The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to explore and describe the meaning employees attribute to the lived experiences of returning to work after cancer treatment. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight participants and a thematic data analysis method was used. The results indicate that cancer survivors experience various challenges that make it difficult to function as they did before the diagnosis when they return to work. A critical hermeneutical reflection against the literature followed the structural analysis and resulted in a contextual framework that incorporated the individual and organisational perspective on the various influences involved in supporting cancer survivors to maintain their wellbeing when they return to work. Four phases, repression, comprehension, activation and reintegration, were identified when they tried to cope/adjust on their return to work. The corresponding forms of organisational support they expected through these phases were labelled motivation, information, navigation and stabilisation. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com.

Depuis plusieurs années, la définition des soins palliatifs a été élargie pour inclure toutes les maladies ayant un pronostic réservé. Le Québec s’est doté d’une politique de soins palliatifs dont l’un des principes directeurs est de maintenir les patients dans leur milieu de vie naturel. Alors que présentement environ 10 % de la population nécessitant des soins palliatifs en reçoit, on peut s’attendre à une augmentation des demandes de soins palliatifs à domicile dans les CSSS du Québec. La présente étude a pour but de décrire et comprendre l’expérience de dispenser des soins palliatifs à domicile pour des infirmières travaillant dans un contexte non spécialisé. Une étude qualitative ayant comme perspective disciplinaire la théorie de l’humain-en-devenir de Parse a été réalisée. Des entrevues ont été effectuées auprès de huit infirmières travaillant au maintien à domicile d’un CSSS de la région de Montréal qui font des soins palliatifs dans un contexte non spécialisé. L’analyse des données a été effectuée selon la méthode d’analyse phénoménologique de Giorgi (1997). Les résultats s’articulent autour de trois thèmes qui décrivent l’expérience de dispenser des soins palliatifs à domicile pour des infirmières qui travaillent dans un contexte non spécialisé. Elles accompagnent les patients et leur famille, en s’engageant à donner des soins humains, et développant une relation d’accompagnement avec le patient et ses proches. Elles doivent composer avec les réactions du patient et de sa famille et doivent parfois informer le patient de la progression de son état de santé. De plus, elles se préoccupent de donner des soins de qualité en composant avec la complexité des soins palliatifs à domicile tout en s’assurant de soulager les symptômes des patients et de tenter de développer leur expertise. Finalement, le fait d’être confrontée à la mort permet de cheminer. Ainsi, les infirmières vivent des émotions, reçoivent du soutien, sont touchées personnellement par la mort, éprouvent de la satisfaction envers les soins qu’elles donnent et apprennent personnellement de leur expérience. L’essence du phénomène à l’étude est que lorsque les infirmières font un véritable accompagnement du patient et de sa famille en s’efforçant de donner des soins de qualité, cela crée des conditions permettant qu’un cheminement personnel et professionnel sur la vie et la mort soit effectué par les infirmières. / In the past few years, the definition of palliative care was extended to include all diseases with a poor prognosis. The province of Quebec modified the health care system to focus more on ambulatory care and created a palliative care policy with one of its principal directives being to maintain patients in their own milieu. As only 10% of patients requiring palliative care presently receive it, we can expect an increase in demands for palliative home care in the CSSS’s of Quebec. The goal of the present study is to describe and understand the lived experiences of the nurses of a CSSS of the Montreal sector who deliver palliative home care in a nonspecialized context. A qualitative phenomenological research was developed with the Human Becoming Theory of R.R. Parse as a theoretical framework. Eight semi-directed interviews were done with nurses working in home care of a CSSS of the Montreal region. These nurses do palliative care in a non-specialized context. Giorgi’s (1997) phenomenological method was used for data analysis. Three themes describing the experiences of home care nurses providing palliative care in a non specialized context emerged from the analysis. Nurses accompany patients and their families, by committing themselves to providing humane care and by developing an accompaniment relationship with the patient and his/her loved ones. Nurses must cope with the patient’s and family’s reactions and often need to inform the patient of the progression of his/her disease. Secondly, nurses are dedicated to provide quality care by dealing with the complexity of providing palliative care at home, while doing symptoms management and attempting to develop their expertise. Finally, the theme which has the most interesting results is that being confronted by death allows nurses to grow. Nurses personally go through emotions, received support, are personally touched by death, experience satisfaction by the care they give and personally learn by their experience. The essence of the phenomenon is that when nurses providing palliative home care in a non specialized context accompany truly patients and their family, while giving quality care, it creates conditions for the nurses to grow personally and professionally on their views of life and death.

À ce jour, peu d’études ont été conduites pour mieux comprendre le phénomène de la demande d’aide auprès d’hommes dans le contexte du cancer. Les études consultées suscitaient de nombreuses questions et hypothèses sur la signification que pouvaient accorder ces hommes à la demande d’aide. C’est pourquoi l’étudiante chercheuse a réalisé cette étude phénoménologique auprès d’hommes atteints d’un cancer de la sphère otorhinolaryngologique, afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène. Huit hommes ont accepté de participer à l’étude. Suite aux entrevues semi-structurées, l’analyse des données, assistée par la méthode proposée par Giorgi (1997), a fait ressortir les thèmes centraux suivants : 1) Se sentir capables de faire face seuls aux diverses adversités; 2) Bénéficier du soutien des proches et de l’équipe de soins; et 3) Utiliser des stratégies cognitives. Les résultats ont révélé que la signification accordée à la demande d’aide est intimement liée à la construction sociale du genre, c’est-à-dire aux normes d’identité masculine acquises culturellement. Les valeurs accordées à l’autonomie, à l’estime de soi et à « l’égo masculin » expliqueraient en partie pourquoi les hommes interviewés demandent peu d’aide. Par ailleurs, la présence constante de la conjointe et le soutien de l’équipe professionnelle de santé semblent avoir grandement modulé les comportements de demande d’aide des participants en anticipant leurs besoins avant même qu’ils puissent les exprimer; ce qui invite à une réflexion sur l’empowerment, stratégie d’intervention fondée sur la responsabilisation individuelle. Des recommandations pour la pratique et la recherche infirmières sont formulées afin d’optimiser le soin et le développement du savoir infirmier dans ce domaine d’intérêt. / To date, few studies have been conducted to better understand the phenomenon of help seeking of men in the context of cancer. The reviewed studies elicited many questions and hypotheses about men’s understanding of help seeking in the context of cancer. Therefore, the research student has conducted a phenomenological study to describe this phenomenon in men with otorhinolaryngological cancer. Eight men have agreed to participate in the study. Following semi-structured interviews, the data analysis, assisted by the method proposed by Giorgi (1997), highlighted the following key themes: 1) Feeling able to cope alone with the various adversities, 2) Having the support of the family and the care team, and 3) Using cognitive strategies. The results showed that the lived experience of help seeking is closely linked to the social construction of gender, that is to say to the culturally acquired male norms. Values of autonomy, self-esteem and “male ego” explain in part why most of the participants did not ask for help. Moreover, the constant presence of the spouse and the support of the professional health care team appear to have greatly modulated participants’ help seeking behaviors by anticipating their needs, before they could even express them; this issue invites us to a reflection on the phenomenon of empowerment, intervention strategy based on the individual responsabilisation. Recommendations for practice and nursing research are formulated to optimize nursing care and to insure the pursuit of the development of nursing knowledge in this area of interest.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce mémoire a comme objectif d’analyser le vécu des justiciables placés en détention avant jugement. Plus précisément, cette étude se veut préciser ce vécu sur les volets judiciaire et carcéral impliqués dans une mise en détention provisoire. Nous voulons de plus dégager les sentiments issus d’un tel placement. Enfin, nous souhaitions réfléchir sur le recours à la détention avant jugement à travers la perspective d’un modèle de justice basé sur la gestion des risques et sur une logique d’efficience, d’efficacité et de responsabilisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé l’approche qualitative pour mener vingt-trois entrevues auprès d’hommes et de femmes incarcérés en attente de leur jugement dans quatre établissements de détention du Québec. De ces entretiens, deux thèmes centraux sont ressortis, soit le Vécus carcéral et judiciaire du prévenu, marqué par l’incertitude, l’incompréhension, l’impuissance, la dépendance, les conditions difficiles de détention, les pertes ainsi que l’attente et les Sentiments issus d’une mise en détention provisoire, marqué par la souffrance, l’injustice et l’urgence de sortir de cette situation provisoire. Il ressort de nos analyses que la façon dont est administré le système de justice, l’opinion du public ainsi que les politiques en vigueur ont un impact sur la façon de gérer le recours à la détention provisoire en favorisant tout le contraire de sa mission initiale. Ainsi, la mesure s’en trouve conduite au détriment de l’acteur principal : le prévenu. / This thesis aim to understand and analyze the experiences of individuals placed in pretrial detention. More specifically, this study aims to clarify that lived on the judicial and prison components involved in a remand. We want more free from the felling of such an investment. Finally, we wanted to reflect on the use of pretrial detention from the perspective of justice based on risk management and on the logic of efficiency, effectiveness and accountability. To do this, we used a qualitative approach to conduct our twenty-three interviews with men and women incarcerated awaiting trial in four detention facilities in Quebec. From these interviews, two main themes emerged, namely The judicial and prison experiences of the accused, marked by uncertainty, incomprehension, helplessness, dependency, difficult conditions of detention, losses and expectation and Sentiments from a remand, marked by suffering, injustice and the urgency out of this temporary situation. It is clear from our analysis that the way the system is administered justice, public opinion and the policies in effect have an impact on how to manage the use of remand in promoting the opposite of its original. Thus, the measurement is to be conducted at the expense of the main actor: the accused.

Thesis entitled Phenomenon of longevity aims to describe and define very actual today Thema longevity. There is also mentioned particularly contemporary view of the phenomenon and its historical development. This work also touches demographics and life expectancy, which is closely linked to longevity. Great attention is paid to the problem spots in the lives of very old people, especially their disadvantaged status. On this chapter is followed also the care and support of life, that is in such high age necessary. Part of the work are also two research projects that enable an insight into the past lives of long-lived seniors in their health and functional status, and especially trying to uncover the causes of longevity.

La détermination de la concentration des RadioNucléides à Vie Longue (RNVL) dans les déchets de l'industrie nucléaire est essentielle pour la gestion sur le long terme des sites de stockages. Cette étude se focalise sur la détermination de la concentration de trois RNVL : 129I, 41Ca et 10Be dans les résines échangeuses d'ions utilisées pour la purification du fluide primaire des Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisée (REP). Afin d'exploiter les potentialités de la Spectrométrie de Masse par Accélérateur (SMA) pour mesurer ces radionucléides présents en de très faibles concentrations, des procédures analytiques spécifiques ont été développées incluant : 1) la minéralisation des échantillons, 2) l'extraction sélective des analytes, 3) le conditionnement pour la mesure par SMA. Appliquées à des échantillons de résines usées provenant d'une centrale EDF (REP 900 MWe), les procédures développées ont permis l'extraction quantitative et sélective des RNVL d'intérêt vis-à-vis des émetteurs β-γ et des isobares avant leur mesure par SMA sur l'instrument national ASTER (CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence). L'iode 129, le calcium 41 et le béryllium 10 ont été mesurés dans les résines usées à des concentrations de l'ordre de 10 ng/g, 20 pg/g et 4 ng/g de résine sèche, respectivement. Pour ce qui concerne l'iode 129 et le calcium 41, ces concentrations sont en accord avec celles estimées à partir de facteurs de corrélation établis relativement à des émetteurs gamma facilement mesurables (137Cs et 60Co). Dans le cas du béryllium 10, les résultats obtenus différent significativement des valeurs attendues mais sont cohérents avec de précédentes mesures réalisées par ICP-MS. / Determining the concentration of Long-Lived RadioNuclides (LLRN) in nuclear waste is fundamental for the long term management of storage sites. This study focuses on the determination of three LLRN concentrations, i.e. 129I, 41Ca and 10Be, in ion exchange resins used for primary fluid purification in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). To benefit from the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) technique allowing to measure extremely low levels of nuclide concentrations, analytical procedures including: 1) sample dissolution; 2) selective and quantitative extraction of the analyte; and, 3) analyte conditioning for AMS measurements, were developed. Applied on spent resin samples collected at a 900 MW PWR, the procedures developed for each studied LLRN allowed their quantitative recovery and their selective extraction from β-γ emitters and isobars. The concentration measurements of the LLRN of interest were then performed on the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry national facility ASTER housed by the Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence). 129I, 41Ca and 10Be concentrations in spent resins were measured to be about 10 ng/g, 20 pg/g and 4 ng/g of dry resin, respectively. Considering 129I and 41Ca, the measured concentrations agree with those assessed from scaling factors established relatively to easily measured gamma emitters (137Cs and 60Co). For 10Be, the presented results are significantly different from expected values but are in agreement with previous ICP-MS results.

L’anticorps monoclonal anti-CD20 (Rituximab) est largement utilisé dans le traitement des maladies auto-immunes. L’analyse de la rate des patients souffrant d’un purpura thrombopénique (PTI) ou d’une anémie hémolytique auto-immune traités par anti-CD20 a mis en évidence que la déplétion lymphocytaire B favorisait la différenciation des plasmocytes (PC) normaux en plasmocytes à longue durée de vie (PLDV) auto-réactifs, expliquant en partie l’absence de réponse à ce traitement. L’enjeu de ce projet a été de savoir si la déplétion lymphocytaire B induit l’émergence de PLDV spléniques et de comprendre les processus impliqués dans la survie plasmocytaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé le modèle de souris transgénique AID-Cre-ERT2xRosa26-loxP-EYFP qui permet de marquer irréversiblement par la protéine EYFP les cellules B lors de leur passage dans un centre germinatif au cours d’une réponse immune après ingestion de tamoxifène, puis de les suivre in vivo. Les PC EYFP+ ont été générés suite à 2 immunisations avec des globules rouges de mouton. Après avoir sélectionné un set de gènes permettant d’établir les signatures plasmablastiques et plasmocytaires, nous avons comparé par RT-PCR multiplex sur cellules uniques le profil d’expression des PC EYFP+ de la rate de souris traitées ou non par anti-CD20. Nous avons ainsi caractérisé dans le contexte de déplétion B une population plasmocytaire dans la rate homogène et mature, proche des PLDV de la moelle osseuse. Ce profil était différent de celui retrouvé dans la rate des souris contrôles, plus hétérogène, comprenant une majorité de PC intermédiaires entre plasmablastes et PC matures. Nous avons observé le même processus de différenciation paradoxale plasmocytaire dans la rate sous anti-CD20 dans le modèle murin lupique NZB/W, signifiant probablement un mécanisme général, que ce soit en contexte auto-immun ou non, chez l’homme et chez la souris. Nous avons identifié le BAFF (B-cell activating factor) comme un facteur essentiel dans le processus de survie des PC de la rate dans le contexte de déplétion B. En effet, le taux de BAFF augmente dans le sérum et le tissu splénique après traitement par anti-CD20, la combinaison in vivo des traitements anti-CD20 et anti-BAFF induit une diminution drastique des PLDV de la rate, sans générer d’hypogammaglobulinémie IgG. Les granuleux Gr1+ et en particulier les neutrophiles Ly6G+ semblent être la principale source de production de BAFF dans le contexte de déplétion B. Nous avons observé un effet similaire de la combinaison anti-CD20 et anti-BAFF sur les PLDV de la rate dans le modèle lupique NZB/W. Enfin, les LT CD4+ sont un autre composant important de la niche splénique dans le contexte de déplétion B. En effet, le nombre de PC EYFP+ diminue significativement avec l’association anti-CD20 et anti-CD4. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que l’association du traitement anti-CD20 à un inhibiteur de facteur de survie plasmocytaire spécifique de la rate, en particulier BAFF, pourrait avoir un bénéfice clinique au cours des maladies auto-immunes en interférant sur le processus paradoxal de maturation des PC. Un essai clinique associant les traitements anti-CD20 et anti-BAFF au cours du PTI débutera prochainement. / Previous data suggested that the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody induced paradoxically the settlement of autoreactive splenic long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) in the spleen of patients with auto-immune cytopenia, explaining the treatment failure. To investigate whether this process had a general relevance and decipher its mechanism, we used the AID-CreERT2-EYFP mouse model, which allows the irreversible expression of EYFP in B cells engaged in an immune response after tamoxifen regimen to follow plasma cells at different times after immunization. When analyzed by multiplex PCR at the single-cell level, while the splenic EYFP+B220-PC of untreated mice displayed an intermediate profile between short-lived and long-lived PC, the PC from anti-CD20 treated mice composed a more mature homogeneous population, similar to the long-lived bone marrow PC. The absolute number of splenic EYFP+B220-PC did not change significantly upon anti-CD20 treatment indicating that B-cell depletion promoted PC differentiation rather than a long-lived PC selection. BAFF (B-cell activating factor) and CD4+ T-cells played a major role in plasma cell survival since combination of anti-CD20 with anti-BAFF or anti-CD4 antibodies dramatically reduced the number of splenic EYFP+B220- LLPC. Anti-CD20 treatment also promoted the differentiation of LLPC in the spleen in the lupus prone NZB/W model, while a treatment combining anti-CD20 with anti-BAFF induced a marked reduction in total splenic PC numbers. These results suggest that the process of PC maturation upon anti-CD20 treatment is a general mechanism and that interfering with anti-BAFF antibody at the time of B-cell depletion might greatly improve the response rate in auto-immune disease.

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho tradutório de Franz Rosenzweig, que esse autor considerava um dos melhores exemplos de aplicação prática do sistema filosófico apresentado em sua obra maior, A Estrela da Redenção. Entender de que forma uma prática de tradução pode constituir-se em aplicação de uma filosofia tão densa e carregada de noções teológicas, bem como compreender de que maneira o minimalismo das inovadoras técnicas de tradução de Rosenzweig (que chegam a levar em conta aspectos de nível fisiológico do leitor) pode propiciar que sejam alcançados objetivos tão grandiosos quanto o preservar-se na tradução o potencial de Revelação do texto original, são alguns dos objetivos deste estudo. Na busca de superar-se uma dicotomia que é, indevidamente, pouco notada na obra de Rosenzweig, e também para se dar conta de uma certa confusão de categorias teológico-filosóficas com categorias lingüísticas, confusão essa que dificulta o trabalho de quem está voltado primordialmente a aspectos de seu trabalho de tradução, Rosenzweig é posto em diálogo principalmente com Bakhtin e Benjamin, mas também com Meschonnic. Assim, o enigmático potencial de Revelação do texto original a ser preservado na tradução vai sucessivamente se aclarando através de noções tais como a responsividade do enunciado em Bakhtin, a palavra que é resposta e a tempestividade na enunciação no próprio Rosenzweig, e o ritmo ou a oralidade do texto em Meschonnic. O passo decisivo que nos leva a concluir que o que está em jogo nessa tradução dialógica de Rosenzweig é um traduzir de vivências na língua, é dado através da noção de intensividade na linguagem [ou, na(s) língua(s)] que é aqui reconhecida e desenvolvida a partir da grande proximidade entre as filosofias de Bakhtin, Rosenzweig e Benjamin. Essa proximidade central e profunda entre as filosofias desses três autores, e que talvez não tenha sido devidamente aquilatada até aqui, é igualmente apresentada e argumentada neste trabalho. Finalmente, essas técnicas tradutórias que se voltam para vivências autorizam ainda duas conclusões, uma acerca desse traduzir, a outra acerca da natureza da linguagem e das línguas: 1) a atitude tradutória de Rosenzweig configura um bartheano writerly turn in translation; 2) é no plano da intensividade na linguagem (e não no da referência), ou seja, é a partir de vivências na língua tais como, p. ex., a da percepção do que há de polissêmico numa homofonia, que se dá o sentimento de pertença de uma língua (nativa ou não). É a partir disso que uma língua se torna para mim uma língua minha, e para uma comunidade ou para um povo uma língua nossa. / This study examines the translation work of Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929), which he considered to be one of the best examples of a practical application of the philosophy expounded in his major work, The Star of Redemption (1921). Some of the aims of this study are to understand how a translation practice may constitute an application of such a dense philosophy so much loaded with theological concepts, and also to make sense of how the minimalism of Rosenzweigs innovative translation techniques (some of which take into account aspects that involve the physiological level of the reader) manage to reach objectives of such grandeur as the preserving, in translation, of the Revelation potentially present in the original text. Furthermore, in order to overcome a not much noticed dichotomy in Rosenzweigs thought, and also to surmount a certain confusion of theological-philosophic categories with linguistic categories which makes difficult the job of someone mainly focused in his translation work, Rosenzweig is here put in dialogue, mainly with Bakhtin and Benjamin, but also with Meschonnic. In this way, the enigmatic Revelation potential of the original text, that must be kept in translation, is clarified by a series of notions such as the respondibility of speech in Bakhtin, the word-and-response and the due-time speech in Rosenzweig himself, and the rhythm and the orality of the text in Meschonnic. The decisive step that allows us to conclude that what is here at issue is a translation of experiences lived in a language, is given via the notion of intensiveness in language (or in the languages) which we here recognize and develop. This is done by starting from key concepts in Bakhtin, Rosenzweig and Benjamin, concepts that prove to be very close to each other. This close proximity of the philosophies of these three authors is a factas far as we know not fully noted up to nowwhich we also argue for in the present work. Finally, this translation of experiences lived in a language into experiences lived in another language allows for two further conclusions to be reached in the present work, one concerning the nature of such a translation, the other concerning the nature of language: 1) Rosenzweigs attitude as translator may be understood as a Barthean writerly turn in translation; 2) it is within intensiveness (and not reference) in language, i. e., it is via experiences such as, for example, the perceiving of the polisemic potential of a homophony, that one feels that a language (native or not) belongs to him or her. It is via this kind of experiences lived in a language that this language becomes for me (one of) my language(s). Thus it becomes, for a community or a people, our language.

Nesta pesquisa procuramos estabelecer as bases teóricas e práticas da Internacional Situacionista e de dois de seus principais teóricos, Guy Debord e Raoul Vaneigem. Para aprofundar a compreensão, fomos em busca das origens desse grupo no Letrismo, na Internacional Letrista e Movimento por uma Bauhaus Imaginista, em uma tentativa de estabelecer uma trajetória. O início, no Letrismo, se estabelece como vanguarda artística, para logo quebrar com a perspectiva de uma proposta estética e realizar um aprofundamento de caráter marxista na crítica à cultura e ao urbanismo, na forma metodológica do desvio e da deriva e na construção de situações, a partir dos anos da Internacional Letrista. O processo de Decomposição da cultura faz com que alguns grupos se reúnam em uma nova internacional, desta vez Situacionista, com uma proposta inicial de revolução cultural, na e contra Decomposição. O envolvimento de Guy Debord com outros teóricos marxistas como Henri Lefebvre, radicaliza uma crítica da vida cotidiana e tira do foco uma discussão sobre cultura. O resultado é desenvolvimento do conceito de espetáculo, forma mais desenvolvida da sociedade produtora de mercadorias, e a centralização da questão do fetiche na crítica. Uma possibilidade de debate entre uma práxis revolucionária da vida cotidiana e a centralidade do fetiche da mercadoria nos parece necessária no momento atual da Geografia. / This research sought to establish the theoretical and practical bases of the Situationist International and two of its leading theorists, Guy Debord and Raoul Vaneigem. To deepen understanding, we were in search of the origins of this group in Lettrism, Lettrist International and the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, in an attempt to establish a trajectory. The beginning, in Lettrism, establishes himself as the artistic vanguard, soon to break with the prospect of an aesthetic proposal and make a deeper exploration in the marxist ideas, in order to make a critique of culture and urbanism with the methodological form of the detournement, the dérive and the construction of situations, since the years of the Lettrist International. The process of Decomposition of the culture causes some groups to join in a new International, Situationist this time, with an initial proposal of cultural revolution, inside and against Decomposition. Guy Debord\'s involvement with other marxist theorists such as Henri Lefebvre, the radical critique of everyday life takes the focus from the discussion about culture. The result is the development of the concept of spectacle, most developed form of commodity-producing society, and centered on the critical question of the fetish. A possibility for discussion between a revolutionary praxis of everyday life and the centrality of the fetish seems necessary at this moment in Geography.