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Neste trabalho, aplica-se uma regra de mistura desenvolvida pelo autor desta dissertação para estimar a viscosidade da mistura de duas substâncias líquidas a partir das viscosidades dessas puras, o que é usual a outros métodos. O aspecto de maior interesse é o caráter preditivo, ou seja, não requer a avaliação experimental de qualquer parâmetro da mistura para obtenção de estimativa da viscosidade da mesma. A formulação dessa regra é feita a partir de uma analogia e generalização da regra aplicada para misturas ideais, na qual a propriedade da mistura é uma ponderação das propriedades dos componentes puros, introduzindo um fator de ponderação alternativo à fração molar (ou mássica), que seria avaliado como função da composição da mistura. As constantes do modelo são obtidas a partir da ideia de uma composição local característica com considerações simplificadas de volume e área superficial das moléculas dos compostos na mistura. Os resultados obtidos apresentam desvios menores que os modelos preditivos mais conhecidos (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO) para casos de mais de 30 misturas binárias verificados na literatura e ainda pode ser usado, de forma diferenciada, para tratar misturas aquosas e outras com comportamento análogo a estas. / In this work, a mixing rule to estimate the viscosity of a mixture of two liquids from the viscosities of the pure liquids is presented. The most important feature of this mixing rule is its predictive character, i.e., it does not depend on the experimental determination of the mixture viscosity. This mixing rule is developed from a generalized rule applied for ideal mixtures, in which the property is averaged from those of the pure compounds by introducing an alternative weighting factor to replace the molar or mass fractions. This weighing factor is derived from a local composition reasoning, with simplifying considerations on the volume and surface area of the molecules that constitute the mixture. The developed mixing rule was compared to other predictive models (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO) to predict the viscosity of liquid mixtures. The developed mixing rule resulted in a best prediction of the mixture viscosity, and could be applied (with minor changes introduced) to aqueous mixtures, which could not be adequately treated by other models.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of nano-scale flows typically utilize fixed lattice crystal interactions between the fluid and stationary wall molecules. This approach cannot properly model thermal interactions at the wall-fluid interface. In order to properly simulate the flow and heat transfer in nano-scale channels, an interactive thermal wall model is developed. Using this model, the Fourier’s law of heat conduction is verified in a 3.24 nm height channel, where linear temperature profiles with constant thermal conductivity is obtained. The thermal conductivity is verified using the predictions of Green-Kubo theory. MD simulations at different wall wettability ( εωf /ε ) and crystal bonding stiffness values (K) have shown temperature jumps at the liquid/solid interface, corresponding to the well known Kapitza resistance. Using systematic studies, the thermal resistance length at the interface is characterized as a function of the surface wettability, thermal oscillation frequency, wall temperature and thermal gradient. An empirical model for the thermal resistance length, which could be used as the jump-coefficient of a Navier boundary condition, is developed. Temperature distributions in the nano-channels are predicted using analytical solution of the continuum heat conduction equation subjected to the new temperature jump condition, and validated using the MD results. Momentum and heat transfer in shear driven nanochannel flows are also investigated. Work done by the viscous stresses heats the fluid, which is dissipated through the channel walls, maintained at isothermal conditions. Spatial variations in the fluid density, kinematic viscosity, shear- and energy dissipation rates are presented. The energy dissipation rate is almost a constant for εωf /ε < 0.6, which results in parabolic temperature profiles in the domain with temperature jumps due to the Kapitza resistance at the liquid/solid interfaces. Using the energy dissipation rates predicted by MD simulations and the continuum energy equation subjected to the temperature jump boundary conditions developed in this study, the analytical solutions are obtained for the temperature profiles, which agree well with the MD results.

Offshore production fluids from the reservoir are often transported in pipelines from the wellheads to the platform and from the platform to process facilities. At low flow velocity water, sand or liquids like condensate could settle at the bottom of pipelines that may lead to grave implications for flow assurance. During shutdown the settled heavy liquid (e.g. water), could result in corrosion in pipelines, while following restart stages the settled water could form water plugs that could damage equipment, while settled sand could also form a blockage that needs to be purged. Furthermore, there is a requirement to know the quantity of water and base sediment for fiscal metering and custody transfer purposes. A series of experiments were carried out to observe low water cut in oil and water flows in four inch diameter pipeline. Similarly low sand concentrations in water and sand, water, air and sand flows were observed in two inch diameter pipelines. Conductive film thickness sensors were used to ascertain structural velocities, height and dense phase fractions. Comparisons are made between two cases in order to gain better understanding of the behaviours and dispersal process of low loading denser phase in multiphase flows. The arrangement enabled production of flow regime maps for low water cut oil and water flow, as well as water sand and water, air and sand flows, structural velocities and denser phase removal velocities were also ascertained. Actual in-situ liquid velocities were obtained experimentally. A novel detection of sand in water and water and sand flows was produced. The experimentally obtained film thickness was in agreement with two fluid model predictions. Thus, confirming use of conductive sensors for dense phase classification, film thickness, velocity and holdup measurements in pipelines.

Neste trabalho, aplica-se uma regra de mistura desenvolvida pelo autor desta dissertação para estimar a viscosidade da mistura de duas substâncias líquidas a partir das viscosidades dessas puras, o que é usual a outros métodos. O aspecto de maior interesse é o caráter preditivo, ou seja, não requer a avaliação experimental de qualquer parâmetro da mistura para obtenção de estimativa da viscosidade da mesma. A formulação dessa regra é feita a partir de uma analogia e generalização da regra aplicada para misturas ideais, na qual a propriedade da mistura é uma ponderação das propriedades dos componentes puros, introduzindo um fator de ponderação alternativo à fração molar (ou mássica), que seria avaliado como função da composição da mistura. As constantes do modelo são obtidas a partir da ideia de uma composição local característica com considerações simplificadas de volume e área superficial das moléculas dos compostos na mistura. Os resultados obtidos apresentam desvios menores que os modelos preditivos mais conhecidos (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO) para casos de mais de 30 misturas binárias verificados na literatura e ainda pode ser usado, de forma diferenciada, para tratar misturas aquosas e outras com comportamento análogo a estas. / In this work, a mixing rule to estimate the viscosity of a mixture of two liquids from the viscosities of the pure liquids is presented. The most important feature of this mixing rule is its predictive character, i.e., it does not depend on the experimental determination of the mixture viscosity. This mixing rule is developed from a generalized rule applied for ideal mixtures, in which the property is averaged from those of the pure compounds by introducing an alternative weighting factor to replace the molar or mass fractions. This weighing factor is derived from a local composition reasoning, with simplifying considerations on the volume and surface area of the molecules that constitute the mixture. The developed mixing rule was compared to other predictive models (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO) to predict the viscosity of liquid mixtures. The developed mixing rule resulted in a best prediction of the mixture viscosity, and could be applied (with minor changes introduced) to aqueous mixtures, which could not be adequately treated by other models.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Argemi dos Santos.pdf: 3979637 bytes, checksum: ab98784802d1b41d005dbd7dcc427810 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / In this work, we introduce photonic crystal fibers and the study of liquid flow within those, by observing changes in the diffraction pattern generated in a a laser beam laterally incident in the fiber. By launching the laser beam perpendicularly onto the side of the photonic crystal fiber, a characteristic diffractive pattern is created by the cladding microstructure, which consists of a matrix of holes that run along the fiber. When the fiber is filled with a liquid with a refractive index close to that of silica, the diffractive pattern is reduced because the microstructure becomes virtually invisible to the laser. The diffraction pattern transition from an empty fiber to a completely filled one is not abrupt, taking place during several seconds. This is because not all the holes of the microstructure are filled at the same time, because they do not have exactly the same radii, and the displacement of the liquid depends on, among other factors, the radius of the structure along which it travels. By observing the diffractive pattern, one can, thus, determine the moment at which the fiber starts to be filled, via the beginning of the pattern change, until filling is complete, corresponding to the moment at which the diffractive pattern is completely changed. To determine the initial and final filling times accurately, and not influenced by the observer s subjective analysis, image processing techniques were used to evaluate the results. Through the times obtained it is possible to determine the largest and the shortest radius. The results of the size of the holes obtained by the time of filling, and the error in relation to the size observed by microscopy, will be presented. Finally, future work for improving the technique will be suggested. / Apresentamos neste trabalho as fibras de cristal fotônico e o estudo da vazão de líquidos no interior destas, pela observação da alteração no padrão de difração gerado pela incidência de um feixe laser pela lateral, a 90º da fibra. A incidência com estas características gera um padrão difrativo característico, graças à microestrutura periódica da casca, consistindo de uma matriz de buracos que percorre toda a fibra longitudinalmente. Quando a fibra é preenchida com um líquido de índice de refração próximo ao da sílica, o padrão difrativo é reduzido, já que a microestrutura se torna praticamente invisível ao laser. A transição da fibra vazia até seu completo preenchimento não ocorre de forma abrupta, mas sim durante alguns segundos. Isso ocorre, pois nem todos os buracos da microestrutura são preenchidos ao mesmo tempo, pois não têm exatamente o mesmo raio, e o deslocamento do líquido depende, além de outros fatores, do raio do estrutura pela qual se desloca. Observando o padrão difrativo, é possível determinar o instante de início do preenchimento da fibra, graças a alterações que este sofre, até seu completo preenchimento, correspondendo ao momento em que o padrão difrativo é completamente alterado. Para determinar os instantes iniciais e finais de preenchimento com mais precisão e não depender de uma análise subjetiva do observador, técnicas de processamento de imagem foram utilizadas. Através dos tempos obtidos é possível determinar o maior e o menor raio dos buracos da microestrutura. Os resultados do tamanho dos buracos obtidos pelos tempos do preenchimento, assim como o erro em relação ao tamanho real observado serão apresentados. Por fim, trabalhos futuros para aperfeiçoamento da técnica são sugeridos.

<div>Vacuum is needed in many applications and, there are many types of pumps that can provide the vacuum level needed. One widely used pump is the liquid-ring vacuum pump, which does not involve any solid-solid contacts at interfaces where moving and stationary parts meet. Though liquid-ring vacuum pumps are efficient and robust, manufacturers have aggressive goals on improving efficiency, performance, and range of operations.</div><div> </div><div> In this research, time-accurate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses were performed to study the flow mechanisms in a liquid-ring vacuum pump to understand how it works and how the design can be improved. Based on the understanding gained, a physics based reduced order model was developed for preliminary design of the liquid ring vacuum pumps.</div><div> </div><div> In the CFD analyses, the liquid (water) was modeled as incompressible, the gas (air) as an ideal gas, and turbulence by the shear-stress transport model. The gas-liquid interface was resolved by using the volume-of-fluid method, and rotation of the impeller was enabled by using a sliding mesh. Parameters examined include the suction pressure (75, 300, and 600 Torr) and the impeller's rotational speed (1150, 1450 and 1750 rpm) with the temperature of the gas at the inlet of the suction chamber kept at 300 K and the pressure at the outlet of the exhaust chamber kept at one atmosphere. The CFD solutions generated were verified via a grid sensitivity study and validated by comparing with experimental data. When compared with experiments, results obtained for the flow rate of the gas ingested by the pump had relative errors less than 6\% and results obtained for the power consumed by the pump had relative errors less than 13\%.</div><div> </div><div> Results obtained show the shape of the liquid ring to play a dominant role in creating the expansion ratio or the vacuum needed to draw air into the pump through the suction port and the compression ratio needed to expel the air through the discharge ports. Results were generated to show how centrifugal force from rotation and how acceleration/deceleration from the difference in pressure at the pump's inlet and outlet along with the eccentricity of the impeller relative to the pump's housing affect the shape of the liquid ring. Results were also generated to show how the rotational speed of the impeller and the pressure at the suction port affect the nature of the gas and liquid flow in the pump and the pump’s effectiveness in creating a vacuum. </div><div> </div><div> With the knowledge gained from the CFD study, a physics-based reduced-order model was developed to predict air ingested and power consumed by the pump as well as the liquid ring shape and pressure of the gas and liquid in the pump as a function of design and operating parameters. This model was developed by recognising and demonstrating that the amount of air ingested and power consumed by the pump is strongly dependent on the shape and location of the liquid ring surface. The flow rates of the gas ingested by the pump and the power consumed by the pump predicted by the model were compared with experimental data and relative errors were less than 12\% and 17\% respectively.</div>

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<p> Using a single bubble suspended in a liquid flow regime, the effects of velocity, bubble size, and surfactant levels on the gas transfer process across the bubble interface were investigated. Mass transfer data reported in the literature for non-circulating carbon dioxide bubbles was verified. A mathematical model predicting the mass transfer process for the single bubble system used in this study was formulated and this model provided a reasonable fit for experimental data obtained for the dissolution of a carbon dioxide bubble into an aqueous solution of a second sparingly soluble gas. The fate of a hypothetical air bubble in an aerator was briefly considered.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

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