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This quantitative explorative, descriptive study described factors that influenced absenteeism among nurses in a selected NHS hospital in London. The survey used self-completion questionnaires. Roy’s Adaptation Model was used to contextualise the results obtained from fifty completed questionnaires. Four modes used to categorise the data analysis were physiological needs, self-concept, and role function and interdependence relations. Minor ailments, upper respiratory tract infections and exhaustion as a result of working long hours were found to be the most important causes of absenteeism. Parental responsibilities and taking care of sick children/family members, further influenced rates of absenteeism, while a high workload was considered by respondents as a major contributing factor to their absence from work. Nurses who are often absent due to physical, social or psychological problems should receive counselling and be referred to appropriate resource persons such as occupational nurses, social workers or psychologists. Child care facilities should be provided within the workplace. The units should have adequate staff to cover each shift and workloads should be manageable. Units need ongoing monitoring of absenteeism so that factors contributing to absenteeism rates in specific units could be identified and addressed. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

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No description available.

This thesis explores black West Indian activism in London between 1931-1948. It does so through a focus on those black West Indian activists who involved themselves in the work of four campaigning political organisations, namely, the League of Coloured Peoples (LCP), the International African Friends of Abyssinia (IAF A), the International African Service Bureau (IASB), and the Pan-African Federation (PAF). The thesis argues that the presence of, colonial subjects in 1930s and 1940s London contributed to a process of creoIisation, whereby complex internal and external colonial pressures worked to transform the imperial metropolis. The thesis therefore uses the study of black West Indian activists in Britain in order to trace the geographical networks, 'contact zones,' spaces and places through which this process ofcreolisation took place in 1930s and 1940s London. In order to do so, it focuses primarily on certain distinct modes of political practice in which the LCP, IAF A, IASB and PAF engaged. In particular, chapters focus on how these organisations sought to contest the racialisation of space in London and the wider empire through a range of attempts to open establishments which countered the prevailing colour bar; utilised public gatherings as sociable spaces in which diverse political work could be undertaken; and produced and circulated periodicals that provided a platform on which to debate the contours of the African diaspora and the fundamental features of modern racism and racially-based identities. The thesis also explores the relationship between these different modes of political practice through a study of the response of black West Indian activists in Britain to the Caribbean labour and social unrest of the 1930s. Overall, the thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of how the politics of race and empire were constituted in 1930s and 1940s London .

In the history of crime and punishment the prisons of medieval London have generally been overlooked. This may have been because none of the prison records have survived for this period, yet there is enough information in civic and royal documents, and through archaeological evidence, to allow a reassessment of London's prisons in the later middle ages. This thesis begins with an analysis of the purpose of imprisonment, which was not merely custodial and was undoubtedly punitive in the medieval period. Having established that incarceration was employed for a variety of purposes the physicality of prison buildings and the conditions in which prisoners were kept are considered. This research suggests that the periodic complaints that London's medieval prisons, particularly Newgate, were ‘foul' with ‘noxious air' were the result of external, rather than internal, factors. Using both civic and royal sources the management of prisons and the abuses inflicted by some keepers have been analysed. This has revealed that there were very few differences in the way civic and royal prisons were administered; however, there were distinct advantages to being either the keeper or a prisoner of the Fleet prison. Because incarceration was not the only penalty available in the enforcement of law and order, this thesis also considers the offences that constituted a misdemeanour and the various punishments employed by the authorities. Incarceration did not necessarily entail enforced inactivity and the ways a prisoner might occupy his time, including writing, working or even planning an escape, are discussed. Lastly, an investigation is made into the causes and numbers of prison deaths in the medieval period.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze and compare outstanding Anglo-American dystopias. The main attributes of dystopias, use of power, propaganda, censorship, and economic repercussions are described, as well as the hero's attitude towards society. This thesis analyses Golding's Lord of the Flies, Orwell's Animal Farm and 1984, Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, Huxley's Brave New World and London's The Iron Heel. The thesis focuses on similarities and differences in those dystopias.

In view of it 's dominant role in the government' cultural and commercial spheres of the country's geography, many studies of London are concerned with an examination of the city on a national level. The nature of the conurbation itself is inherently interesting and this thesis concentrates on the geography of distributive outlets within the city. Within the present city or London I have identified various genres of distributive outlets varying in sophistication from the simplest periodic street market to the most complex shopping centre. In examining the nature of these service centres an historical link was established between them and a continuum of development suggested. described as sequential development. Each strand of the continuum is a natural phenomenon which has developed in response to the social and economic conditions of a particular period. In most spheres or life when a more advanced organism evolves its more primitive counterparts gradually disappear. In the context of London's distributive system this is only partly the case for residual elements exist today from many stages of development. In a detailed examination of each stage of the process, with reference to selected case studies I haft suggested social and economic reasons for their survival. My studies also indicated that the system was far from being static and that developments at the advanced retail levels stemming from the demands of twentieth century living, were causing tremors of change throughout the continuum. Some of these are already apparent with the plans tor removal of the central wholesale markets to larger less congested sites, and the building of squares to hold markets forced off the streets by increased pressure of traffic . From an examination of the existing situation and present plans a projection was made of the future pattern of London' s distributive system.

In India in London I explore the numerous ways that Indian identity was being corporeally represented in Victorian London. Unlike other colonial identities who were also exhibited throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the exhibition of India in London routinely included a range of ‘authentic’ performers and entertainments, including native artisans, ethnological models of tribal and caste groups, snake charmers, conjurers, contortionists, nautch girls (Indian dancers), and theatrical spectacles. By exploring the presentations and interpretations of these embodied forms of display, I attend to the exhibition of a colonised culture that although broadly branded ‘premodern’ was also being acknowledged as an ancient and artistic civilisation and therefore could not be fully situated into an inferior category. By paying attention to contradictions such as these, I urge that, in the context of exhibiting peoples, white imperial power manifested not only through ‘savages’ but also through cultures that were more ambivalently comprehended. Therefore, while detailed evaluations of these entertainments join to and expand the scholarship that deals with the exhibition of peoples, I also show that the exhibition of India importantly accounts for the tenacious and creative strategies of the imperial ethos. Furthermore, by understanding exhibitions during this period as theatrical sites, which involved the participation of a British audience, I argue that Indian identity was partly being produced in, by and for the public imagination. In this thesis I largely explore the relationship between display and imperialism and consider how this relationship ensued through embodied, varied and performative ways of viewing, knowing, racialising, historicising and gendering India in the urban metropolis. However, by responding to the contentions and contradictions of performance, I also show that exhibited India in its assorted forms resided in numerous, often conflating, sometimes competing powers, including imperialism, entertainment, science, capitalism and nationalism in the Indian context. India as exhibition is consequently significant not only for its contribution to imperial discourse-making, but also for its disobediences to the hegemonic script. An argument thus develops in the pages to follow that although the exhibition of Indian bodies reflected, produced and promoted an image of India that the British Empire relied upon in order to succeed, they also rebounded within discourses that critiqued. Most interestingly, it is through these ambiguities that the making of imperial ideology in popular culture, the instability of British-Indian relations and the eventual downfall of the Raj can be charted. It is here that my most significant contribution lies.