura de tragédias gregas ou mitos, muito embora alusões sejam recorrentes. Friel retrabalha mitos e rituais a fim de refazer e atualizar o drama enquanto um ritual em si mesmo, cuja razão de ser é permitir a significação e reorganização da vida individual e social no mundo moderno industrial, no caso específico, a vida na Irlanda contemporânea. Ocupamo-nos dos dramas sociais e dos rituais de passagem, com atenção especial ao período liminar, caracterizado pela transição entre papéis sociais envolvendo um período de não-pertencimento. Os três grupos envolvidos em cada uma das peças: os monges e noviços em The Enemy Within, a pequena trupe mambembe em Faith Healer e a família em Dancing at Lughnasa, vivem na periferia de suas sociedades sendo liderados por figuras vivendo uma situação liminar participando de dramas sociais que envolvem processos rituais tanto formais como não-institucionalizados. / This work addresses three plays by Brian Friel - The Enemy Within (1962), Faith Healer (1979) and Dancing at Lughnassa (1990) - written within a period of almost thirty years. Our thesis is that Friel writes all three plays as rituals, a conception taken from the Cambridge Ritualists, who in the 1920s assume that Greek tragedy and drama grew out of the ancient fertility rituals. We notice that the influence of tragedy and rituals on Friel\'s work is more connected to the form and approach to the plays as rituals than to the rewriting of Greek tragedies or myths. Friel reworks myths and rituals in order to update and remake drama as a ritual in itself, whose raison d\'etre for him is to allow the meaning and reorganization of individual and social life in modern industrial world, mainly life in contemporary Ireland. We deal here with social dramas and rites of passage, with special regard to the liminal period, characterized by the transition between social roles and involving a period of not belonging. The three groups involved in each play: the monks and novices in The Enemy Within, the small troupe in Faith Healer and the family in Dancing at Lughnasa, live on the boundaries of their societies and are led by men who are in a liminal situation in social dramas which involve both institutionalized and informal ritual processes.

Thesis advisor: Ted I. K. Youn / Independent professional schools were a significant part of higher education in the United States until the rise of universities at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the overwhelming majority of professional schools are indeed affiliated with universities; however there are a growing number of professional schools in variety of fields that are independent. The institutional perspective from organizational theory suggests these schools, like all organizations, must be creating and maintaining legitimacy in order to survive. This multiple case study explores how independent professional schools of acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) demonstrate legitimacy over time. Analysis was focused on temporal patterns, correlations, and interdependencies between and/or among particular legitimizing activities within institutions, and global patterns of legitimizing activities across different institutions. Data were analyzed with specific reference to the possibility that there are multiple alternative paths to legitimacy outside of isomorphism with educational myths and structures. Findings included identification of higher education, health care, context, the profession, and business as the five arenas in which AOM schools signal their legitimacy, as well as general patterns of signaling to these arenas across all institutions over the past twenty years. Signals in each arena ebb and flow between relatively narrow limits, and it is not possible for schools to increase their signals in all areas simultaneously. Over time, the business and academic signals are generally increasing, contextual and professional signals decreasing, and health care remains fairly stable. This research marks an initial effort bring scholarly awareness both to schools of acupuncture and Oriental medicine to independent professional schools as a group. It offers support for the idea that there are multiple avenues for demonstrating legitimacy, and suggests a model for the arenas in which legitimacy operates for independent professional schools. In addition, this research articulated the concept of multi-liminality as both a characteristic of independent professional schools and an important feature for future research. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

Esta pesquisa trata dos processos que envolvem a experiência performática e os fluxos entre memória, resistência e criação no âmbito do entrecruzamento de culturas. Parte-se da instauração de interlocuções no contexto das aldeias indígenas Guarani da capital de São Paulo que, apesar das dinâmicas de contato com a metrópole, ainda mantêm vivos seu idioma e práticas ritualísticas tradicionais. O eixo de reflexão se volta para a percepção de possíveis fricções, intersecções e contaminações poéticas deflagradas neste contato. Performance é aqui compreendida com ênfase na experiência, como campo relacional. Ritual e Arte, e seus respectivos meios e processos, aproximados pela perspectiva da experiência liminar proposta por Victor Turner, são postos em deslocamento numa ruptura entre as fronteiras de distintos gêneros de performance cultural. À luz dos Estudos da Performance e da Antropologia da Performance é sugerida uma apreensão do intervalo entre culturas distintas, como um entre-lugar potencialmente transformador, gerador de novos sentidos. / This research deals with the processes which involve the performatic experience and flows between memory, resistance and creation within the crossing of cultures. It starts with the establishment of dialogues in the context of Guarani Indian villages from the capital of Sao Paulo that, despite the dynamic contact with the metropolis, still keep alive their language and traditional ritual practices. The axis of reflection goes to the perception of possible intersections and poetic contamination deflagrated in intercultural contact. Performance is understood here with emphasis on experience, as a relational field in the proposition of the meeting with the -other culturally different?. Ritual and Art, and their respective environments and processes, approximated by the perspective of liminal experience, proposed by Victor Turner, are put on the move on a rupture between the boundaries of different kinds of cultural performance. In light of Performance Studies and Anthropology of Performance is suggested an apprehension of interval between different cultures, as a potentially transformative in-between place, generating new meanings.

O uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas atinge a maioria dos moradores de rua na cidade de São Paulo e assume funções e significados inerentes à situação de rua, entendida como situação de liminaridade social. A etnografia revelou trajetórias individuais, dinâmicas de grupos de moradores de rua e sua interação com as redes públicas de assistência, caracterizando o álcool e drogas nos circuitos da rua enquanto recursos de sobrevivência e operadores de processos reativos diante da situação de apartação social. Utilizamos análise documental, observação participante, e entrevistas com moradores de rua, coordenadores de instituições sociais e informantes de outros contextos sociais. O uso de álcool e drogas reforça estigmas de culpabilidade e penalização das pessoas pela situação em que se encontram, reproduzidos nas relações com as instituições públicas de apoio, referências midiáticas e nas justificativas das lacunas das políticas públicas. Este uso, abusivo ou não, atua de forma preponderante na mediação das relações sociais e de sobrevivência na rua e, além disso, permite o alívio do sofrimento físico e psíquico, além da navegabilidade nas memórias emocionais através de processos regressivos e experiências de si em estados alterados de consciência. Entender este uso sob a perspectiva da liminaridade permite o deslocamento analítico do agente patogênico e da vulnerabilidade individual para o drama social que o sujeito vivencia. Tendo em vista os dramas vividos, o uso de drogas é construído sob o sistema de crenças e representações do sujeito, passível de ressignificações nos processos de autoconhecimento, desenvolvimento da autonomia e do autocontrole / The use of alcohol and other drugs affect the majority of the residents of the streets in the city of São Paulo and assume functions and meanings inherent to the situation in which they are, understood as situation of social liminality. The ethnography showed individual trajectories, dynamics of groups of homeless and their interaction with the networks of assistance, characterizing the alcohol and drugs on the street circuits as resources for survival and operators of reactive process against the social apartheid. We used documental analysis, participant observation, and interviews with residents of the streets, coordinators of social institutions and informants from other social contexts. The use of alcohol and drugs increases the stigma of guilt and punishment of people for their situation. These appear in relations with help public institutions, references in the media and justifications of the shortcomings of public policies. This use, abusive or not, serves mainly in the mediation of social and survival relationships on the street and, moreover, allows the navigability in emotional memories through regressive processes, relief of suffering, both physical and mental, and experiences with the self in altered states of consciousness. Understanding this use from the perspective of liminality allows the displacement analysis of pathogen and the vulnerability of the subject to the social drama experienced. In view of these dramas, drug use is built under the system of beliefs and representations of the subject, which can be reconfigured by the development of consciousness, autonomy and self-control

O uso de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas atinge a maioria dos moradores de rua na cidade de São Paulo e assume funções e significados inerentes à situação de rua, entendida como situação de liminaridade social. A etnografia revelou trajetórias individuais, dinâmicas de grupos de moradores de rua e sua interação com as redes públicas de assistência, caracterizando o álcool e drogas nos circuitos da rua enquanto recursos de sobrevivência e operadores de processos reativos diante da situação de apartação social. Utilizamos análise documental, observação participante, e entrevistas com moradores de rua, coordenadores de instituições sociais e informantes de outros contextos sociais. O uso de álcool e drogas reforça estigmas de culpabilidade e penalização das pessoas pela situação em que se encontram, reproduzidos nas relações com as instituições públicas de apoio, referências midiáticas e nas justificativas das lacunas das políticas públicas. Este uso, abusivo ou não, atua de forma preponderante na mediação das relações sociais e de sobrevivência na rua e, além disso, permite o alívio do sofrimento físico e psíquico, além da navegabilidade nas memórias emocionais através de processos regressivos e experiências de si em estados alterados de consciência. Entender este uso sob a perspectiva da liminaridade permite o deslocamento analítico do agente patogênico e da vulnerabilidade individual para o drama social que o sujeito vivencia. Tendo em vista os dramas vividos, o uso de drogas é construído sob o sistema de crenças e representações do sujeito, passível de ressignificações nos processos de autoconhecimento, desenvolvimento da autonomia e do autocontrole / The use of alcohol and other drugs affect the majority of the residents of the streets in the city of São Paulo and assume functions and meanings inherent to the situation in which they are, understood as situation of social liminality. The ethnography showed individual trajectories, dynamics of groups of homeless and their interaction with the networks of assistance, characterizing the alcohol and drugs on the street circuits as resources for survival and operators of reactive process against the social apartheid. We used documental analysis, participant observation, and interviews with residents of the streets, coordinators of social institutions and informants from other social contexts. The use of alcohol and drugs increases the stigma of guilt and punishment of people for their situation. These appear in relations with help public institutions, references in the media and justifications of the shortcomings of public policies. This use, abusive or not, serves mainly in the mediation of social and survival relationships on the street and, moreover, allows the navigability in emotional memories through regressive processes, relief of suffering, both physical and mental, and experiences with the self in altered states of consciousness. Understanding this use from the perspective of liminality allows the displacement analysis of pathogen and the vulnerability of the subject to the social drama experienced. In view of these dramas, drug use is built under the system of beliefs and representations of the subject, which can be reconfigured by the development of consciousness, autonomy and self-control