Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA164.pdf: 989957 bytes, checksum: 38282ca8dc3f75ce2eefab0fb0194232 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A practice used by lowland rice growers in the state of Santa Catarina, aiming to seek higher yields is the anticipation of sowing. However, this practice is limited susceptibility of cultivars to low temperatures in early stages of development and maintenance of dormancy for long periods after harvest. The objective this study was to characterize lowland rice cultivars, produced in Alto Vale do Itajaí, as the physiological quality, cold tolerance in the germination, presence of dormancy and overcoming methods. For this, three experiments carried out. The first study aimed determinate the occurrence of dormancy in pre and post storage and its influence on evaluation efficiency of germination and vigor. Used seeds of seven cultivars, produced in 2013/14 season, and collected immediately after its processing and after 120 days of storage. The physiological quality was determined through germination, cold, accelerated aging, emergence in sand, emergency speed index and seedling length. Occurrence of dormancy in post-harvest, negatively interfere in the evaluation of physiological quality. The 120 days of conventional storage proved to be the ideal time to carry out the physiological analysis, by efficiency in natural overcome dormancy. Second experiment consisted in monitoring the occurrence of dormancy, from physiological maturity until the commercialization, and compare different methods to overcome dormancy as efficiency and practicality. Used seeds of seven cultivars, produced in 2013/14 season, and collected at physiological maturity, harvest, just after processing and during storage. In the 2014/15, the test repeated with six cultivars, collected at physiological maturity, harvest and just after processing. Dormancy overcoming methods tested using pre-drying in an oven, gibberellic acid, hot water and potassium nitrate. Results confirmed occurrence of dormancy in pre and post-harvest and the overcoming ranged according to cultivar and climatic conditions during cultivation. Methods of overcoming dormancy based on pre-drying in the oven were the most efficient and can be adapted for use in a large amount seeds. The third study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity associated with cold tolerance character germination. Used seeds of seven cultivars, produced in 2013/14 season. The initial physiological quality determined by germination, cold teste, accelerated aging test, electrical conductivity, emergence in sand and seedling length. Cold stress subjected seeds at the beginning stage III germination, at a temperature of 10 ° C for three and five days. The SCS 117 CL, SCS 114 Andosan and SCS 118 Marques cultivars showed high physiological quality, demonstrated tolerate conditions of low temperatures at the start of stage III of germination. Tolerance to conditions of low temperatures in stage III germination was dependent of physiological quality seeds and cultivar, and the cold stress in stage III germination was effective in discrimination of cultivars tolerance to cold / Uma prática utilizada pelos produtores de arroz irrigado no estado de Santa Catarina, visando buscar maiores rendimentos, é a antecipação da época de semeadura. No entanto, essa prática se limita a suscetibilidade das cultivares às baixas temperaturas nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento e na manutenção da dormência por períodos prolongados após a colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar cultivares de arroz irrigado, produzidas na região do Alto Vale do Itajaí, quanto a qualidade fisiológica, a tolerância ao frio na germinação, a presença de dormência e seus métodos de superação. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro objetivou determinar a ocorrência de dormência em pré e pós armazenamento e sua influência sobre eficiência na avaliação da germinação e vigor. Foram utilizadas sementes de sete cultivares, produzidas na safra 2013/14, e coletadas logo após o seu beneficiamento e após 120 dias de armazenamento. A qualidade fisiológica foi determinada através dos testes de germinação, frio, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em areia, índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento de plântula. A ocorrência de dormência em pós colheita, interfere negativamente na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica. O período de 120 dias de armazenamento convencional mostrou ser o momento ideal para realização das análises fisiológicas, pela eficiência na superação natural da dormência. O segundo experimento consistiu no monitoramento da ocorrência de dormência, desde a maturidade fisiológica até o momento da comercialização, e comparar diferentes métodos de superação quanto a eficiência e praticidade. Foram utilizadas sementes de sete cultivares, produzidas na safra 2013/14, e coletadas na maturidade fisiológica, no momento da colheita, logo após o beneficiamento e durante o armazenamento. Na safra 2014/15, o ensaio foi repetido com seis cultivares, coletadas na maturidade fisiológica, no momento da colheita e logo após o beneficiamento. Foram testados métodos de superação de dormência utilizando a pré-secagem em estufa, ácido giberélico, água quente e nitrato de potássio. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a ocorrência de dormência em pré e pós colheita, e a sua superação variou conforme a cultivar e as condições climáticas durante o cultivo. Os métodos de superação da dormência baseados na pré-secagem em estufa foram os mais eficientes e podem ser adaptados para um grande volume de sementes. O terceiro estudo avaliou a diversidade genética associada ao caráter de tolerância ao frio na germinação. Foram utilizadas sementes de sete cultivares, produzidas na safra 2013/14. A qualidade fisiológica inicial foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, frio, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência em areia e comprimento de plântula. O estresse por frio foi submetido às sementes no início da fase III da germinação, na temperatura de 10 °C durante três e cinco dias. As cultivares SCS 117 CL, SCS 114 Andosan e SCS 118 Marques apresentaram elevada qualidade fisiológica e toleraram as condições de baixas temperaturas no início da fase III da germinação. A tolerância às condições de baixas temperaturas na fase III da germinação foi dependente da qualidade fisiológica das sementes e da cultivar, e o estresse ocasionado nessa fase foi eficaz na discriminação das cultivares quanto a tolerância ao frio

Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChaparroMontezuma_GermanGiovanny_M.pdf: 3877380 bytes, checksum: 8f8924d77c55a7ec361451caa074630e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Polimerização radicalar mediada por nitróxido (NMRP) é uma técnica da polimerização controlada com a habilidade de produzir polímeros com um alto controle da sua microestrutura, estreita distribuição de massa molar e baixos valores de polidispersidade (muito próximos a um). As características do polímero obtidas na polimerização controlada têm aumentado o interesse de levar essa técnica para um nível industrial, no entanto a polimerização controlada ainda apresenta desafios como, por exemplo, desenvolver com sucesso a NMRP em emulsão, a baixas temperaturas e usando nitróxidos de baixo custo e disponíveis comercialmente, como 2,2,6,6-tetrametil-1-piperidiniloxi (TEMPO). A NMRP em emulsão de estireno a temperaturas inferiores a 100 ° C foi realizada com sucesso neste trabalho. TEMPO foi utilizado como agente controlador ainda que este nitróxido normalmente opere a temperaturas acima de 120 °C, sendo demonstrado o controle da massa molar e da polidispersidade, juntamente com uma rápida taxa de polimerização em um sistema de emulsão / Abstract: Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) is a controlled polymerization technique with the ability to produce polymers with a highly controlled microstructure, narrow molecular weight distribution and low polydispersity values (very close to one). The polymer characteristics obtained in controlled radical polymerization have increased the interest of bringing this technique to an industrial level, however there are still some challenges to be faced, like, successfully develop NMRP in emulsion at low temperatures (lower than 100 °C) with inexpensive nitroxides commercially available, as 2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO). In this work NMRP of styrene in emulsion at temperatures below to 100 °C was carried out successfully. TEMPO was used as controller agent although this nitroxide usually works at temperatures above 120 °C. It was demonstrated an optimal control of molecular weights and polydispersities, together with a fast polymerization rate in an emulsion system / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:57:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos_AndersonAlmeida_M.pdf: 15995318 bytes, checksum: baaba56f9c2c8d35c3ae72468050a525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Em baixas temperaturas, as condições de partida do motor tornam-se mais difíceis devido a diversos fatores, como por exemplo, a menor lubrificação devido ao aumento da viscosidade do óleo lubrificante, a diminuição da massa de ar e a diminuição das folgas entre as partes móveis do motor como virabrequim, pistão e conseqüentemente o aumento do atrito entre estas partes. Foi construído um dispositivo para estimar o torque resistivo em baixas temperaturas na faixa entre - 20°C a 0ºC em um motor diesel NGD 3,0 litros, quatro cilindros de fabricação da MWM International com o objetivo de estudar a correlação entre o rendimento do motor de partida nestas condições e o torque resistivo solicitado na partida. Este dispositivo permite o levantamento do torque resistivo nos motores diesel sem combustão, onde a lubrificação é mínima e o atrito entre as partes móveis do motor são máximas. Para a medição do torque foi utilizada uma flange de torque modelo T40 de fabricação da HBM acoplada ao dispositivo de arraste, composto por um volante e motor de partida de um motor com 9,3 litros também de fabricação MWM International e o volante do motor que foi testado, através de um eixo cardam. Os testes para o levantamento dos dados foram realizados em um "contêiner" frigorífico utilizado para transportes de cargas perecíveis, como carnes congeladas, adaptado para realização de ensaios de motores diesel a temperaturas negativas (-50ºC + temperatura ambiente) e instalado nas dependências do Centro Tecnológico da MWM International / Abstract: In lower temperatures, the conditions for starting the engine become more difficult due to several factors, eg, less lubrication due to increased viscosity of lubricating oil, the decrease in air mass and reducing the clearances between moving parts the engine crankshaft, piston and consequently increases the friction between these parts. A device was built to estimate the resistive torque at low temperatures in the range between -20°C to 0°C in a diesel engine NGD 3.0-liter four-cylinder manufacturing MWM International aiming to study the correlation between the starter motor efficiency in these conditions and the resistive torque at startup. The device allows the removal of the resistive torque without combustion in diesel engines, where lubrication is minimal and the friction between the moving parts of the engine is maximum. For measuring torque was used a model T40 torque flange from HBM manufacturing device coupled to the drag, comprising a flywheel and starter motor with a 9.3 liters also manufacturing MWM International and the flywheel was tested through a cardan shaft. Tests for the survey data were conducted in a "container" refrigerator used to transport perishable cargo such as frozen meat, suitable for testing diesel freezing temperatures (-50 ° C + ambient temperature) and installed in the premises of the Centre Technological MWM International / Mestrado / Eletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Diploma thesis deals with the design of a vibration isolated platform for low temperature scanning tunneling microscope working under ultra high vacuum (UHV STM). Cooling of the microscope is done by liquid helium using a flow cryostat designed in Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR. In the thesis, general requirements of designing of an ultra high vacuum compatible devices are discussed, as well as the ways of vibrational isolation and damping. Also some ways how to restrict the transfer of vibration between vacuum devices and surroundings are mentioned. This knowledge is then applied to the design of the antivibrational microscope platform compatible with low temperature usage. For better understanding of vibrational transfer and damping, a real model of the designed platform is made and vibrational transfer characteristics are measured and compared with the theory.

The nitrification process, the biologically mediated process of ammonia treatment in water resources recovery facilities (WRRF), remains the most common treatment process to mitigate the adverse effects of effluent ammonia discharges in surface water. However, it is well established that the temperature-sensitive process of nitrification remains hindered at low temperatures in conventional suspended growth technologies; specifically, passive treatment systems such as the lagoons, representing over 50% of Canadian treatment facilities in operation. As such, nitrification in lagoon facilities remains unreliable during the cold seasons with no nitrification occurring at 1°C. In contrast to suspended growth systems, attached growth technologies such as the moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) have recently been proven capable of achieving significant nitrification rates at temperatures as low as 1°C and are proposed as suitable upgrade systems to the common lagoon facility to reach year-long ammonia treatment targets. As such, the main objective of this research is to investigate and expand the current knowledge by investigating the key research questions lacking in the current literature on post-carbon, low temperature nitrifying MBBR systems. With this aim, a temperature-controlled study of attached growth nitrification kinetics was conducted to isolate the effects of low temperatures on nitrifying MBBR system performance down to 1°C. A removal rate of 98.44 ± 4.69 gN/m³d is identified as the 1°C intrinsic removal rate and the design removal rate for nitrifying MBBR systems at low temperatures. Considering this intrinsic rate at 1°C, an assessment of reactor efficiency at elevated TAN concentrations typical of non-combined sewer systems indicates that a two reactor in-series MBBR system configuration is recommended for retrofitting lagoon facilities connected to sanitary sewers. The study of the reactor performance to temperatures as low as 1°C demonstrates a non-linear decline in removal efficiency between 10°C and 1°C, with the existence of a kinetic threshold temperature delineated between 4°C and 2°C. As such, this delineated temperature range accounts for a significant decline in the performance of low carbon nitrifying MBBR systems during the onset of the cold seasons. This research identifies new recommended Arrhenius correction coefficient values taking into account this kinetic threshold temperature, with a coefficient of 1.049 being recommended above the kinetic threshold (≥4°C) and 1.149 below the threshold temperature at 1°C. Moreover, since the elapsed time to low temperature was identified as a key factor of attached growth nitrification kinetics, a modified theta model accounting for temperature and time is proposed in this research to accurately model the rate of nitrifying MBBR systems between 4°C and 1°C. Finally, with the severe adverse effects of sudden decreases in temperature, or cold shocks, on nitrification kinetics being previously demonstrated but not well understood, this research compares acclimatized and cold shocked MBBR reactors down to 1°C. The findings indicate 21% lower kinetics in the cold shocked reactor with reactor efficiencies never reaching those of the acclimatized reactor despite extended operation at 1°C. Thus, the research delineates the potentially lasting effects of extreme weather events such as cold air outbreaks and snowmelt periods on nitrifying MBBR system performance. On the other hand, these same findings demonstrate the resiliency of nitrifying MBBR reactors as nitrification was maintained within these systems despite being cold-shocked down from 10°C and 1°C. This study of attached growth kinetics was coupled with an investigation of the nitrifying biofilms, biomass, and microbiome responses to low temperatures and cold shock down to 1°C to provide an understanding of the changes occurring in these systems down to the cellular level. Comparisons of acclimatized and cold shocked nitrifying biofilms responses down to 1°C were characterized by increases in biofilm thickness, increases in biomass viability; and, greater shifts in microbiome communities occurring above 4°C in the acclimatized biofilm. Considering these observations, results also indicated a significant increase in nitrifiers per carrier above 4°C. As such, these findings suggested that the bulk of nitrifying biofilm adaptation to cold temperatures occurs above 4°C, a crucial adaptation phase in acclimatized systems. This adaptation phase is shown to be lacking in cold-shocked systems, with the cold shocked biofilm and microbiome demonstrating significant differences with the acclimatized systems’ biofilm and microbiome. This research was performed to answer the critical research questions relating to the design and operation of the post-carbon, low temperature nitrifying MBBR systems, with the first low temperature MBBR systems being scheduled to begin operation in the fall of 2020. This research expands the current knowledge on low temperature attached growth nitrification kinetics as well as cold shocked attached growth nitrification kinetics in MBBR systems down to 1°C. In addition, this research delineates the effects of low temperatures and cold shocks on the nitrifying MBBR system’s biofilms and their embedded cells.

This Thesis contains details of the construction and characterisation of a compact apparatus for the cooling of ultracold atoms to quantum degeneracy, and their manipulation in flexible holographic optical traps. We have designed and built two iterations of this apparatus. The first version consists of a stainless steel single-cell vacuum chamber, in which we confine ⁸⁷Rb and ⁶Li or ⁷Li in a Magneto-Optical Trap. We characterise the alternative methods of pulsed atomic dispenser and Light Induced Atomic Desorption (LIAD) to rapidly vary the background pressure in the vacuum chamber with the view to enabling efficient evaporative cooling in the single chamber, loading MOTs of up to 10⁸ atoms using pulsed dispensers. The LIAD is found to be ineffective in loading large MOTs in this setup, while the pulsed dispensers method gradually increases the background pressure in the chamber over time. Based on the results of this first iteration, we designed and built a second single-chamber apparatus for cooling of ⁸⁷Rb to quantum degeneracy. The LIAD technique was used to successfully load MOTs containing 8x10⁷ atoms in this single pyrex cell with a rapidly-varying background pressure. The lifetime of an atomic cloud loaded from the MOT into a magnetic trap increased by a factor of 6 when LIAD was used. The holographic optical traps for cold atoms are generated using a Spatial Light Modulator, and we present our novel method for improving the quality of holographic light patterns to the point where they are suitable for trapping ultracold atoms using a feedback algorithm. As demonstrations of this new capability, we show power-law optical traps which provide an efficient, reversible route to Bose-Einstein Condensation and a dynamic ring trap for the investigation of superfluidity in cold atoms.

O objetivo de colaborar com o equacionamento da problemática do crescimento populacional por meio de uma proposta viável economicamente, e com vantagens tecnológicas com vistas à durabilidade para a armazenagem de gêneros alimentícios em baixas temperaturas motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, na qual se propõe o uso do concreto como material alternativo para a construção de sistemas de guarda e conservação de alimentos. A partir de um adequado método de dosagem e da tecnologia desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisadores do Laboratório de Materiais Avançados à Base de Cimento, foram elaborados dois concretos diferenciados pela incorporação ou não de ar. A durabilidade do concreto para ambientes com baixas temperaturas tem sido relacionada a um sistema de vazios de ar com volume de 6 '+ OU -' 1 % e adequado espaçamento entre as bolhas de ar. O desempenho desses concretos em ambientes com baixas temperaturas foi avaliado acondicionando-os em uma câmara fria com temperatura de - 35 ± 2 graus Celsius. A sanidade dos corpos-de-prova foi monitorada por meio de ensaios não destrutivos (i.e. determinação da freqüência natural). O período de exposição foi de trinta e cinco dias, sendo que após o sétimo dia ocorreu a estabilização dos valores da freqüência natural dos corpos-de-prova. Os dois tipos de concretos ensaiados - com ar incorporado e sem ar incorporado - mostraram-se resistentes nestas condições de ensaio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os concretos, de acordo com o método utilizado, atendem a todos os requisitos para os quais foram projetados / The aim to collaborate with the set out of the world population increase problem, using a feasible and economical proposal, with technology advantages, destined to store foodstuff in low temperatures, motivated the development of this research, that suggests concrete as an alternative material to storage and conservation foodstuff system construction. Starting from the concrete design with an adequate method, and based on the technology developed by worker group of Laboratory of Advanced Cement Based Materials, were designed two kinds of concrete: with and without incorporated air. The durability of concrete in low temperatures environment were related to air voids system with 6 '+ OU -' 1% of air content, and to adequate spacing between air voids. The concrete behaviour in low temperatures environment was evaluated placing the specimens in a cold chamber, whose temperatures were about -35 '+ OU -' 2 Celsius degrees. The integrity of the specimens was evaluated by non-destructive method (determination of natural frequency). The exposure period of the specimens was thirty five days, but at seventh day the natural frequencies values were stabilized. Both kind of concrete were resistant in this condition. The obtained results show that concretes, in conformity to the used methodology, performed all requirement for that were designed

O desenvolvimento de um concreto de alto desempenho aplicado a sistemas de processamento e armazenagem de alimentos em baixas temperaturas teve por objetivo atender às indústrias de alimentos no Brasil que se utilizam da tecnologia do frio em seu processo industrial. A hegemonia mundial do mercado de carnes é brasileira, sendo que nossas indústrias são responsáveis por 33% desse mercado. A ausência de estudos para aprimorar e tornar as plantas industriais mais duráveis e condizentes com a importância do setor foi determinante na delineação do tema desta tese. Desenvolveu-se um concreto de alto desempenho frente às possíveis situações em uma planta industrial: baixas temperaturas em ambientes secos e baixas temperaturas em ambientes sujeitos à umidade. A temperatura mínima a qual foram submetidos os concretos analisados foi de 35°C. O método de dosagem e as diretrizes calcadas no reforço da matriz da pasta de cimento e refinamento de poros mostraram-se como uma alternativa para vencer as agressividades causadas pelas baixas temperaturas ao concreto. Até então, estudos sugeriam um sistema de ar cujos vazios teriam diâmetros em torno de 250 µm espaçados com esta mesma distância entre eles e com conteúdo de 6±1% para a proteção de concretos expostos a baixas temperaturas. A produção de um concreto coeso, com teor de ar de 3,5%, poros com diâmetro médio de 0,02 µm e com área específica de 2,84m²/g, provaram ser duráveis quando expostos ao congelamento e a ciclos de gelo e degelo. O fator de durabilidade para esses concretos foi de 97%. Além da durabilidade, o projeto de dosagem contemplou o aspecto econômico, produzindo 1MPa com 7,8 kg de cimento por metro cúbico de concreto. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de ensaios dinâmicos, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio, absorção de água por imersão, além dos ensaios mecânicos de resistência à compressão, à tração na flexão e módulo de elasticidade. / Brazil has rapidly emerged as one of the world\'s leading meat exporters, being responsible by 33% of this market. In face of that, a high performance concrete (HPC), that can be applied to storage and processing system buildings at low temperatures, has been developed with the aim of answering the needs of brazilian food manufacturers that use cooling technology during industrial process. The lack of studies to improve industrial plants and make them more durable was determinant to delineate this thesis subject. A high performance concrete was designed to resist to low temperatures at dry environments as well as at moist ones. Concrete was exposed to a target temperature of -35°C. The dosage method and the guidelines based on the strengthening of bulk cement and the porous refinement showed to be an alternative to overcome the aggressiveness caused by low temperatures to concrete. To this day, studies have suggested air voids systems to protect concrete from low temperature effects. According to them, the air voids should have about 250 µm of diameter, spaced from each other this same distance and with an air content of 6±1%. However, making a cohesive concrete, with 3,5% of air content and an average diameter porous of 0,02 µm with an specific surface of 2,84m²/g, resulted in a durable concrete, even when exposed to frost / thawing cycles. The durability factor of these concretes achieved 97%. Besides durability, the dosage design brought economical advantages, producing 1 MPa with 7,8 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete. The results were obtained through dynamic tests, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and water absorption by immersion. In addition, tests of compression, tension strength and elastic modulus were carried out.

Les cuprates sont des matériaux que l’on peut faire passer d'un isolant antiferromagnétique à un métal normal en augmentant leur densité de porteurs par dopage chimique. Aux dopages intermédiaires, une riche variété de phases électroniques apparaît aux côtés de la phase supraconductrice, ou même entrelacée avec elle. Le but de cette thèse était de caractériser divers aspects de la compétition entre la supraconductivité et les ordres de charge ou de spin, en utilisant la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Une première partie du travail a consisté à améliorer la modélisation des spectres RMN des noyaux de 17O dans les deux phases onde de densité de charge (ODC) présentes dans YBa2Cu3Oy: l’ordre à courte portée et l’ordre à longue portée (induit par le champ magnétique). En plus de fournir un cadre d'analyse beaucoup plus précis pour les données de RMN en fonction du champ, du dopage et de la pression (voir ci-après), les résultats indiquent que l’ODC à haut champ est uni-axiale (c'est-à-dire avec un vecteur d'onde unique q), avec une période commensurable avec le réseau de trois cellules unitaires (q = 1/3). Le deuxième aspect de la compétition de phases abordé dans ce travail est l'effet (controversé) de la pression hydrostatique. Nos mesures montrent qu'une pression de 1,9 GPa n'affaiblit que très légèrement l’ODC à courte portée dans l'état normal ainsi que l’ODC à longue portée observée à haut champ. Les résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse selon laquelle l'augmentation continue de Tc lorsque la pression augmente jusqu'à 15 GPa est presque entièrement due à une diminution progressive de la force de l’ODC. Ceci montre que la pression hydrostatique est un paramètre permettant de contrôler la compétition entre l’ODC et la supraconductivité dans les cuprates.Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, des mesures du taux de relaxation spin-réseau (1/T1) des noyaux de 139La ont permis d’étudier l'effet d'un champ magnétique sur la mise en ordre vitreuses des spins dans La2-xSrxCuO4. En utilisant des champs élevés jusqu’à 45 T, nous montrons que le champ est capable d’induire une phase gelée, ou presque gelée, à des niveaux de dopage bien supérieurs à ceux supposés précédemment, à savoir jusqu’au dopage critique attribué à l’extrémité de la phase pseudogap mais pas au-delà de ce point, ou pas loin au-delà. Ce résultat a des implications importantes pour l'interprétation de la phase de pseudogap et de la criticité quantique qui lui est associée. / Cuprates are materials that can be tuned from an antiferromagnetic insulator to a normal metal by increasing the carrier density through chemical doping. At intermediate doping, a rich variety of electronic phases emerges alongside, or intertwined, with the superconducting phase. The aim of this thesis was to characterise various aspects of the competition between superconductivity and charge or spin order, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).A first part of the work consisted in improving the modelling of 17O NMR spectra in the two charge-density wave (CDW) phases present in YBa2Cu3Oy: the short-range order and the (magnetic-field induced) long-range order. Besides providing a much more accurate analysis framework for NMR data as a function of field, doping and pressure (see hereafter), the results indicate that the CDW in high-fields is uniaxial (i.e. single wave vector q) and commensurate with the lattice, with a period of three unit cells (q=1/3).The second aspect of phase competition addressed in this work is the (controversial) effect of hydrostatic pressure. Our measurements show that a pressure of 1.9 GPa weakens the short-range CDW in the normal state and the long-range CDW observed in high fields only slightly. The results support the proposal that the continuous rise in Tc upon increasing pressure up to 15 GPa arises almost entirely from a gradual decrease of the CDW strength. This establishes hydrostatic pressure as a tuning parameter of the competition between CDW order and superconductivity in the cuprates.In the third part of the thesis, 139La spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) measurements were used to study the effect of a magnetic field on glassy spin ordering in La2-xSrxCuO4. Using high fields up to 45 T, we reveal that the field is able to induce a frozen, or nearly so, phase at doping levels much higher than previously assumed, namely up to the putative endpoint of the pseudogap boundary, but not, or not far, beyond that point. This result has important implications for interpreting the pseudogap phase and its associated quantum criticality.

Le phénomène de précession cohérente de l'aimantation dans l'hélium 3 superfluide a été découvert en 1984. Il se caractérise par la précession libre de l'aimantation du superfluide sur des échelles de temps très longues (dans certains cas, des heures). Ce phénomène est une signature de la superfluidité de spin, l'analogue magnétique de la supraconductivité ou de la superfluidité. La superfluidité de spin peut se décrire en termes de condensation de Bose-Einstein des excitations magnétiques du superfluide : les magnons. Ce formalisme permet de déterminer simplement les conditions dans lesquelles une telle condensation peut apparaître dans les différentes phases de l'hélium 3 superfluide. Ce travail présente comment l'utilisation d'aérogel anisotrope nous a permis de manipuler le paramètre d'ordre du superfluide et d'obtenir ainsi de nouvelles phases dans lesquelles la condensation de Bose-Einstein des magnons peut être observée. Nous avons ainsi étudié expérimentalement la précession cohérente de l'aimantation dans ces nouvelles phases. Nous avons également étudié l'influence de l'aérogel sur la transition de phase superfluide. Enfin, nous détaillons comment il est possible d'obtenir la précession cohérente de l'aimantation sur les différents niveaux d'un puits de potentiel pour les magnons. / The phenomenon of coherent precession of magnetization in superfluid helium 3 was discovered in 1984. It is characterized by the free precession of the magnetization of the superfluid on very long timescales (up to hours). This phenomenon is a signature of spin superfluidity, the magnetic analogue of superconductivity or superfluidity. Spin superfluidity can be described in terms of Bose-Einstein condensation the magnetic excitations of the superfluid: the magnons. This formalism makes it possible to determine easily the conditions in which such a condensation can appear in the different phases of superfluid helium 3. This work shows how the use of anisotropic aerogel permitted us to manipulate the order parameter of the superfluid and thus to obtain new phases in which the Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons can be observed. We were able to study experimentally the coherent precession of magnetization in these new phases. We also studied the influence of the aerogel on the superfluid transition. Finally, we detail how one can obtain the coherent precession of magnetization on different levels of a potential well for magnons.