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Le mélanome cutané métastatique était un cancer au pronostic particulièrement péjoratif, jusqu’au développement récent de 2 classes pharmacologiques: l’immunothérapie, pour tous les mélanomes, et les thérapies ciblées, principalement pour les mélanomes porteurs de la mutation BRAF (50% des mélanomes cutanés). Mais l’apparition de résistance, et l’absence de thérapies ciblées sur les mélanomes non mutés BRAF, incitent à rechercher de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Notre travail portait sur l’étude in vitro de la phosphodiestérase de type 4 (PDE4), une enzyme régulant la voie de l’AMPc, principale voie de différenciation mélanocytaire. L’objectif était d’évaluer le rôle de PDE4 dans le mélanome, et l’effet de son inhibition par des molécules pharmacologiques déjà disponibles sur le marché.Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié le rôle de PDE4 dans les cellules de mélanomes mutés sur BRAF. Nous avons montré que l’isoforme PDE4D5 est surexprimée dans le mélanome, et régule l’invasion cellulaire par un mécanisme faisant intervenir la focal adhesion kinase, FAK. Dans les tumeurs nous avons observé une association entre le niveau d’expression de PDE4D5 et le degré d’invasion du mélanome.Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’inhibition de PDE4 sur la prolifération cellulaire. Nous avons montré que la croissance des cellules de mélanome muté BRAF cultivées sous forme de mélanosphères, enrichies en cellules initiatrices de tumeurs, est réduite en présence d’inhibiteurs de PDE4. De plus les lignées BRAF muté résistantes aux inhibiteurs de BRAF gardent une sensibilité aux inhibiteurs de PDE4. Ces résultats, et ceux de l’équipe établis dans le mélanome muté sur RAS, corroborent l’hypothèse que PDE4 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt dans le traitement du mélanome métastatique / Metastatic melanoma was associated with a pejorative prognosis, until the recent development of 2 pharmacological classes: immunotherapy for all types of melanomas and targeted therapies, mainly for melanomas carrying the BRAF mutation (50% of skin melanomas). However, the emergence of resistance, and the absence of targeted therapies to treat non-mutated BRAF melanomas, prompt further research to study new therapeutic targets.Our work focused on the in vitro study of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), an enzyme regulating the cAMP pathway, the main pathway controlling melanocyte differentiation. The objective was to evaluate the role of PDE4 in melanoma and the effect of its inhibition by already available pharmacological molecules.First, we studied the role of PDE4 in BRAF mutated melanoma cells. We found that the PDE4D5 isoform is overexpressed in melanoma cells, and regulates cell invasion through a mechanism involving a focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We observed in tumor samples an association between the level of expression of PDE4D5 and the degree of invasion by melanoma cells.Second, we studied the effect of PDE4 inhibition on cell proliferation. We found that the proliferation of BRAF mutated melanoma cells grown as melanospheres, enriched with tumor-initiating cells, is reduced in the presence of PDE4 inhibitors. In addition, mutated BRAF strains resistant to BRAF inhibitors remain sensitive to PDE4 inhibitors. These results corroborate the hypothesis that PDE4 could be a potential target in the treatment of metastatic melanoma

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Mary Ann McLane, Dept. of Medical Technology. Includes bibliographical references.

Melanoma is a malignant type of skin cancer arising from the combined effects of genetic alteration and extrinsic signaling, resulting in transformation of neural crest (NC)-derived melanocytes into metastatic melanoma. Current therapies against metastatic melanoma are merely effective with less than 5% 5-year survival rate of patients. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of how melanoma acquires metastatic behavior could formulate strategies for new therapeutic options. Features of metastatic melanoma resemble NC cells undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) suggesting similar regulators might be in place to control the process. Our previous studies showed that SoxE transcription factors (Sox8/9/10) play a crucial role in NC development, in particular Sox9 transactivates expression of Snail2 and co-operates with it to induce features of EMT. To examine the role of SOXE proteins in melanoma development and whether they regulate SNAIL expression, we first investigated the expression profile of SOXE and SNAIL in a human melanoma tissue array. The data showed that SOX8, SOX10, and SNAIL genes are highly expressed in metastatic melanoma whereas SOX9 and SNAIL2 transcript levels are low. Moreover, SNAIL transcript level was shown to have a positive correlation with SOX8 and SOX10 expression levels. SNAIL is well-known to be the key regulator of tumor invasiveness in various cancers. Our data raised the possibility that SOXE proteins may also regulate SNAIL expression in initiating melanoma metastatic behavior. The human metastatic melanoma cell line A375 exhibits similar SOXE and SNAIL expression profiles as the tissue array. Knockdown of SNAIL in A375 reduced its migratory ability and in vivo tumorigenecity, suggesting that SNAIL plays a crucial role in melanoma metastasis. How SNAIL transcription is regulated in melanoma has been poorly understood. Previous studies have identified a minimal enhancer region downstream of the SNAIL locus which contains YY1 and SOX consensus binding sequences. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that SOX8 and SOX10 proteins could bind to the SNAIL 3’ minimal enhancer region specifically. Mutation of the SOX consensus binding sequence reduced the enhancer activity while mutations in both SOX and YY1 binding sites resulted in further reduction suggesting that YY1 and SOX protein binding is required and important for enhancer activity and SNAIL transcription. These findings provide a molecular basis to examine further whether metastasis of melanoma is regulated by SOXE proteins in which one of the potential mechanisms could act through regulation of SNAIL expression. / published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Cutaneous melanoma is an increasingly common skin cancer characterized by aggressive metastatic growth and poor prognosis. The mechanisms behind melanoma progression are not fully understood, but emerging evidence suggests that a group of newly discovered small regulatory RNAs, named microRNAs (miRNAs), plays an important role. miRNAs are ~ 22 nucleotide single strand non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation and translation inhibition. Abnormal expression of miRNAs has been observed in human malignancies and is associated with tumorigenesis. The main goals of this thesis are to investigate miRNA dysregulation in melanoma and to identify potential miRNAs involved in melanoma pathogenesis. Initially, the expression of 470 miRNAs was profiled in 8 metastatic melanoma and 8 benign nevus tissue samples. We discovered unique miRNA expression profiles and identified differentially expressed miRNAs in melanomas as compared to nevi. miR-193b was one of the most significantly downregulated miRNAs in melanoma, and its function and regulatory targets were unknown. Subsequently, in vitro functional studies revealed that ectopic expression of miR-193b in melanoma cells drastically repressed cell proliferation and migration. Although it does not directly induce apoptosis in melanoma cells, miR-193b does sensitize these cells to ABT-737-mediated cell death. In concert with functional studies, gene expression analysis and in silico target prediction were performed to globally screen for mRNA targets of miR-193b. We identified eighteen genes as candidates in that they were downregulated by miR-193b and contained predicted miR-193b binding sites. Based on their known biological functions, three genes were particularly interesting: cyclin D1 (CCND1), myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), and stathmin 1 (STMN1). CCND1 and Mcl-1 are two well-known melanoma oncogenes, and we validated their role in cell proliferation and apoptosis respectively. Furthermore, using similar approach, we were the first to identify STMN1 as a novel melanoma oncogene. We demonstrated that CCND1, Mcl-1, and STMN1 were directly regulated by miR-193b. During melanoma progression, reduced expression of miR-193b may promote cell proliferation, migration and survival. Taken together, this thesis describes the dysregulation of miRNAs in melanoma and demonstrates that miR-193b functions as a tumor suppressor. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-31 15:27:01.707

Transcriptional activation of Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) I and II molecules by the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-g) is a key step in cell-mediated immunity against pathogens and tumors. Following IFN-g induction, JAK/STAT signaling triggers activation of MHC genes. Recent evidence suggests suppression of MHC I and II expression on multiple tumor types plays important roles in tumor immunoevasion. One such tumor is malignant melanoma, the leading cause of skin cancer related deaths. Despite awareness of MHC expression defects, the molecular mechanisms by which melanoma cells suppress MHC and escape from immune-mediated destruction remain unknown. Here we analyze dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway and its role in suppression of MHC II in melanoma cell lines at the Radial Growth Phase (RGP), the Vertical Growth Phase (VGP) and the Metastatic Phase (MET). RGP and VGP cells express both MHC II and the MHC master regulator, the Class II Transactivator (CIITA). MET cells lack not only MHC II and CIITA, but also both STAT 1 and the STAT 1 coactivator, the Interferon Response Factor (IRF) 1. Our studies have implicated that the suppression of MHCII on the cell surface of metastatic melanoma is due to silencing at the level of STAT1 transcription. Furthermore, we determined that silencing of STAT1 is, in part, due to hemi-methylation of the STAT1 promoter.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 173-194).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.