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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Systèmes chélatants organisés pour l'extraction sélective de métaux stratégiques / Organized chelating systems for the selective extraction of strategic metals

Wehbie, Moheddine 15 December 2016 (has links)
L’extraction liquide-liquide fait partie des procédés hydrométallurgiques les plus étudiés et développés, particulièrement dans les domaines d'applications de l’extraction et de la purification de métaux comme les lanthanides et les actinides, de grand intérêt dans les secteurs de l'énergie et des technologies de pointe. De nombreux extractants ont ainsi été développés au cours des dernières décennies dont la nature et l’arrangement des sites de chélation, la rigidité voire la stéréochimie déterminent l’affinité et la sélectivité vis-à-vis d’une cible métallique. L’étude de systèmes chélatant organisés sur des macrocycles a notamment fait l’objet de nombreux travaux recherches. Dans cette étude, l'organisation de sous-unités diglycolamide (DGA) et diamide (DA) sur des plateformes macrocycliques tel que le calix[4]arène et le résorcinarène a été abordée vis-à-vis de l’extraction des terres rares et de l’uranium. Une étude détaillée de l'effet de l'organisation du DGA sur les performances d'extraction montre que les macrocycles synthétisés sont plus affins et sélectifs des terres rares lourdes (HREEs) que des légères (LREEs). Une étude comparative dédiée à l'extraction des lanthanides par ces macrocycles en milieu liquide ionique montre également que le calix[4]arène est un meilleur candidat comme plateforme pré-organisatrice que le cavitand résorcinarène. D'autre part, une étude détaillée sur le pouvoir chélatant d’un calixarène fonctionnalisé par des diamides a été entreprise pour l'extraction sélective de l'uranium en milieu sulfurique, démontrant ici que le motif diamide est plus efficace et plus sélectif que l’analogue calixarénique. / The liquid-liquid extraction is one of the most studied and developed hydrometallurgical processes, particularly in the areas of applications for the extraction and purification of metals of great interest in the sectors of energy and advanced technologies, such as lanthanides and actinides. Many extractants have been developed for the extraction of these metals in the recent decades where the nature, the arrangement, the rigidity and the stereochemistry of chelating sites determine the affinity and selectivity toward the target metals. The study of chelating systems organized on macrocycles has constituted, in particular, the subject of numerous research studies.In this study, the organization of diglycolamide (DGA) and diamide (DA) subunits on Calix-[4]-arene and resorcinarene cavitand was studied for the extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) and uranium (U). A detailed study on the effect of the organization of DGA subunit on the extraction performance of lanthanides, in toluene, showed that the synthesized macrocycles are more efficient and more selective toward heavy rare earths (HREEs) than the light ones (LREEs). A comparative study for the extraction of lanthanides by these macrocycles in ionic liquid medium revealed that the calix-[4]-arene is a better candidate as preorganised platform than the resorcinarene cavitand. Moreover, a detailed study on the chelating capacity of a calixarene functionalized with diamides (DA) was done for the selective extraction of uranium in sulfuric medium, demonstrating that the diamide pattern is more efficient and more selective than its calixarene analogue.
52

Extração de adenovírus em sistemas micelares de duas fases aquosas / Extraction of adenovirus in aqueous two-phase system

João Vitor Dutra Molino 05 June 2012 (has links)
Processos biotecnológicos dependem significativamente das técnicas de separação e purificação utilizadas, para manter boa relação custo-benefício na produção em escala industrial de produtos biotecnológicos com fins comerciais, industriais e terapêuticos. A aplicação do sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas (SMDFA) é proposta como alternativa para purificação de biomoléculas/biopartículas, pois permite sua separação e análise, muitas vezes sem que essas percam sua atividade ou propriedades desejadas. Com essa técnica é possível realizar uma partição seletiva que possibilita altos rendimentos. Esse trabalho destinou-se a estudar o emprego dessa metodologia na extração e purificação de Adenovírus em sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas formado por Triton X-114/Suspensão viral. Os ensaios foram realizados em sistemas de 5 g seguindo um planejamento fatorial completo (23) com 4 pontos centrais. Os fatores estudados foram temperatura de extração, pH da suspensão viral e concentração do tensoativo. Sistemas contendo massas de 3g, 10g e 40g foram avaliados. Foi avaliado o efeito do processo de extração com SMDFA sobre a integridade e infectividade de Adenovírus. Alguns dos parâmetros avaliados no processo foram a recuperação da potência viral (RPv) e a recuperação da potência viral específica (RPvø). Esses dois parâmetros avaliam a inativação do Adenovirus pelo processo de extração e ambos apresentaram melhoras quando comparados com a própria suspensão viral para alguns dos sistemas estudados (i.e RPv:341 % e RPvø 1466 %). Esses resultados indicam que o SMDFA foi capaz de particionar seletivamente as partículas virais infecciosas. De acordo com os resultados do planejamento é possível aumentar ainda mais esses resultados controlando as variáveis concentração de tensoativo, pH da suspensão viral e temperatura de extração. / Biotechnological processes depend significantly on separation and purification techniques used to maintain cost-effective industrial-scale production of biotechnological products for commercial, industrial and therapeutic uses. The application of the aqueous two-phase micelar system (ATPMS) is proposed as an alternative for purification, since it allows the separation and analysis of biomolecules /bioparticles, often without loses of activity or their properties. This allows to perform a selective partition that enables high yields. This work aims to study the use of this methodology in the extraction and purification of adenovirus in micelle aqueous two-phase formed by TritonX-114/Viral suspension. All assays were performed in 5 g systems following a full factorial design (23) with four central points. The studied factors were extraction temperature, pH of the viral suspension and concentration of the surfactant. Systems containing masses of 3g, 10g and 40g were evaluated. Extraction procedure effects over integrity and infectivity of adenovirus were also evaluated. Some of the parameters evaluated in the viral recovery process were viral potency (RPv) and recovery of viral specific potency (RPvø). These two parameters measure the inactivation of Adenovirus by the extraction process and both showed improvement when compared with the viral suspension for some of the systems studied (i.e RPv: 341% and RPvø 1466%). These results show that ATPMS selectively partition the infectious viral particles. According to the results of the experimental design is possible to increase, even further, these results controlling the surfactant concentration, viral suspension pH and temperature of extraction.
53

Desterpenação de óleos essenciais de bergamota e limão: determinação de dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido e modelagem termodinâmica de sistemas modelo, a 25ºC / Bergamot and lemon essential oil deterpenation: determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data and thermodynamic modeling of model systems, at 25ºC

Cristina Chiyoda Koshima 03 March 2011 (has links)
Uma possível perda de qualidade dos óleos essenciais pode estar associada à decomposição dos compostos terpênicos, quando submetidos ao aquecimento ou contato com o ar, produzindo odores desagradáveis. A redução do teor dos compostos terpênicos, processo conhecido como desterpenação, pode ser realizada por meio de diversas técnicas. Dentre as inúmeras possibilidades, a extração líquido-líquido tem apresentado resultados bastante promissores. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo a determinação experimental e modelagem do equilíbrio líquido-líquido, a (25,0 ± 0,1) °C, dos sistemas modelo de óleo essencial de bergamota e limão compostos, respectivamente, por: limoneno/ acetato de linalila/ linalol/ etanol/ água e limoneno/ γ- terpineno/ β- pineno/ citral/ etanol/ água. Adicionalmente, as propriedades físicas (viscosidade e densidade) dos sistemas supracitados, bem como dos compostos puros, foram também determinadas. Observou-se que o aumento do teor de água no solvente promoveu uma diminuição da extração do linalol (óleo de bergamota) e citral (óleo de limão), entretanto o maior nível de hidratação do etanol acarretou em aumento da região bifásica e da seletividade do solvente em ambos os sistemas estudados. Os dados experimentais obtidos foram correlacionados utilizando-se os modelos termodinâmicos NRTL e UNIQUAC. Para o sistema de óleo essencial de bergamota, o desvio global obtido foi de 0,43% para o modelo UNIQUAC e 0,52% para o NRTL. No que se refere ao sistema de óleo de limão, a equação NRTL foi a que proporcionou a melhor descrição, apresentando um desvio global de 0,29%, em relação ao modelo UNIQUAC, para o qual o desvio obtido foi de 0,32%. Quanto às propriedades físicas, notou-se que a água não exerce muita influência sobre as propriedades da fase terpênica (fase rica em componentes do óleo essencial); entretanto, na fase solvente observou-se que os valores de densidade e a viscosidade foram aumentados com o aumento do nível de água no etanol. / A possible oil quality loss may be associated to the terpenes compounds decomposition, when heated or exposed to air, producing off -flavors. Terpene partial removal, process known as deterpenation, can be performed using many different techniques. Among these various possibilities, the liquid-liquid extraction has shown successful results. The aim of this work was to determine and correlate the liquid-liquid equilibrium experimental data, using thermodynamic models at (25.0 ± 0.1) ºC for bergamot and lemon essential oils model systems composed respectively of limonene/ linalyl acetate/ linalool/ ethanol/ water and limonene/ γ- terpinene/ β- pinene/ citral/ ethanol/ water. Additionally, physical properties (viscosity and density) of the aforementioned systems and pure compounds were determined. It was observed that the higher water content in the solvent led to a lower linalool (bergamot oil) and citral (lemon oil) extraction. However, the highest level of ethanol hydration enlarged the biphasic region and solvent selectivity for both systems. The experimental data were correlated using the NRTL and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models. For bergamot essential oil system, the global deviation was 0.43% for UNIQUAC and 0.52% for NRTL. The NRTL equation provided a better representation of the lemon oil system, with a global deviation value of 0.29%, compared to the UNIQUAC model with a deviation of 0.32%. It was observed that water does not have a significant effect on the terpene phase (essential oil components rich phase) properties. On the other hand, in the solvent phase, it was observed that a higher water content in the ethanol led to higher density and viscosity values.
54

Análise da viabilidade econômica da purificação da bromelina das folhas de curauá em sistema bifásico aquoso PEG/Fosfato / Economic viability of bromelain purification from curaua using an aqueous two phase system PEG/phosphate

Sbruzzi, Dalva 06 July 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sbruzzi_Dalva_M.pdf: 1983604 bytes, checksum: 3ca47c66cbfb0f6dcff7d83c5b614ccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O curauá (Ananas Erectifolius L.B. Smith), espécie vegetal de porte herbáceo, é uma monocotiledônea pertencente à família Bromeliaceae, nativa da região norte do Brasil, especialmente da Amazônia, de onde pode ser extraída a bromelina. Essa faz parte de um grupo de enzimas proteolíticas, usadas na indústria alimentícia e como medicamento, pois oferece amplo espectro de eficácias terapêuticas: antiedemas, anti-inflamatórias, antitrombóticas e atividades fibrinolíticas. O desenvolvimento de novos processos de extração e purificação de proteínas é muito importante, uma vez que essa é uma etapa limitante na produção de bioprodutos. Sistemas de duas fases aquosas são amplamente utilizados para a separação e purificação de biomoléculas. As vantagens da extração em duas fases aquosas, em comparação com outros métodos de purificação, são o elevado rendimento, a faixa de trabalho próxima do equilíbrio, a fácil ampliação de escala e o uso em processos contínuos. Esta pesquisa propõe a caracterização da bromelina do curauá e a sua purificação por extração líquido-líquido em duas fases aquosas, formadas por um polímero (polietilenoglicol) e um sal (fosfato de potássio). Apresenta também um estudo sobre os custos do processo e o preço de venda estimado, e demonstra a sua viabilidade econômica, quer seja para uso como pré-processo nos tradicionais sistemas cromatográficos, quer para a comercialização direta, como alternativa para a bromelina do abacaxi. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que as condições ideais de trabalho são pH 8,5 e temperatura 35º C para a variedade branca, e pH 8,5 e 30º C de temperatura para a variedade roxa. A massa molar é de 24 kDa, e o melhor sistema de partição da bromelina foi o SBA PEG 4000 em pH 9. A solução enzimática dos melhores sistemas contém 7 U de bromelina e, aproximadamente, 17 mg/L de proteína total medida por Bradford (curauá branco); e 6 U de bromelina e, aproximadamente, 23 mg/L de proteína total medida por Bradford (curauá roxo). O preço de venda calculado para um litro dessa solução enzimática, quando não se obtém lucro (margem de lucro desejada é 0%), foi estimado em R$75,06. Assim, pode-se concluir que o processo de purificação da bromelina das folhas de curauá, ao ser utilizado sistema bifásico aquoso, PEG/sal, é promissor no que diz respeito a sua possibilidade de produção em escala industrial / Abstract: Curaua (Ananas erectifolius L.B. Smith) is a mocotyledonous herbaceous specie belonging to the Bromeliaceae family and it is native to the north region of Brazil, especially the Amazonian Complex, that we can extract bromelain which belongs to a group of proteolytic enzymes derived from herbaceous species of Bromeliaceae family, which are used in food industries and as drugs as such as they offer a wide spectrum of therapeutic efficacies: antiedemateous, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. The development of new extraction and purification processes of proteins is very important, as this is a limiting step in the production of bioproducts. Aqueous two-phase systems are widely used for separation and purification of biomolecules. The advantages of aqueous two-phase extraction compared to other purification methods lie in high productivity, working range close to equilibrium, easy scale up and use in continuous processes. This research proposes the curaua's bromelain characterization, and its purification by a liquid-liquid extraction in aqueous two-phase system, formed by a polymer (polyethylene glycol) and a salt (potassium phosphate). It also presents a study about the costs of this process and the estimated sale price, showing its economic viability, whether it is for use as a pre-process in traditional chromatographic systems or direct commercialization, as an alternative for the bromelain of pineapple. The curaua's bromelain characterization results showed that the ideal working conditions are pH 8.5 and 35 ºC of temperature to white variety and pH 8.5 and 30°C of temperature to purple variety. The curaua's molecular weight is 24 kDa and the best bromelain partitioning system was the SBA PEG 4000 at pH 9. The enzyme solution of the best purification system contains 7 U of bromelain and about 17 mg/L of total protein measured by Bradford (white curaua) and 6 U of bromelain and about 23 mg/L of total protein measured by Bradford (purple curaua). The estimated sale price for a liter of this enzyme solution, when profit is not achieved (0% of desired markup), was estimated at R$ 75, 06. So, the curaua's bromelain purification process using an aqueous two-phase system, PEG/salt, is promising with regard to the possibility of industrial scale production / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química
55

Desacidificação de oleos de babaçu e de algodão por extração liquido-liquido / Babassu and cottonseed oils deacidification by liquid-liquid extraction

Reipert, Erika Coelho D'Anton 14 December 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reipert_ErikaCoelhoD'Anton_M.pdf: 3835759 bytes, checksum: f097e5f2d5f7583f8cde8c40a88849c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A extração líquido-líquido foi utilizada na desacidificação dos óleos de babaçu e de algodão. No caso do óleo de babaçu, o estudo foi realizado a partir de dados de equilíbrio determinados para sistemas compostos por óleo de babaçu refinado + ácido láurico + etanol + água, variando a concentração de água no solvente (etanol hidratado com 0,26%; 5,57%; 10,45%; 20,29% e 29,72% em massa). O aumento da quantidade de água nos sistemas resultou em aumento da região de separação de fases, diminuição dos coeficientes de distribuição (indicando menor capacidade de extração dos ácidos graxos livres pelo solvente) e aumento da seletividade (indicando menor perda de óleo neutro). Os ajustes dos parâmetros do modelo termodinâmico NRTL, a partir dos dados de equilíbrio experimentais, mostraram, em geral, a boa capacidade deste modelo para descrever as composições das fases dos sistemas estudados, assim como dos respectivos coeficientes de distribuição e seletividades. Por outro lado, o estudo da desacidificação do óleo de algodão por extração líquido-líquido foi realizado com a utilização da coluna de discos rotativos perfurados (PRDC), usando etanol azeotrópico como solvente. Os ensaios investigaram a viabilidade da desacidificação do óleo de algodão em PRDC, avaliando variações na velocidade de rotação dos discos perfurados e na relação de vazões mássicas de entrada da fase dispersa e da fase contínua (Md / Mc). Os resultados mostraram que nas condições de velocidade de rotação elevadas e de maior vazão de entrada de etanol em relação a de óleo (condição estudada de 220 rpm e Md / Mc de 0,65), o teor de ácidos graxos livres determinado no óleo refinado foi de 0,29%, estando abaixo do limite recomendado pelo ANVISA para o consumo humano. Esta condição também apresentou índice de extração de ácidos graxos livres maior que 90% e perda de óleo neutro menor que 4%. Os experimentos ainda indicaram que de 65 a 90% dos tocoferóis permaneceram no óleo após o processo de extração. Além disso, os coeficientes de transferência de massa tendem a valores mais elevados com o aumento da relação de vazões mássicas aliado ao aumento de velocidade de rotação dos discos / Abstract: The liquid-liquid extraction was used for babassu and cottonseed oil deacidification. For the babassu oil the study was performed based on the equilibrium data determined for systems containing refined babassu oil + lauric acid + ethanol + water at 30°C, varying the water concentration in the solvent (aqueous ethanol with 0.26; 5.57; 10.45; 20.29; 29.72 mass %). The increase of the water concentration resulted in an increase of the region of phases separation, decrease of the distribution coefficients (indicating a smaller capacity for the free fatty acids extraction by the solvent), and increase of the selectivity (indicating a lower loss of neutral oil). The NRTL parameters adjust showed the good description of the phases compositions as well as by the distribution coefficient and selectivity. On the other hand, the study for the cottonseed oil deacidification by liquid-liquid extraction was performed with the utilization of a perforated rotating discs contactor (PRDC), using azeotropic ethanol as a solvent. The experimental data was determined varying the rotating speed of the perforated discs (from 50 to 250 rpm) and the mass ratio oil:solvent (from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1) for the investigation of the feasibility of cottonseed oil continuous deacidification in a PRDC. The results showed that a higher discs rotating speed and a higher mass ratio oil:solvent (220 rpm and Md / Mc = 0.65) provided an oil with low free fatty acids concentration (0.29%), as recommended by ANVISA. This condition also presented free fatty acids extraction higher than 90% and loss of neutral oil lower than 4%. The experiments also indicated that 65 ¿ 90% from the tocopherol remained in the oil before the extraction process. Moreover, the mass transfer coefficients tends for higher values with the increase of the mass ratio oil:solvent and the increase of the discs rotating speed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
56

Avaliação do processo de extração liquido-liquido com a adição de sais para recuperação e purificação de acidos organicos / Evaluation of the liquid-liquid extraction process with salt addition for organic acid recovery and purification

Gitirana, Luciana Lintomen 13 August 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T14:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gitirana_LucianaLintomen_D.pdf: 2222416 bytes, checksum: a70434bb137c8a74550f9b83da7277f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esse estudo objetiva uma avaliação crítica do processo de extração líquido-líquido de ácidos orgânicos, produzidos principalmente por fermentação. Os ácidos orgânicos de interesse nesse trabalho são: ácido cítrico, ácido málico, ácido succínico e ácido tartárico. O estudo engloba, de uma forma geral, a recuperação e a purificação dos ácidos orgânicos selecionados e, para esse propósito, envolve a caracterização termodinâmica dos sistemas envolvidos, a modelagem termodinâmica e a simulação do processo de extração líquidolíquido. Os dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido foram obtidos a 25oC, e os alcoóis, 2- Butanol e n- Butanol foram avaliados como extratantes, considerando os sistemas ternários e os quaternários, com o efeito ¿salting out¿, onde o sal MgCl2 foi adicionado. A Modelagem Termodinâmica do equilíbrio líquido-líquido, através do Método de Contribuição de Grupos (UNIFAC-Larsen) e da Modelagem Molecular (NRTL e NRTL Eletrolítico), foi realizada em alguns casos considerando a presença de eletrólitos fortes provenientes da dissociação do sal nos sistemas quaternários, com efeito, ¿salting out¿ / Abstract: This study aims a critical evaluation of the liquid-liquid extraction process of organic acids, produced by fermentation. The organic acids of interest in this work are: citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid. The study includes the recovery and the purification of the chosen organic acids, the thermodynamic characterization of the systems, thermodynamic modelling and simulation of the liquid-liquid extraction process. The liquid-liquid equilibrium data were obtained at 25oC, and the alcohols, 2-Butanol and n-Butanol were evaluated as extractants, considering the ternary systems and quaternary systems with salting out effect, where the salt MgCl2 was added. The Thermodynamic Modelling of the liquid-liquid equilibrium data, though the group contribution Method (UNIFAC-Larsen) and though Molecular Modelling (NRTL and the so-called electrolytic NRTL), was carried out in some cases considering the presence of strong electrolytes from the salt dissociation in the quaternary systems with salting out effect / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química
57

Metodologia para quantificaÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo da partiÃÃo de agrotÃxicos no estuÃrio do Rio Jaguaribe-Ce / Methodology for quantification and evaluation of the partition of pesticides in the estuary Jaguaribe-Ce

Danielle Monteiro de Lima 10 August 2011 (has links)
As condiÃÃes hidroquÃmicas, bem como as propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas dos agrotÃxicos, associadas à dinÃmica dos agrotÃxicos, e a adsorÃÃo tem um impacto sobre sua toxicidade e biodisponibilidade, bem como destino no ambiente. O presente trabalho visou aprimorar um mÃtodo analÃtico simples e admissÃvel para determinaÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos picloram, atrazina, metil parathion, clorpirifÃs e os isÃmeros de cipermetrina, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento do comportamento desses agrotÃxicos na partiÃÃo entre a fraÃÃo dissolvida e particulada, bem como os parÃmetros que influenciam na partiÃÃo. As tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas utilizadas, tais como Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (CG-EM) e a Cromatografia Gasosa com Detector de IonizaÃÃo de Chama (CG-DIC) demonstraram satisfatÃrios os resultados apresentados nas figuras de mÃritos analÃticas. O limite de detecÃÃo variou de 0,07 a 0,63 μg L-1 utilizando o CG-EM e de 11,38 a 116,00 μg L-1 utilizando o CG-DIC e ambos os mÃtodos cromatogrÃficos apresentaram boa precisÃo e bons coeficientes de correlaÃÃo. O mÃtodo de ExtraÃÃo LÃquido LÃquido seletiva (ELL-s) que utilizou 30 mL da mistura extratora hexano/diclorometano/acetato de etila 1:1:1, v/v foi eficiente para a extraÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos estudados. Os resultados de recuperaÃÃo foram melhores nas amostras sintÃticas (Ãgua de Milli-Q) com concentraÃÃo de 50 μg. L-1 que nas amostras ambientais (Ãgua do estuÃrio do rio Pacoti), no qual apresentou menor eficiÃncia de recuperaÃÃo, sendo essa diminuiÃÃo influenciada pelo efeito matriz, que se manifesta pela presenÃa de interferentes extraÃdos nas amostras ambientais. A avaliaÃÃo da partiÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos metil paration, atrazina e clorpirifÃs entre a fraÃÃo dissolvida e particulada mostrou que nos ambientes fluviais e estuarinos essas partiÃÃes sÃo diferenciadas e influenciadas pelas condiÃÃes hidroquÃmicas e dependentes das propriedades fÃsico-quÃmica dos agrotÃxicos investigados / Hydrochemical conditions, as well as the physical and chemical properties of pesticides, are closely linked to the dynamics of pesticides, adsorption and have an impact on their toxicity and bioavailability, and fate in the environment. The present work aims to improve a simple and plausible analytical method for determination of pesticides picloram, atrazine, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, contributing to a better understanding of these pesticides behavior in the partition between the dissolved and particulate fraction, as well as the governing parameters. The chromatographic techniques used, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) showed satisfactory results presented in the analytical figures of merit. The limit of detection ranged from 0.07 to 0.63 μg/L using GC-MS and from 11.38 to 116.00 μg/L using GC-FID, and chromatographic methods showed precision and satisfactory coefficients of correlation. The method of selective Liquid Liquid Extraction (ELL-s), which, using 30 mL of extracting mixture hexane/dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1:1:1, v/v), was efficient for the extraction of pesticides studied. The recovery results were better in the synthetic samples (Milli-Q water) with concentration of 50 mg.L-1 than in environmental samples (water from the estuary of river Pacoti), which showed a lower recovery efficiency, this decrease being influenced by matrix effect, manifested by the presence of interfering extracts from environmental sample. The evaluation of the partition of pesticides parathion, chlorpyrifos and atrazine between dissolved and particulate fractions showed that fluvial and estuarine environments in these partitions are differentiated and influenced by hydrochemical conditions and dependent on physico-chemical pesticides investigated
58

Analýza vodných výluhů biouhlu pomocí separačních metod / Analysis of biochar aqueous extracts by separation methods

Tučková, Dominika January 2019 (has links)
This master's thesis deals with the analysis of biochar extracts by separation methods. All analyzed biochar was produced from waterworks sludge by microwave pyrolysis. The aim of the thesis is the optimization of the sample preparation method and its analysis in a laboratory environment. With the ever-growing world population, the problem of a sustainable economy in both agriculture and waste management is becoming increasingly urgent. This fact has led most countries to consider promoting the so-called Circular Economy. The use of sewage sludge as a feedstock for biochar production is perfectly in line with this strategy. So far, however, the short term and the long term benefits and risks of using biochar have not been sufficiently described. Potentially hazardous organic substances were extracted from the biochar extracts by three techniques: liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and solid- phase micro-extraction. The obtained samples were analyzed using the GS-MS/TOF method. The individual methods were compared. Several biochar samples from WWTP Brno and WWTP Drahovice were selected and analyzed to verify the suitability of the selected sample analysis method.
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Evaluation of Pre-Analytical Processes on Lipemic Whole Blood Samples Used in Forensic Toxicology

Elenstål, Emily January 2022 (has links)
Introduction: Post-mortem whole blood samples differ greatly in quality, lipemia is one cause of concern in toxicological analyses. Around 4 % of all samples sent to RMV are given a notation of lipemic content. The aim of the thesis was to study the effects of lipemia on the quantification of 14 benzodiazepines and 5 similar sedative and antianxiety drugs as well as evaluate the pre-analytical process aiming to reduce the effects of lipemia.  Methods: Blood samples were simulated with bovine blood, analyte spiking, and lipid spiking with either the nutrition emulsion Intralipid or with a mixture of post-mortem lipids from authentic samples. The outset was the by RMV currently used LLE method followed by UPLC- MS/MS and the extraction method was altered and evaluated. Matrix effects were also studied.  Results: Lipemia were found to be a great interference when quantifying benzodiazepines. For most analytes, internal standard could compensate for the loss of analyte but there was a problem with analytes not having their own IS. The 7-amino-compounds were greatly affected by lipemia and propiomazine and dihydropropiomazine showed extreme losses. Equilibration of IS did not result in similar loss as analyte. Dilution of sample reduced losses caused by lipemic content. SPE resulted in extracts free from lipids and high yields but there were analyte losses similar to LLE. No matrix effects from the lipids were found. Samples spiked with Intralipid gave poorer analyte yields than those spiked with post-mortem lipids.  Conclusion: Dilution is the most successful method to reduce pre-analytical matrix effects as long as the concentration is not so low that it risks getting lower than the analytical limits when doing so. Not homogenising samples before sampling is giving incorrect results. SPE could, if optimised for the analyte retention and elution, remove lipids from samples and obtain accurate analyte concentrations. Pooling lipids from post-mortem samples is a possible method for simulating lipemic whole blood. Intralipid and the PM-mix gave the same indications, but to different extents. Further studies where the ability to mimic authentic lipids are needed for both Intralipid and PM-mix.
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Vývoj voltametrických metod pro detekci cholesterolu a jeho prekursoru lathosterolu / Development of voltammetric methods for detection of cholesterol and its prekursor lathosterol

Bláhová, Eva January 2021 (has links)
Cholesterol is an irreplaceable sterol found in animal cells, lathosterol is one of its precursors. The first aim of this Thesis is to develop a method for determining cholesterol after liquid- liquid extraction from milk matrices by differential pulse voltammetry on a boron doped diamond electrode in the presence of perchloric acid in acetonitrile where cholesterol provides an irreversible anodic response at the potential between +1300 and +1600 mV depending on the water content. The second aim is a study of the voltammetric behavior of lathosterol on boron doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry mainly in perchloric acid but also sodium perchlorate where lathosterol provides an irreversible anodic response at the potential of about +1650 mV on the boron doped diamond electrode and at the potential of +1350 mV on a glassy carbon electrode. The effect of other acids - sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric - on the response of lathosterol was also investigated. The influence of the water content in the measured solution and the influence of the polarization rate on the response of lathosterol were studied. Furthermore, the calibration dependence of lathosterol was measured using differential pulse voltammetry after optimization of its...

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