Os líquidos iônicos, por geralmente apresentar, em sua estrutura, uma cadeia alquílica apolar e uma parte polar, como o cátion imidazólio, podem ser considerados estruturas anfifílicas, e apresentam semelhanças com os tensoativos. Tais estruturas, devido a este caráter anfifílico, podem interagir com estruturas do tipo Lipossomas ou até mesmo com biomoléculas, como a BSA. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados três líquidos iônicos inéditos, com rendimentos de 52 a 66%, acoplados a sistemas quirais derivados de aminoácidos naturais e de fácil obtenção, como a L-Cisteína, a L-Serina e a L-Treonina. Estes foram caracterizados tanto do ponto de vista estrutural, quanto por suas propriedades fotofísicas. Como procedimento metodológico utilizou-se de ciclocondensação de aminoácidos, esterificação de Steglich e alquilação para inserção de cadeia carbônica ao anel metil-imidazol. Para investigação e confirmação dessas estruturas utilizou-se de estudos de Ressonância Magnética de 1H e de 13C, Infravermelho, além das espectroscopias de absorção na região do UV-Vis e de emissão de fluorescência. Por fim, estes novos líquidos iônicos foram testados com lipossomas e BSA, cujos resultados mostraram boa interação com essas biomoléculas. / Ionic liquids can be considered as amphiphilic structures and have similarities with the surfactants, once they generally have an apolar alkyl chain and a polar moiety, such as the imidazolium cation. Such structures, due to this amphiphilic character, may interact with liposome structures or even with biomolecules, such as BSA. In this work, three new ionic liquids containing chiral systems derived from naturally occurring amino acids, such as L-Cysteine, L-Serine and L-Threonine were synthesized, with yields ranging from 52 to 66%. They were fully characterized both from the structural point of view, and by its photophysical properties. As methodological procedures, amino acid cyclocondensation, Steglich esterification and alkylation were used. In order to investigate and confirm these structures, magnetic resonance studies of 1H and 13C, infrared, as well as absorption spectroscopies in the UV-Vis region and fluorescence emission were used. At last, these new ionic liquids were tested with liposomes and BSA, and the results showed good interaction with these biomolecules.

I study dusty plasma produced by electrostatically confining melamine formaldehyde microparticles in a radio-frequency glow discharge plasma. Dusty plasma is a mixture of particles of solid matter (dust), electrons, ions, and neutral gas atoms. The dust particles have a very high charge and a mass compared to the electrons and ions in the ambient plasma. As a consequence, a dusty plasma exhibits collective phenomena such as dust acoustic waves, crystallization, and melting. The discrete nature of dust particles gives rise to compressibility. In this thesis I report findings of four tasks that were performed to investigate dust acoustic waves, compressibility, and melting. First, the nonlinear phenomenon of synchronization was characterized experimentally for the dust acoustic wave propagating in a dust cloud with many layers. I find four synchronized states, with frequencies that are multiples of 1, 2, 3, and 1/2 of the driving frequency. Comparing to phenomena that are typical of the van der Pol paradigm, I find that synchronization of the dust acoustic wave exhibits the signature of the suppression mechanism but not that of the phaselocking mechanism. Additionally, I find that the synchronization of the dust acoustic wave exhibits three characteristics that differ from the van der Pol paradigm: a threshold amplitude that can be seen in the Arnold tongue diagram, a branching of the 1:1 harmonic tongue at its lower extremity, and a nonharmonic state. Second, to assess which physical processes are important for a dust acoustic instability, I derived dispersion relations that encompass more physical processes than commonly done. I investigated how various physical processes affect a dust acoustic wave by solving these dispersion relations using parameters from a typical dust acoustic wave experiment. I find that the growth rate diminishes for large ion currents. I also find that the compressibility, a measure of the coupling between the dust particles, have a strong effect on the wave propagation. Comparing the kinetic vs. hydrodynamic descriptions for ions, I find that under typical laboratory conditions the inverse Landau damping and the ion-neutral collisions contribute about equally to the dust acoustic instability. Third, I performed dust acoustic wave experiments to resolve a previously unremarked discrepancy in the literature regarding the sign of the compressibility of a strongly-coupled dust component in a dusty plasma. According to theories compressibility is negative, whereas experiments suggest that it is positive. I find that the compressibility is positive. This conclusion was reached after allowing for a wide range of experimental uncertainties and model dependent systematic errors. Finally, the polygon construction method of Glaser and Clark was used to characterize crystallization and melting in a single-layer dusty plasma. Using particle positions measured in a previous dusty plasma experiment, I identified geometrical defects, which are polygons with four or more sides. These geometrical defects are found to proliferate during melting. I also identify a possibility of latent heat involvement in melting and crystallization processes of a dusty plasma.

This work deals with electrolytes and ionic liquids for Li-ion batteries. Following interaction of electrolytes and ionic liquids to electrodes material. In the theoretical part attention is focused on the description of battery electrolytes and ionic liquids for lithium-ion batteries.

The thesis is focused on electrical discharge in liquid solutions, in particular in ethanol solutions. In the theoretical section, the plasma is defined along with its important parameters, types of plasma generation and usage of plasma technologies. Main part is focused on the discharges in water solutions. Electric discharges in liquid solutions enable physical processes (shock waves, UV radiaton, electric current) as well as chemical ones (generation of radicals and ions). Both types of the processes are used in many fields – medicine (tool sterilization, destruction of pathogens), consumer technologies (surface adjustemen, processing of the textiles, surface clearing) of environmental protection (clearing water, decomposition of organic compounds). Goal of the thesis was to analyze discharge products on ethanol solution. Multiple samples were measured and concentration od selected products was monitored during the measurement – ethanol, acetone and acetaldehyde. PTR-TOF-MS method was used to collect and analyze the data. This method is well used thanks to quick response and immediate measurement. It produce the reset accurate enough for our purpose. It would be more efficient to use this method in combination with another analytical metohod in the future research, e.g. gas chromatography.

Isoporous membranes are attractive for the regulation and detection of transport at the molecular level. A well-defined asymmetric membranes from diblock copolymers with an ordered nanoporous membrane morphologies were fabricated by the combination of block copolymer self-assembly and non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) technique. This is a straightforward and fast one step procedure to develop integrally anisotropic (“asymmetric”) membranes having isoporous top selective layer. Membranes prepared via this method exhibit an anisotropic cross section with a thin separation layer supported from underneath a macroporous support. These membrane poses cylindrical pore structure with ordered nanopores across the entire membrane surfaces with pore size in the range from 20 to 40 nm. Tuning the pore morphology of the block copolymer membranes before and after fabrication are of great interest. In this thesis, we first investigated the pore morphology tuning of asymmetric block copolymer membrane by complexing with small organic molecules. We found that the occurrence of hydrogen-bond formation between PS-b-P4VP block copolymer and –OH/ –COOH functionalized organic molecules significantly tunes the pore morphology of asymmetric nanoporous membranes. In addition, we studied the complexation behavior of ionic liquids with PS-b-P4VP block copolymer in solutions and investigated their effect on final membrane morphology during the non-solvent induced phase separation process. We found that non-protic ionic liquids facilitate the formation of hexagonal nanoporous block copolymer structure, while protic ionic liquids led to a lamella-structured membrane. Secondly, we demonstrated the catalytic activity of the gold nanoparticle-enhanced hollow fiber membranes by the reduction of nitrophenol. Also, we systematically investigated the pore morphology of isoporous PS-b-P4VP using 3D imaging technique. Thirdly, we developed well-distributed silver nanoparticles on the surface and pore walls of PS-b-P4VP block copolymer membranes and then investigated the biocidal activity of the silver nanoparticles grown membranes. Finally, a novel photoresponsive nanostructured triblock copolymer membranes were developed by phase inversion technique. In addition, the photoresponsive behavior on irradiation with light and their membrane flux and retention properties were studied.

This thesis deals with the mixing of liquids issues. The simulation of structure for mixing of liquids and evaluation of parametres which have most significant influence on mixing of liquids was made with help of COMSOL programm. In the next section of thesis the quality of electrodes used for cyclic voltammetry made on LTCC by thick layer technology was determined. In the end of this thesis the 3D structure for mixing of liquids was made. The quality of mixing was controlled by cyclic voltammetry.

This master thesis deals with the basic problems of solar thermal systems, which are using heat transfer medium. At the beginning this thesis describes basic components of the solar system, especially their meaning and attributes. Further in the thesis are mentioned heat transfer liquids for commercial usage which are used in those systems, their basic properties and dependence on temperature. There is described the physical nature of liquid viscosity and also ways how to measure them. The same is for measurement of liquid density and thermal conductivity. At the end was made measurement of dynamic viscosity of heat transfer liquids for commercial usage at different temperatures. In practical part of the thesis were mixed samples of alternative heat transfer mediums. It was measured their thermal and physical attributes, like for example density, dynamic viscosity and coefficient of volumetric expansion. Each measurement was compared and evaluated.

Des mouvements collectifs dirigés émergent dans des systèmes très variés, depuis les assemblées synthétiques de grains vibrés jusqu'aux nuées d'oiseaux dans la nature. En essayant de comprendre le caractère générique de ces comportements dynamiques collectifs, les physiciens ont décrit les populations d'individus motiles comme des matériaux ordonnés.Dans cette thèse, nous réalisons expérimentalement des troupeaux synthétiques en laboratoire et nous explorons leurs propriétés hydrodynamiques.Nous tirons avantage du mécanisme d’électro rotation de Quincke pour motoriser des millions de colloïdes. Ces rouleurs de Quincke sont capables de s'auto-organiser pour former un troupeau appelé liquide polaire où toutes les particules se déplacent en moyenne dans la même direction.Nous montrons que la dynamique de ce liquide polaire est très bien décrite par des prédictions théoriques laissées sans preuves expérimentales depuis vingt-cinq ans. En particulier,nous démontrons que deux modes sonores s'y propagent et nous montrons que l’étude de leur spectre fournit une méthode non invasive pour mesurer ses constantes hydrodynamiques.Finalement, nous montrons que le mouvement dirigé peut être supprimé collectivement dans un troupeau dense. Un solide actif peut nucléer et se propager à contre-courant dans le liquide polaire. Nous établissons que cette solidification est une transition du premier ordre et qu'il s'agit de la première démonstration expérimentale complète d'une séparation de phase induite par la motilité des particules actives (aussi appelée MIPS). / Spontaneous collective motion arises in many different systems, from assembly of synthetic shaken grains to living bird flocks. In order to understand the generic features of those collective behaviours, physisicts describe the flocks of motile units as ordered materials. In this thesis we study experimentally the dynamics of synthetic flocks and explore their hydrodynamic properties. We take advantage of the Quincke mechanism to motorize millions of colloids. Those Quincke rollers self-organize into a polar liquid, where all the particles, on average flow in the same direction. We provide the first experimental proof that the dynamics of polar liquids is well described by a theoretical prediction established more than twenty-five years ago. In particular, we demonstrate that two sound modes propagate along all directions of the fluid and we design a non invasive spectroscopic method to measure its hydrodynamics constants.Finally, we show that collective motion can be arrested in a dense flock. An active solid can nucleate, grow and propagate in a polar liquid. We establish that this solidification is a first order phase transition and demonstrate that the formation of this active solid is the first experimental proof of a complete motility induced phase separation of active particles (also known as MIPS).

Depuis le début du 21ème siècle, les liquides ioniques (LIs) représentent une importante source d'innovation dans la recherche académique et industrielle en chimie puisqu'ils peuvent être synthétisés, modulés puis utilisés dans de nombreuses applications. De par leurs avantages, les LIs font l'objet d'un véritable engouement dans le domaine des matériaux polymères. Ainsi, ce travail décrit la synthèse de sels organiques originaux pour le développement de polyélectrolytes inédits. Pour cela, nous avons développé de nouvelles voies d'accès à des imidazoliums fonctionnalisés par des fonctions époxydes par l’utilisation d'une méthodologie d'oxydation efficace, flexible et transposable sur une échelle de plusieurs grammes. L'analyse thermique de ces sels a dévoilé une excellente stabilité thermique jusqu'à 400 °C et une température de transition vitreuse basse généralement comprise entre -60 °C et -26 °C. A la suite de ces résultats, la stratégie a été élargie aux anions afin de proposer des fonctions époxydes associées à des sulfonimides inédits. Au cours de cette deuxième phase, l'insertion de fonctions époxydes sur l'anion sulfonimide a été réalisée avec succès permettant un accès à différents prépolymères comme un cation/anion triépoxyde. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons réalisé une étude mécanistique en utilisant un sel monoépoxyde en présence de différentes amines pour identifier les principaux sites actifs lors de la polymérisation. Grace à ces informations, nous avons confirmé la stabilité de l’imidazolium et la très bonne réactivité de l’époxyde vis-à-vis de diverses amines conduisant à une meilleure compréhension de l'architecture globale du réseau. A partir de ces travaux, un réseau époxy inédit a été mis en œuvre en collaboration avec le laboratoire d'ingénierie des matériaux polymères (IMP) de l'INSA de Lyon. Pour cela, un sel diépoxyde a été sélectionné puis copolymérisé avec un durcisseur diamine (Jeffamine D230) afin de concevoir des réseaux époxy/amine flexibles présentant des propriétés très intéressantes par rapport aux réseaux époxy classiques. / Since the beginning of the 21th century, Ionic liquids (ILs) have been an important source of innovation in chemical academic and industrial research because they can be synthesized, modulated and used then in many applications. Because of their advantages, ILs are of great interest in the field of polymer materials. Thus, this work describes the synthesis of original organic salts to develop innovative polyelectrolytes. For this, we have developed new routes to access to imidazolium salts functionalized by reactive epoxide functions thanks to the development of an effective and flexible oxidative methodology, feasible on a large scale. The thermal analysis of this salts revealed a very good thermal stability up to 400°C and a low glass transition temperature between -60 °C and -26 °C generally. Following these results, the study was extended to anions to provide epoxides associated with novel sulfonimides. During this second phase, the insertion of epoxide functions on the sulfonimide anion was successfully carried out allowing access to different prepolymers such as a triepoxide cation/anion. In a second part, we carried out a mechanistic study using a monoepoxide salt in the presence of different amines to identify the main active sites during the polymerization. According to this information, we have confirmed the stability of the imidazolium and the very good reactivity of the epoxide with various amines leading to a better understanding of the overall architecture of the network. From this work, a novel epoxy network was prepared in collaboration with the polymer materials engineering laboratory (IMP) of INSA of Lyon. For this, a diepoxide salt was selected and copolymerized in the presence of a diamine hardener (Jeffamine D230) in order to design flexible epoxy/amine networks having very interesting properties in comparison with conventional epoxy networks.

[pt] cádmio é um dos maiores agentes contaminantes do meio ambiente devido à sua alta toxicidade, ameaçando às plantas, animais e seres humanos. O uso de biomassas como material sorvente para a remoção do cádmio de efluentes líquidos aparece como uma alternativa promissora às tecnologias existentes. O objetivo desta tese foi determinar a capacidade de adsorção do pó de casca de coco verde (Cocos nucifera) para cádmio num sistema contínuo de biossorção, assim como a dessorção do metal da biomassa, para que esta possa ser utilizada num ciclo de biossorção-dessorção. O equipamento escolhido foi uma coluna de leito fixo. Foram avaliadas a influência da vazão, altura de leito, sentido do fluxo e a eficiência do processo com colunas em série. Os grupos funcionais presentes na superfície da biomassa foram estudados através de análises de espectroscopia no infravermelho. Os experimentos num sistema contínuo com diferentes alturas de leito e concentrações iniciais revelaram que a melhor eficiência do processo foi obtida com maiores alturas de leito (18 cm) e concentrações iniciais baixas (19 mg/l). Obtiveram-se tempos de ruptura de 150 minutos para soluções com vazão de 22 ml/min, obtendo-se uma solução com concentração final de 2,6 mg/l. Uma eficiência de remoção de 46% foi obtida quando se trabalhou com concentrações iniciais de 19 mg/l e o processo torna-se mais eficiente quando é utilizado um sentido de fluxo ascendente.O EDTA mostrou-se como um excelente eluente ao realizar a dessorção dos íons metálicos contidos na biomassa, num processo em batelada. A biomassa foi submetida a quatro ciclos de biossorção-dessorção, apresentando em cada um deles eficiências de dessorção superiores a 70% e uma posterior eficiência de remoção superior a 85% em todos os ciclos. Os grupos funcionais presentes na superfície da biomassa são principalmente grupos carboxila, hidroxila, amina e amida. Os resultados apresentados mostram que o pó de casca de coco verde apresenta as características adequadas para o processo de biossorção de cádmio num processo contínuo utilizando colunas de leito fixo, e que pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa aos processos clássicos de tratamento de efluentes. / [en] Cadmium is one of the greatest actors of environmental pollution due to its high toxicity, threatening plants, animals and humans beings. The use of biomass as a sorbent material for cadmium removal seems to be a promising alternative to existing technologies. The objective of this work was to determine the adsorption capacity of coconut shell powder (Cocos nucifera) for cadmium in a continuous system of biosorption, and also the desorption of the metal from the biomass, so that this material could be used in a new cycle of biosorptiondesorption. A fixed bed column was chosen, as it does not present clogging problems and is easy to operate. The influence of flow rate and its direction, bed height and the efficiency of the process with series columns were evaluated. The functional groups present on the surface of the biomass were studied by infrared spectroscopy analysis.The column experiments with different bed heights and initial concentration revealed that the best efficiency was obtained with higher bed heights (18 cm) and lower initial concentrations (19 mg/l). Breakthrough time of 150 minutes was obtained for solutions with a flow rate of 22 ml/min, generating a solution with final concentration of 2.6 mg/l. A removal efficiency of 46% was obtained when working with initial concentrations of 19 mg/l. The process becomes more efficient when the solution is pumped upward through the columnEDTA was an excellent elutant for desorption of metal ions in the biomass in a batch system. The biomass was subjected to four biosorption-desorption cycles, presenting higher than 70% desorption efficiencies and removal efficiencies of more than 85% in all cases.The functional groups presents on the particle surface of the biomass are mainly carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine and amide groups. The results show that the powder of coconut shell has the appropriate characteristics for biosorption of cadmium in a continuous process using columns of fixed bed, which can be used as an alternative to conventional processes for effluent decontamination.