For decades the prime role of metallurgists has been to optimize material microstructure for performance by designing and applying appropriate thermo-mechanical processing steps. Until recently the study of the relationships between processing and microstructure has largely remained within the purview of experimental metallurgists because the mechanisms that contribute to the microstructural changes are very complex, and the changes occur either simultaneously or successively to varying degrees, depending on location within the material. The development of computational models for predicting the overall response of materials to such a complex microstructural changes is extremely difficult. However, recent advances in high-performance computing have led to considerable progress in addressing this challenge. This study addresses this question by focusing on the textural point of view which in this work is represented by the crystallographic texture (also called Orientation Distribution Function or ODF). The textural representation of the material is expanded in terms of spherical harmonics. Developing such approach is a crucial to advances in material-by-design. This model is based on a conservation principle in the orientation space. It links any desired final microstructure of a polycrystalline material to a given initial state. To investigate a typical processing example of deformation in tension, compression and rolling for isotropic copper, an FCC material, a microstructure is numerically simulated using a Taylor type model. Taylor models are known to correctly fit the deformation of cubic microstructures. A first goal is to determine the number of texture coefficients and their values for different expansions of the Fourier series. The second to use the texture coefficients in a processing path model to predict the microstructure evolution. The difference between the experimental and the predicted texture coefficients will be evaluated using the root mean square deviation for various expansions of the Fourier series. Also it is necessary to know how small a step size one needs to use in the numerical discretization of the deformation process. To increase accuracy we introduce Richardson extrapolation. This method allows us to increase the size of the discretization step and result in a small error. For hexagonal close-packed materials, the Taylor model is not applicable. Therefore to verify the processing path model for the example of commercially pure titanium, the texture evolution matrix is modeled using experimental data obtained for cold and warm rolling. The model appears to be of good accuracy. To examine how much of the possible microstructural material properties are achievable using typical deformation processes, the microstructural evolution is visualized within the microstructure hull. The results suggest that vast amounts of possible microstructural configurations are unexplored by those classical deformation methods. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2006. / June 19, 2006. / Processing Path, Texture Evolution, Spherical Harmonics, Material by Design / Includes bibliographical references. / Hamid Garmestani, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Justin Schwartz, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Young Park, Outside Committee Member; Leon Van Dommelen, Committee Member.

<p>Bellows expansion joints are used in piping systems to absorb significant axial and/or transverse motions. Unfortunately, their flexibility also makes them susceptible to vibration. This thesis presents a detailed analysis of the transverse vibrations of single and double bellows expansion joints, including the effects of internal fluid.</p> <p>A differential equation of motion is developed which treats transverse bellows vibrations including the effects of fluid added mass, rotary inertia and internal pressure. The added mass is determined from potential flow theory and provided in the form of a mode dependent added mass coefficient. The equation of motion is solved for the first four transverse modes and comparison with experiments shows excellent agreement. The neglect of rotary inertia and the effect of convolution distortion on fluid added mass in the EJMA Standard makes the latter's predictions for natural frequency significantly higher than those measures, especially for transverse modes above the fundemental.</p> <p>The equation of motion is also solved approximately to provide an analytical expression for transverse natural frequncies. The results are presented in a form which makes hand calculations possible for the first four modes of single and double bellows expansion joints. Experiments in still fluid as well as flow-induced motion show excellent agreement with predicted frequncies.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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<p>In this study, detailed numerical works are carried out to investigate cladding<br />and superimposed hydrostatic pressure on fracture in metals under tension by using<br />finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. It is concluded that both cladding and<br />superimposed hydrostatic pressure delay void nucleation and void growth, which<br />results in increasing fracture strain in metals under tension.<br />The influence of cladding on delaying fracture in metals under tension is<br />numerically studied by employing Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage<br />model. It is found that cladding has a significant effect on enhancement in materials'<br />ductility due to the fact that cladding increases necking strain which in tum delays the<br />void nucleation and growth. Topological arrangement of cladding in axisymmetric<br />tensile round bars shows no noticeable effect on necking but significantly affects<br />fracture strain.<br />The influence of superimposed hydrostatic pressure is numerically<br />investigated on sheet metals under plane strain tension by using GTN damage model.<br />It is found that superimposed hydrostatic pressure has no noticeable effect on necking<br />but significantly delays fracture initiation due to the fact that superimposed<br />hydrostatic pressure delays or completely eliminates the nucleation, growth and<br />coalescence of microvoids or microcracks.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)