Fjärrvärme är det dominerande uppvärmningssättet för flerbostadshus i Sverige och dess konkurrent är värmepumparna som blivit allt mer effektiva och fått en bättre slagkraft på marknaden. Samtidigt har regeringen satt upp 2020 målen, för att sänka och förbättra Sveriges energianvändning. Eftersom att bostadssektorn står för nästan 40 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning, är rapportens syfte att studera hur energiförbrukningen för äldre hus kan sänkas genom byte av energisystem eller genom att behålla ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem men utföra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. De energisystemen som studeras i denna rapport är fjärrvärme, bergvärme och luft-vatten värmepump. Den data som har använts i rapporten har i huvudsak samlats in från ett flerbostads-hyreshus beläget i Vingåker och som ägs av Sjötorps hus AB. För att resultatet ska vara mer generellt har även två typhus studerats; ett småhus och ett större flerbostadshus. Resultatet av studien visar att den största kostnaden för fjärrvärmen ligger i driften och därmed blir detta alternativ också dyrast för de två större husen. Dock är både investeringskostnaden och underhållskostnaderna betydligt större för värmepumpar och varierar beroende på vart i landet de ska installeras, oförutsedda driftstopp och haverier. Resultatet visar också att det inte är lönsamt för ett småhus att byta från ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem till värmepump. Slutsatsen är att energieffektivisering bör ske i första hand för att sänka en fastighets energiförbrukning, speciellt eftersom att andelen äldre hus kommer att öka och oavsett hur lite energi de nya husen förbrukar kommer de äldre husen utgöra den största andelen av Sveriges totala bostadsbestånd. Att en värmepump använder mindre energi är ingen långsiktig lösning för att sänka energiförbrukningen. Istället bör energieffektiviseringsåtgärder ligga till grund vid en önskan om sänkt energiförbrukning. / District heating is the dominant heating method for apartment buildings in Sweden, and its competitor is the heat pumps that have become increasingly efficient and have a better impact on the market. At the same time, the government has set the 2020 targets in order to reduce and improve Sweden's energy use. As the housing sector accounts for almost 40 percent of Sweden's total energy use, the report's purpose is to study how energy consumption for older homes can be reduced by changing energy systems or by maintaining an existing district heating system, but performing energy efficiency measures. The energy systems studied in this report are district heating, geothermal heat and air-water heat pump. The data used in the report has been largely collected from a apartment building located in Vingåker, owned by Sjötorps hus AB. In order for the results to be more general, two example houses have also been studied; A small house and a larger apartment building. The result of the study shows that the biggest cost of district heating is in operation, and thus this option is also the most expensive for the two major houses. However, both investment costs and maintenance costs are significantly higher for heat pumps and vary depending on where in the country they are to be installed, unexpected downtime and breakdowns. The result also shows that it is not profitable for a small house to switch from an existing district heating system to a heat pump. The conclusion is that energy efficiency should be the first option to reduce the energy consumption of a property, especially as the stock of older houses will increase. No matter how little the energy consumption for the newly built houses are, the older houses will be the largest part of Sweden's total housing stock. The fact that the heat pump uses less energy is no long-term solution to energy efficiency. Instead, energy efficiency actions should be the first option when the desire is reduced energy consumption.

Este estudo consiste numa reflexão acerca da identidade cultural no contexto contemporâneo, mais especificamente, da cultura brasileira teuto-gaúcha e da sua representação na literatura sul-rio-grandense contemporânea. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento de obras da literatura gaúcha mais recente que focalizam os imigrantes e descendentes alemães como personagens centrais da narrativa, dentre as quais se selecionou um corpus constituído pelos livros A asa esquerda do anjo (1981), de Lya Luft, e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), de Charles Kiefer. A partir da análise realizada, percebeu-se que a cultura teuto-gaúcha é representada através de uma ambigüidade marcante na vida dos protagonistas, oriunda do entre-lugar de sua condição intervalar, constituída pela herança cultural alemã e pela vivência no contexto brasileiro. De um modo geral, a presença da cultura teuto-gaúcha pode ser notada no emprego da língua alemã, na rigidez dos costumes e comportamentos familiares, no preconceito interétnico e de gênero, na culinária e na religião defendida e posteriormente abandonada (no caso de Bruno Stein). Desse modo, tornam-se evidentes as marcas da imigração germânica – iniciada a partir de 1824 – na literatura contemporânea produzida no Rio Grande do Sul. Tal cultura, traduzida pelos seus descendentes e integrada ao contexto brasileiro, deu origem à cultura híbrida teuto-gaúcha, própria do grupo em questão, cujos representantes ainda se fazem notar, conforme atestam os romances analisados. / The present research is a reflection about the cultural identity in the contemporary context, more specifically, about the Teuto-Gaucha Brazilian culture and its representation on the contemporary riograndense literature. For this reason, it was researched books on the gaucha literature which focus the immigrants and German descendents as main characters in the narrative. Among these books it was selected a corpus consisting from A Asa esquerda do anjo (1981), by Lya Luft, and Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), by Charles Kiefer. Based on the performed analysis, it was noticed that the Teuto-Gaucha culture is represented through a stressed ambiguity in the main characters life, which came from an in-between place condition, consisting of the German culture heritage and the life in Brazil. In general, the presence of the Teuto-Gaucha culture can be observed in the use of the German language, in the strictness of the customs and behaviors, in the ethnic and genre prejudice, in the food and religion defended and later abandoned (in the case of Bruno Stein). This way it is clearly perceived the marks of the German immigration – which began in 1824 – on the contemporary literature written in Rio Grande do Sul. This culture, translated by the German descendents and integrated into the Brazilian context, created the hybrid Teuto-Gaúcha Brazilian culture, specific from this group, whose members are still visible, considering the novels analyzed.

A presente dissertação é um diálogo com os estudos e as pesquisas que se ocupam com a construção da representação simbólica da família Wolff/Wolf em três obras distintas, de autores da literatura brasileira: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) de Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) de Lya Luft e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) de Charles Kiefer. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo geral é analisar como se dá o relacionamento intertextual entre as famílias presentes nos textos, as quais possuem o mesmo sobrenome de origem alemã Wolff/Wolf. Sendo assim, analisaremos não apenas o sobrenome dessas famílias, mas também as questões inerentes aos textos literários, como símbolos e estrutura familiar, pois com as personagens dessas obras podemos analisar e indagar o contato dessas famílias de origem alemã com a cultura brasileira, resultando, desse modo, em uma hibridização de sua cultura, com a perda de elementos culturais alemães, assimilando, portanto, novos aspectos oriundos da cultura brasileira. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, drei verschiedene Werke von drei unterschiedlichen Autoren der brasilianischen Literatur zu analysieren: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) von Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) von Lya Luft und Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) von Charles Kiefer. Die intertextuelle Beziehung existiert wegen der Familien, die einen gleichen deutschen Familiennamen haben, „Wolf“. Es werden nicht nur die Familiennamen analysiert, als auch inhärente Themen der literarischen Texte, wie: Symbole, Familienstruktur, und ihren Kontakt mit der brasilianischen Kultur, wodurch sich eine Hybridisierung ihrer Kultur kristalisiert, die wegen des Verlustes ihrer deutschen kulturellen Elemente stattfindet. Dadurch entstehen neue Aspkete in dieser hybriden Kultur.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein physikalisches Modell für weichelastische EVA-Schaumstoffe entwickelt, das das mechanische Verformungsverhalten (Spannungs-Verformungs-Kurve) bei der Interaktion zwischen Sportler und Sportgerät am Beispiel eines Laufschuhs anwendungsgerecht – d.h. bei hoher Verformung und Belastungsgeschwindigkeit – kennzeichnet. Im Stand der Technik werden als Einflussfaktoren auf das mechanische Verformungsverhalten von Weichschäumen die Parameter Schaumdichte, Zellgröße bzw. Zelldurchmesser, Schaumhärte und Verformungsgeschwindigkeit ermittelt. Diese werden für die vorliegenden vier Versuchsmaterialien analysiert, wobei die letzten zwei Parameter im Modell Berücksichtigung finden. Das Modell setzt sich aus einem Matrix- und einem Gasphasenanteil zusammen. Der Matrixphasenanteil wird experimentell bei der jeweiligen Verformungsgeschwindigkeit bestimmt, wohingegen der Gasphasenanteil der in den Zellen komprimierten Luft auf einem physikalischen Zusammenhang beruht und anhand der gemessenen Schaumhärte und des Atmosphärendrucks bei der jeweiligen Verformung berechnet wird. Die Voraussetzungen für die Verwendung des Modells, zu denen inkompressible Matrixphase, Geschlossenzelligkeit und keine Querausdehnung des Schaums zählen, werden vorab umfangreich geprüft. Zusammenfassend lässt sich aussagen, dass das gewählte Modell eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell bestimmten Ergebnissen erzielt. Dies wird anhand der Mittelwertes der Differenz von experimentell ermittelten zu modellierten Daten bestimmt, für den ein Wert von 7 % berechnet wird. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is developing a physical model for flexible foam materials (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate foam) characterizing the mechanical deformation behavior (stress-strain-curve) at the interaction between athlete and sports equipment (e.g. running footwear) during high deformation and high loading rate. Previous studies described various parameters influencing the mechanical deformation behavior of flexible foams: foam density, cell size / cell diameter, foam hardness and loading rate. These parameters are being analyzed for the four present foams whereof the last two parameters were considered in the model. The model consists of a matrix phase measured experimentally at required loading rate multiplied with a correction factor and a gas phase of the air compressed in the foam cells which is calculated by atmospheric pressure and foam hardness. The requirements (incompressible matrix phase, closed cells and zero Poisson ratio) for using the model are verified first of all. In conclusion, the developed model presents a good accordance with the experimental data calculated by a mean difference between experimental and modeled data of 7 %.

No description available.

Este estudo consiste numa reflexão acerca da identidade cultural no contexto contemporâneo, mais especificamente, da cultura brasileira teuto-gaúcha e da sua representação na literatura sul-rio-grandense contemporânea. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento de obras da literatura gaúcha mais recente que focalizam os imigrantes e descendentes alemães como personagens centrais da narrativa, dentre as quais se selecionou um corpus constituído pelos livros A asa esquerda do anjo (1981), de Lya Luft, e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), de Charles Kiefer. A partir da análise realizada, percebeu-se que a cultura teuto-gaúcha é representada através de uma ambigüidade marcante na vida dos protagonistas, oriunda do entre-lugar de sua condição intervalar, constituída pela herança cultural alemã e pela vivência no contexto brasileiro. De um modo geral, a presença da cultura teuto-gaúcha pode ser notada no emprego da língua alemã, na rigidez dos costumes e comportamentos familiares, no preconceito interétnico e de gênero, na culinária e na religião defendida e posteriormente abandonada (no caso de Bruno Stein). Desse modo, tornam-se evidentes as marcas da imigração germânica – iniciada a partir de 1824 – na literatura contemporânea produzida no Rio Grande do Sul. Tal cultura, traduzida pelos seus descendentes e integrada ao contexto brasileiro, deu origem à cultura híbrida teuto-gaúcha, própria do grupo em questão, cujos representantes ainda se fazem notar, conforme atestam os romances analisados. / The present research is a reflection about the cultural identity in the contemporary context, more specifically, about the Teuto-Gaucha Brazilian culture and its representation on the contemporary riograndense literature. For this reason, it was researched books on the gaucha literature which focus the immigrants and German descendents as main characters in the narrative. Among these books it was selected a corpus consisting from A Asa esquerda do anjo (1981), by Lya Luft, and Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), by Charles Kiefer. Based on the performed analysis, it was noticed that the Teuto-Gaucha culture is represented through a stressed ambiguity in the main characters life, which came from an in-between place condition, consisting of the German culture heritage and the life in Brazil. In general, the presence of the Teuto-Gaucha culture can be observed in the use of the German language, in the strictness of the customs and behaviors, in the ethnic and genre prejudice, in the food and religion defended and later abandoned (in the case of Bruno Stein). This way it is clearly perceived the marks of the German immigration – which began in 1824 – on the contemporary literature written in Rio Grande do Sul. This culture, translated by the German descendents and integrated into the Brazilian context, created the hybrid Teuto-Gaúcha Brazilian culture, specific from this group, whose members are still visible, considering the novels analyzed.

A presente dissertação é um diálogo com os estudos e as pesquisas que se ocupam com a construção da representação simbólica da família Wolff/Wolf em três obras distintas, de autores da literatura brasileira: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) de Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) de Lya Luft e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) de Charles Kiefer. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo geral é analisar como se dá o relacionamento intertextual entre as famílias presentes nos textos, as quais possuem o mesmo sobrenome de origem alemã Wolff/Wolf. Sendo assim, analisaremos não apenas o sobrenome dessas famílias, mas também as questões inerentes aos textos literários, como símbolos e estrutura familiar, pois com as personagens dessas obras podemos analisar e indagar o contato dessas famílias de origem alemã com a cultura brasileira, resultando, desse modo, em uma hibridização de sua cultura, com a perda de elementos culturais alemães, assimilando, portanto, novos aspectos oriundos da cultura brasileira. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, drei verschiedene Werke von drei unterschiedlichen Autoren der brasilianischen Literatur zu analysieren: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) von Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) von Lya Luft und Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) von Charles Kiefer. Die intertextuelle Beziehung existiert wegen der Familien, die einen gleichen deutschen Familiennamen haben, „Wolf“. Es werden nicht nur die Familiennamen analysiert, als auch inhärente Themen der literarischen Texte, wie: Symbole, Familienstruktur, und ihren Kontakt mit der brasilianischen Kultur, wodurch sich eine Hybridisierung ihrer Kultur kristalisiert, die wegen des Verlustes ihrer deutschen kulturellen Elemente stattfindet. Dadurch entstehen neue Aspkete in dieser hybriden Kultur.

Fiskars passager genom vattenkraftverk är förenat med hög dödlighet. För att minska vattenkraftens påverkan på fiskbestånd har olika fiskledare utvecklats. I denna laboratoriestudie utvärderades tre typer av icke-fysiska fiskledare och deras effektivitet i att leda odlade smolt av Atlantlax (Salmo salar L.) till en önskad passage. Målet med denna studie var att undersöka om det var möjligt att leda odlade laxsmolt till en önskad passage med hjälp av bubblor, strobeljus eller en kombination av bubblor och strobeljus. Med relativt enkla medel och låg kostnad konstruerades fiskledare som bestod av en perforerad slang driven av en luftkompressor samt en ljusramp med fyra LED-lampor vilka blinkade simultant med 480 bpm. Fem replikat genomfördes för vardera behandling, bubblor, strobeljus och bubblor/strobeljus, samt sex replikat i kontrollen. Under en timmes behandling fick tio laxsmolt, märkta med PIT-tag, passera en av två antenner, varav den ena var utrustad med en fiskledare, under vandring i nedströms riktning i ett strömakvarium. Denna studie visade att fiskledare av samtliga tre metoder ledde smolt till en önskad passage under behandlingens första femton minuter. Vidare visade fiskledaren bestående av bubblor en fortsatt ledande förmåga över hela behandlingsperioden (60 minuter), medan fiskledarna av strobeljus- och bubbel/strobeljus inte visade en sådan effekt. / Passages by fish through hydropower plants are associated with high mortality. In order to reduce the impact of hydropower plants on fish stocks, a variety of fish guiding systems have evolved. In this laboratory study, three types of non-physical fish guiding systems were evaluated by their efficiency in leading cultivated smolt of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to a desired passage. This study aimed to answer if it is possible to guide salmon smolt to a desired safe passage by using bubbles, strobe light or a combination of bubbles and strobe light. With relatively simple means and low cost, fish-guides were constructed consisting of a perforated tube driven by an air compressor and a light ramp with four LED lights, which simultaneously flashed at 480 bpm. Five replicates were performed for each treatment; bubbles, strobe light and bubbles / strobe light, as well as six replicates for the controls. During one hour of treatment, ten salmon smolt, marked with PIT tag, could pass one of two antennas, where one had a fish-guide in front of the antenna, while migrating downstream in a stream aquarium. This study showed that fish-guides of all three methods led smolt to a desired passage during the first fifteen minutes of treatment. Furthermore, the bubble method showed a continuous guiding capacity throughout the treatment period (60 minutes), while the strobe light and bubble/strobe light did not show such an effect.

Este estudo consiste numa reflexão acerca da identidade cultural no contexto contemporâneo, mais especificamente, da cultura brasileira teuto-gaúcha e da sua representação na literatura sul-rio-grandense contemporânea. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento de obras da literatura gaúcha mais recente que focalizam os imigrantes e descendentes alemães como personagens centrais da narrativa, dentre as quais se selecionou um corpus constituído pelos livros A asa esquerda do anjo (1981), de Lya Luft, e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), de Charles Kiefer. A partir da análise realizada, percebeu-se que a cultura teuto-gaúcha é representada através de uma ambigüidade marcante na vida dos protagonistas, oriunda do entre-lugar de sua condição intervalar, constituída pela herança cultural alemã e pela vivência no contexto brasileiro. De um modo geral, a presença da cultura teuto-gaúcha pode ser notada no emprego da língua alemã, na rigidez dos costumes e comportamentos familiares, no preconceito interétnico e de gênero, na culinária e na religião defendida e posteriormente abandonada (no caso de Bruno Stein). Desse modo, tornam-se evidentes as marcas da imigração germânica – iniciada a partir de 1824 – na literatura contemporânea produzida no Rio Grande do Sul. Tal cultura, traduzida pelos seus descendentes e integrada ao contexto brasileiro, deu origem à cultura híbrida teuto-gaúcha, própria do grupo em questão, cujos representantes ainda se fazem notar, conforme atestam os romances analisados. / The present research is a reflection about the cultural identity in the contemporary context, more specifically, about the Teuto-Gaucha Brazilian culture and its representation on the contemporary riograndense literature. For this reason, it was researched books on the gaucha literature which focus the immigrants and German descendents as main characters in the narrative. Among these books it was selected a corpus consisting from A Asa esquerda do anjo (1981), by Lya Luft, and Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986), by Charles Kiefer. Based on the performed analysis, it was noticed that the Teuto-Gaucha culture is represented through a stressed ambiguity in the main characters life, which came from an in-between place condition, consisting of the German culture heritage and the life in Brazil. In general, the presence of the Teuto-Gaucha culture can be observed in the use of the German language, in the strictness of the customs and behaviors, in the ethnic and genre prejudice, in the food and religion defended and later abandoned (in the case of Bruno Stein). This way it is clearly perceived the marks of the German immigration – which began in 1824 – on the contemporary literature written in Rio Grande do Sul. This culture, translated by the German descendents and integrated into the Brazilian context, created the hybrid Teuto-Gaúcha Brazilian culture, specific from this group, whose members are still visible, considering the novels analyzed.

A presente dissertação é um diálogo com os estudos e as pesquisas que se ocupam com a construção da representação simbólica da família Wolff/Wolf em três obras distintas, de autores da literatura brasileira: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) de Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) de Lya Luft e Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) de Charles Kiefer. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo geral é analisar como se dá o relacionamento intertextual entre as famílias presentes nos textos, as quais possuem o mesmo sobrenome de origem alemã Wolff/Wolf. Sendo assim, analisaremos não apenas o sobrenome dessas famílias, mas também as questões inerentes aos textos literários, como símbolos e estrutura familiar, pois com as personagens dessas obras podemos analisar e indagar o contato dessas famílias de origem alemã com a cultura brasileira, resultando, desse modo, em uma hibridização de sua cultura, com a perda de elementos culturais alemães, assimilando, portanto, novos aspectos oriundos da cultura brasileira. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, drei verschiedene Werke von drei unterschiedlichen Autoren der brasilianischen Literatur zu analysieren: Um Rio Imita o Reno (1938) von Vianna Moog, A Asa Esquerda do Anjo (1981) von Lya Luft und Valsa para Bruno Stein (1986) von Charles Kiefer. Die intertextuelle Beziehung existiert wegen der Familien, die einen gleichen deutschen Familiennamen haben, „Wolf“. Es werden nicht nur die Familiennamen analysiert, als auch inhärente Themen der literarischen Texte, wie: Symbole, Familienstruktur, und ihren Kontakt mit der brasilianischen Kultur, wodurch sich eine Hybridisierung ihrer Kultur kristalisiert, die wegen des Verlustes ihrer deutschen kulturellen Elemente stattfindet. Dadurch entstehen neue Aspkete in dieser hybriden Kultur.