La cicatrisation et la régénération sont les deux processus de réparation observés dans le règne animal. Toutefois, les mammifères ne sont susceptibles de réparer une blessure que par la constitution d'une cicatrice qui ne restitue point la structure et les propriétés du tissu initial. Dans un contexte de brûlure profonde, la cicatrisation, le plus souvent excessive, peut retentir négativement sur la vie de l'individu. A cette aune, nous nous somme proposé de mettre au point des thérapies innovantes, dans un modèle murin de brûlure, dans le but de réduire ou de réorienter une réaction cicatricielle anormale. La première stratégie était une thérapie cellulaire basée sur l'utilisation des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses du tissu adipeux. Bien que les études effectuées aient révélé des aptitudes immunomodulatrices encourageantes, l'utilisation de ces cellules n'a pas apporté de résultats probants pour prétendre combattre la cicatrisation excessive de notre modèle. La seconde stratégie s'appuyait sur les enseignements tirés de la première approche et de la régénération animale. Les brûlures ont été traitées par des jets de plasma froid à pression atmosphérique. La prise en charge des lésions par ce nouvel outil entraina singulièrement une diminution de la zone cicatricielle. Les expériences montrèrent que le plasma circonscrivit la cicatrisation par l'atténuation de l'inflammation et du dépôt matriciel subséquent ; il en résulta une fibrose dermique quasi-inexistante, l'émergence de follicules pileux en régénération et une récupération de l'hypoderme. En conclusion, le plasma froid améliore significativement la cicatrisation des brûlures profondes. / Scarring and regeneration are both repair processes observed in the animal kingdom, even though mammals always heal by a scar tissue formation that never restitute the initial tissue structure and properties. Burns healing can become abnormal and may subsequently affect the person's daily life. Considering pathological healings, we developed innovative regenerative medicine strategies to reduce or redirect the wound healing process towards a better issue in a mouse model of skin burn. First, we performed a cell therapy based on the administration of adipose mesenchymal stromal cells. Although the experiments showed promising immunomodulatory abilities, such cells failed to provide convincing results in our model of excessive burn healing. The second intent was designed after findings from the first approach and knowledge from regenerative models. Deep skin burns were treated by cold atmospheric plasma. We found that plasma-treated lesions were repaired by a considerably diminished scar. Experiments showed that the plasma treatment resulted in almost inexistent fibrosis through a reduction of inflammation and matrix deposition, emergence of regeneration follicles regeneration and a better restitution of hypodermis. In conclusion, cold atmospheric plasma significantly improves healing when applied on skin burns.

L'interleukine-17A (IL-17A) et le facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha (TNF-α) sont des cytokines pro-inflammatoires impliquées dans la pathogénèse de plusieurs maladies articulaires. Au cours de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR), une augmentation de la destruction osseuse ainsi qu'un defaut de réparation sont responsables des dommages articulaires. Cependant au cours de la spondylarthrite ankylosante (AS), une importante ossification ectopique est observée, conduisant à la formation de syndesmophytes, associé à une perte de la masse osseuse systémique. Récemment, l'étude de ces cytokines a conduit à la publication de résultats contradictoires. Notre objectif a donc été d'étudier l'effet de ces deux cytokines sur la différenciation ostéogénique de cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines isolées (hMSCs) et de fibroblastes de la membrane synoviale (FLS). Tous les modèles de cellules utilisés, ont démontré que l'IL-17A et le TNF-α augmentent de manière synergique l'ostéogénèse. Ceci semble se rapprocher du modèle de l'AS où une formation d'os ectopique est observée dans laquelle l'IL-17A et le TNF-α jouent un rôle majeur. En parallèle, ces deux cytokines stimulent localement les ostéoclastes, entraînant une perte de masse osseuse observée à la fois dans la PR et dans l'ostéoporose. Cibler simultanément l'IL-17A et le TNF-α pourrait conduire à une diminution de l'infiltration de cellules et de la destruction articulaire observée dans la PR et pourrait ainsi réduire les effets des FLS PR sur l'activation de l'ostéoclastogénèse / Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of several arthritic diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), joint damage is a result of an increase in bone destruction and a decrease in bone repair. In contrast, in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a bone mass loss accompanied by a significant ectopic ossification is observed leading to the formation of syndesmophytes. Recent studies led to contradictory findings regarding the role of IL-17A and TNF-α in arthritic disease. Therefore, our objective was to study the effect of these two cytokines on the osteogenic differentiation of isolated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and fibroblasts of the synovial membrane (FLS). In all the cell models used, we demonstrated that Il-17A and TNF α synergistically increase osteogenesis. This seems to approach the model of AS where ectopic bone formation is observed and in which IL-17A and TNF-α both are involved. These cytokines stimulate osteoclasts locally resulting in loss of bone mass observed in both RA and osteoporosis. Thus, targeting IL-17A and TNF-α could lead to a decrease in cell infiltration and joint destruction which is observed in RA and may reduce the effects of RA FLS on the activation of osteoclastogenesis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo para a diferenciação in vitro de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) em hepatócitos e a padronização de um modelo animal de fibrose hepática induzida por dimetilnitrosamina (DMN) para ensaios pré-clínicos de transplante de CTM. CTM isoladas de fontes variadas apresentaram morfologia fibroblastóide e aderência ao plástico e o padrão de marcadores de superfície celular esperado na análise por citometria de fluxo. A capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e adipogênica dessas células foi comprovada pelas colorações de vermelho de alizarina, oil red e azul de toluidina, respectivamente, confirmando, que as células isoladas para este estudo se comportaram como CTM conforme proposto pela Sociedade Internacional de Pesquisa em Células-tronco. A diferenciação hepática foi avaliada quanto à morfologia e capacidade das células diferenciadas de estocar glicogênio confirmada por PAS (ácido periódico-Schiff), de sintetizar albumina confirmada por imunofluorescência, além da capacidade de expressar genes hepato-específicos verificada por ensaios de PCR em tempo real. Com base na literatura para diferenciação hepática, diferentes protocolos de um, dois e três passos foram testados. CTM humanas mostraram capacidade de produzir e estocar glicogênio e de sintetizar albumina, apenas quando diferenciadas com protocolos de três etapas, porém sem uma expressão aumentada dos genes hepato-específicos albumina, α-fetoproteína e c-Met. Uma etapa de diferenciação endodérmica, previamente aplicada à diferenciação hepática, aumentou a capacidade de produzir e estocar glicogênio das CTM diferenciadas. Para a padronização do modelo de fibrose hepática induzida por DMN, foram realizados experimentos de dose-resposta e foi verificado o efeito da hepatectomia em modelos mistos DMN/hepatectomia. A injúria hepática e o efeito do transplante de CTM foram avaliados por análise macroscópica dos fígados, histologia das biópsias de fígados corados com HE e tricromo de Masson e parâmetros bioquímicos séricos. Alterações macroscópicas, histológicas e nos níveis séricos de fosfatase alcalina indicam a indução da fibrose hepática nos ratos Wistar tratados com DMN na dose de 10 µg/g de peso animal por três dias consecutivos durante quatro semanas, mas não observamos nenhum efeito induzido pela hepatectomia. Porém, este modelo com DMN se mostra semelhante a estágios iniciais de uma fibrose hepática. O transplante de 1 x 107 CTM de veia de cordão umbilical humano (VCUH) no modelo de injúria hepática induzida por DMN não resultou em melhora da fibrose, diminuição dos níveis séricos de fosfatase alcalina e nem em ganho de peso dos animais quando comparados aos animais tratados com PBSA após a injúria hepática (grupo placebo). Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que CTM humanas se diferenciam após tratamentos mais complexos, onde os indutores hepatogênicos são sequencialmente adicionados ao meio de modo a mimetizar a sinalização durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. O transplante de CTM de VCUH parece não ter efeito positivo em um modelo pré-clínico de injúria hepática similar a estágios iniciais de fibrose. Financiado por CNPq (573578/2008-7) e FAPESP (2007/54260-2). / This study aimed to develop an in vitro differentiation protocol of mesenchymal (MSC) stem cells to hepatocytes and to standardize an animal model for hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) for preclinical transplant assays of MSC. MSC isolated from various sources presented fibroblastoid morphology, plastic adherence, and the expected pattern of cell surface markers by flow cytometry analysis. The capacity of osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of these cells was confirmed by alizarin red, oil red and toluidine blue staining, respectively, confirming that the cells isolated for this study behave as MSC, as proposed by the International Society for Stem Cell Research. Hepatogenic differentiation was evaluated by analysis of cell morphology, capacity to store glycogen confirmed by PAS (periodic acid-Schiff), albumin synthesis confirmed by immunofluorescence, as well as hepatic-specific gene expression verified by real time PCR assays. Based on the published literature on hepatic differentiation, several protocols of one, two, and three steps were tested. Human MSC differentiated solely when treated in a three step-protocol, showing the ability to produce and store glycogen and synthesize albumin; however the expression of hepatic-specific genes such as albumin, α-fetoprotein and c-Met was not increased. An endoderm differentiation stage, added to the hepatic differentiation protocol, increased the capacity to produce and store glycogen of differentiated MSC. In order to standardize the model of liver fibrosis induced by DMN, dose-response experiments were performed and the effect of hepatectomy in mixed models DMN/hepatectomy was observed. Severity of liver injury and the effect of cell transplantation were evaluated by macroscopic analysis of the livers, histology of liver biopsies stained with HE and Masson\'s trichrome, and evaluation of serum biochemical parameters. The macroscopic and histological observations, and altered alkaline phosphatase serum levels indicated the success in inducing liver fibrosis in DMN-treated rats at a dose of 10 µg/g of animal weight for three consecutive days, during four weeks, without any additional effect upon hepatectomy. Transplanting 1 x 107 umbilical cord MSC in the model of liver injury induced by DMN did not result in improvement of the fibrosis, decrease of alkaline phosphatase serum levels, or in weight gain of the treated animals compared to animals treated with PBSA after liver injury (placebo group). Together, these results suggest that human MSC are capable of differentiating to hepatocyte-like cells after more complex protocols, where hepatogenic inducers are sequentially added to the medium in order to mimic signaling that occurs during fetal development. Transplantation of undifferentiated umbilical cord MSC did not have any positive effect in a preclinical liver injury model characterized by an early stage of fibrosis. Supported by CNPq (573578/2008-7) and FAPESP (2007/54260-2).

Submitted by biblioteca unifenas (biblioteca@unifenas.br) on 2018-03-05T22:12:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sávio Carneiro Martins Dissertacao.pdf: 1917056 bytes, checksum: 1e6b06de6f8c419963c162ad0230fffa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T22:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sávio Carneiro Martins Dissertacao.pdf: 1917056 bytes, checksum: 1e6b06de6f8c419963c162ad0230fffa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Due to the importance of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) to accelerate genetic improvement is important the search for technological innovation that can enhance the in vitro embryo development. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been widely used as a feeder layer to support embryonic stem cells due to their release of growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different sources were also found to release bioactive factors that can support cell growth. This study aims to investigate the effect of co-culture of MSC from rat bone marrow or MEF as a feeder source for in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus oophorus complexes were matured into three groups: control (CTRL), co-culture with monolayer of mesenchymal cells of rats (MSC) or co-cultured with monolayer of embryonic fibroblasts of mice (MEF). Fertilization was performed in control condition for all groups, and in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured from fourth day on in CTRL, co-culture with MSC or co-cultured with MEF, so that the following groups were performed: (CTRL / CTRL) - maturation and embryo development in CTRL conditions; (CTRL / MSC) - maturation in CTRL and embryo development with MSC from the fourth day on after the beginning of the in vitro embryo culture; (CTRL / MEF) - maturation CTRL and embryo development with MEF from the fourth day on after the beginning of the in vitro embryo culture; (MSC / CTRL) - MSC during maturation and embryo development in CTRL; (MSC / MSC) - maturation and embryo development in MSC from the fourth day on after the beginning of the in vitro embryo culture; (MEF / CTRL) - maturation and embryo development in MEF and CTRL (MEF / MEF) - maturation and embryo development in MEF from the fourth day on after the beginning of embryo development in vitro. No significant difference was found among the oocytes matured in CTRL, MSC and MEF conditions for metaphase II and apoptosis rates and for cleavage rate in embryos at 4th day after the beginning of the in vitro culture. The number of cells in the inner cell mass, trophoblast cells, apoptotic cells and total cells were similar (P> 0.05) in the embryos from all experimental groups. The rates of blastocyst formation, expanded, hatched and the total of blastocysts did not differ among experimental groups (P> 0.05) at 7th day of embryo development. At eighth day of embryo culture we observed a difference (P <0.05) in hatched blastocyst rate which was higher in the CTRL /CTRL group when compared to MSC/MSC group, however, the proportion of blastocyst, expanded and total blastocysts was not different (P> 0.05). We conclude that there was no significant improvement in bovine embryo development using co-cultures of MSC from rats or MEF when compared to control culture system. However more studies investigating the use of stem cells from other sources or their conditioned medium are needed to better understand the effect of these cells on embryonic development. / Diante da importância da produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) na expansão do melhoramento genético, é importante a busca de inovações tecnológicas que possam potencializar o desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro. Fibroblastos embrionários de camundongo (MEFs) têm sido amplamente utilizados como camada alimentadora para suportar as células-tronco embrionárias, devido à sua liberação de fatores de crescimento. As células-tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) identificadas a partir de diferentes fontes, também liberam fatores bioativos que possam suportar o crescimento celular. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito da co-cultura de MSC de medula óssea de rato ou MEF como fonte alimentadora na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. Complexo cumulus oophorus foram maturados em três grupos distintos: Controle (CTRL), co-cultura com monocamada de células mesenquimais de ratos (MSC) ou co-cultura com monocamada de fibroblastos embrionários de camundongos (MEF). A fecundação foi realizada em condição controle para todos os grupos e os embriões fecundados in vitro foram também cultivados a partir do quarto dia em CTRL, co-cultura com MSC ou co-cultura com MEF, formando os seguintes grupos experimentais: (CTRL/CTRL) – maturação e cultivo embrionário em condições CTRL; (CTRL/MSC) – maturação em CTRL e cultivo embrionário em MSC a partir do quarto dia após o início do cultivo embrionário in vitro; (CTRL/MEF) – maturação em CTRL e cultivo embrionário em MEF a partir do quarto dia após o início do cultivo embrionário in vitro; (MSC/CTRL) – maturação em MSC e cultivo embrionário em CTRL; (MSC/MSC) – maturação e cultivo embrionário em MSC a partir do quarto dia após o início do cultivo embrionário in vitro; (MEF/CTRL) – maturação em MEF e cultivo embrionário em CTRL e (MEF/MEF) – maturação e cultivo embrionário em MEF a partir do quarto dia após o início do cultivo embrionário in vitro. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os oócitos dos grupos CTRL, MSC e MEF, na taxa de estruturas em metáfase II, apoptose e clivagem nos embriões de 4 dias após o início do cultivo in vitro. O número de células da massa celular interna, células do trofoblasto, células em apoptose e células totais foram iguais (P>0,05) entre os embriões dos diferentes grupos experimentais. As taxas de embriões em estágio de blastocisto, blastocisto expandido, blastocisto eclodido e blastocistos totais dos grupos experimentais não se diferiram (P>0,05) no sétimo dia de cultivo embrionário. No oitavo dia de cultivo embrionário houve diferença (P<0,05) da taxa de blastocisto eclodido, sendo maior no grupo CTRL/CTRL quando comparado ao grupo MSC/MSC; no entanto, a proporção de blastocisto, blastocisto expandido e blastocistos totais não foram diferentes (P>0,05) entre os grupos experimentais. Concluímos que não houve melhora significativa no desenvolvimento embrionário bovino utilizando co-culturas com MSC de ratos ou MEF de camundongos, quando comparado com sistema de cultura controle. Entretanto, mais estudos investigando o uso de células-tronco de outras fontes ou seu meio condicionado são necessários para se entender melhor o efeito destas células no desenvolvimento embrionário.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-20T17:06:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Roza da Silva.pdf: 5985934 bytes, checksum: dd323ab2c936afdeb390f59867f9eab4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T17:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Roza da Silva.pdf: 5985934 bytes, checksum: dd323ab2c936afdeb390f59867f9eab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / Currently the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has a high prevalence and a high economic and social cost. In this context, several experimental models have been proposed, aiming at the discovery of new therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is an innovative and accessible treatment of pulmonary acute and chronic disease, as they have important therapeutic potentials (immunoregulation, anti-fibrogenic, inducing proliferation of tissue progenitor cells, anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic and chemoattraction). Therapy with low levellaser (LLL) is a relatively new effective therapy, with very low cost and no side effects. In this project we aim to study some parameters in animals with COPD undergoing therapies with LLL (15 days before the experiment) and MSC obtained from human fallopian tube (administered 2 times: 15 days and 7 days before the experiment). The protocol used for the induction of COPD consists in submitting C57BL/6 mice for 75 days (2 times / day) to inhaled cigarette smoke. On day 76ththe animals were sacrified and structural and functional parameters of lungs were evaluated. Our results indicate that the treatment with LLL and MSC greatly reduces lung inflammation (as demonstrated through BAL cell counting and histomorphometric analysis in lung parenchyma), BAL pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and KC) and the lung expression of NF-B, NFAT and IL-10. Furthermore, these therapies also reduced airway mucus secretion and collagen deposition. / Atualmente a Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) apresenta alta prevalência e um elevado custo econômico e social. Neste contexto, vários modelos experimentais têm sido propostos, objetivando o descobrimento de novas opções terapêuticas. Neste sentido, o uso de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) constitui uma estratégia inovadora e acessível para tratamento de doenças pulmonares de caráter agudo e crônico. Essas células-troncos possuem um importante potencial terapêutico (imunorregulação, anti-fibrogênica, indutora da proliferação de células progenitoras teciduais, anti-apoptótica, pró-angiogênica e de quimioatração). A terapia com Laser de Baixa Potência (LBP) é uma terapia relativamente nova e eficaz, de baixíssimo custo, sem efeitos colaterais e de possível utilização no tratamento das doenças crônicas pulmonares. No presente estudo visamos estudar alguns parâmetros em animais com DPOC submetidos às terapias com laser de diodo (660nm), 30 mW, 60 s por ponto (3 pontos por aplicação) por 15 dias antes do experimento e com CTMs obtidas da tuba uterina humana (104 células administradas i.p. ou i.n. 2 vezes: 15 dias e 7 dias antes do experimento).O protocolo utilizado para a indução da DPOC consistiu em nebulizar camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6 com fumaça de cigarro por 75 dias (2 vezes/dia). No dia 76, os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados os parâmetros funcionais e estruturais pulmonares.Nossos resultados indicam que os tratamentos com CTM e LBP reduziram a inflamação pulmonar (demonstrado pela contagem total e diferencial de células do lavadobroncoalveolar (LBA) e análise histomorfométrica do parênquima pulmonar), os níveis de citocinas quimiocinas (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-, TNF-α e, KC) e a expressão de NF-B, NFAT e IL-10 no pulmão. Além disso, essas terapias também reduziram a secreção de muco e deposição de colágeno nas vias aéreas.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of progenitors with potential for generation of skeletal tissues. However the identity of BM MSC subpopulations is poorly defined mainly due to the absence of specific markers allowing in situ localization of those cells and isolation of pure cell types. Here, we aimed at characterization of surface markers in mouse BM MSCs and in their subsets with distinct differentiation potential. Using conditionally immortalized BM MSCs we performed a screening with 176 antibodies and high-throughput flow cytometry, and found 33 markers expressed in MSCs, and among them 3 were novel for MSCs and 13 have not been reported for MSCs from mice. Furthermore, we obtained clonally derived MSC subpopulations and identified bipotential progenitors capable for osteo- and adipogenic differentiation, as well as monopotential osteogenic and adipogenic clones, and thus confirmed heterogeneity of MSCs. We found that expression of CD200 was characteristic for the clones with osteogenic potential, whereas SSEA4 marked adipogenic progenitors lacking osteogenic capacity, and CD140a was expressed in adipogenic cells independently of their efficiency for osteogenesis. We confirmed our observations in cell sorting experiments and further investigated the expression of those markers during the course of differentiation. Thus, our findings provide to our knowledge the most comprehensive characterization of surface antigens expression in mouse BM MSCs to date, and suggest CD200, SSEA4 and CD140a as markers differentially expressed in distinct types of MSC progenitors.

The purpose of this Master thesis is to verify migration of mesenchymal stem cells on the principle known as chemotaxis. First part of this study is focused on cell migration in order to explain the whole migration process. Next part describes various chemotaxis methods and selected studies dealing with clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells in different medical and biomedical fields. The following step describes confocal microscopy, which is used for acquiring images of the cells. The experimental part is focused on cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells in a laboratory, which is necessary for cell vitality. Furthermore, there are designed two main experiments. Firstly there is a 2D experiment with adherent cells for chemotaxis using -Slide Chemotaxis. Secondly Transwell migration test is designed and executed. Finally, the acquired images from confocal microscope are used for image processing, which was done in Matlab R2020a programming environment. The result of this processing is evaluation of cell confluence and migration. In the end, experimental part of this study was optimized according to recommended studies. The results are summarized in the conclusion with proposal for improvements of those methods.

Bien que les résultats métaboliques de la transplantation d’îlots chez le patient diabétique de type 1 soient désormais bien démontrés, ils sont contrebalancés par les effets indésirables des traitements immunosuppresseurs et la perte de fonctionnalité du greffon à long terme.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié deux approches complémentaires offrant la perspective de s’affranchir du traitement immunosuppresseur tout en protégeant les îlots de l’apoptose et de la perte de fonctionnalité du greffon induites par les mécanismes d’isolement, de culture et de transplantation : l’immunoisolation des îlots dans des capsules de biomatériaux et la co-transplantation avec des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM).Au sein du projet européen de pancréas artificiel BIOCAPAN, nous avons évalué in vitro, la biocompatibilité de différents biomatériaux et mis en évidence un effet combiné de la présence de CSM et des tripeptides RGD sur le maintien de la viabilité et de la fonctionnalité des îlots encapsulés. L’évaluation ultérieure de la biocompatibilité et de l’effet ajouté de la capsule BIOCAPAN sur des animaux diabétiques permettra la validation de la capsule qui sera proposée à des tests d’essais cliniques.Nous avons également démontré, dans un modèle de co-culture d’îlots avec des CSM dans des conditions de culture classiques et exposées à des cytokines pro-inflammatoires, que les CSM régulaient les capacités sécrétrices des îlots probablement via la régulation de l’hème oxygénase 1 (HO-1). L’identification des facteurs de transcription régulant HO-1 ainsi que des médiateurs permettant la communication entre les deux types cellulaires sont des perspectives de développement.Ce travail a souligné l’intérêt, au sein d’une approche immuno-isolante, de la reconstitution d’un environnement favorable au sein de la capsule permettant la préservation de l’îlot notamment via l’utilisation de CSM. / Although, the metabolic results of islets transplantation for patient with type 1 diabetes are now well documented, they are counteracted by the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapies and the long-term loss in graft functionality.During this thesis, we worked on two complementary approaches offering the perspective of avoiding immunosuppressive treatment while protecting islets from apoptosis and loss of functionality induced by the mechanisms of isolation, culture and transplantation. These two tools are islet immunoisolation in capsules composed of specific biomaterials and islets co-transplantation with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) described for their immunomodulatory, proangiogenic and cytoprotective properties.In the european project of bioartificial pancreas BIOCAPAN, we have evaluated in vitro the biocompatibility of several biomaterials and we have highlight a combined effect of the presence of MSCs and tripeptides RGD on the viability and the functionality maintenance of the encapsulated islets. Subsequent in vivo validation of the biocompatibility and the added effect of the BIOCAPAN capsule on diabetic animals will allow the final validation of the capsule to be proposed for clinical trials.We also demonstrated, in an islet co-culture model with MSCs under conventional culture conditions and exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines, that MSCs regulate the secretory capacity of islets probably via the regulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) described for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The identification of transcription factors regulating HO-1 as well as mediators, allowing communication between the two cell types, are development perspectives.This work underlined the interest, within an immuno-isolation approach, of the reconstitution of a favorable environment within the capsule allowing the preservation of islet physiology thanks to the use of MSCs.

Les matériaux poreux représentent une solution idéale en ingénierie tissulaire car leur structure peut offrir un environnement tridimensionnel aux cellules similaire à leur matrice extracellulaire tout en maintenant de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. Une première partie de cette thèse consiste à développer des matériaux poreux en polyuréthane (PU), dont l’architecture est contrôlée pour favoriser au mieux la survie et la croissance des cellules. Ces matériaux sont combinés à des traitements de surface (revêtement de polydopamine (PDA) et traitement plasma) pour augmenter notamment l’adhésion des cellules. Nous avons pu démontrer que le diamètre des interconnexions (i.e. l’ouverture connectant deux pores adjacents) impacte profondément la survie et l’organisation des cellules à long terme dans le matériau. Le revêtement de PDA s’est révélé efficace pour des cellules de type fibroblaste, alors que le traitement plasma favorise la colonisation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSCs). Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié l’influence de la formulation du PU sur les capacités d’adhésion des cellules au matériau. Nous avons démontré que pour un ratio donné entre les réactifs, l’adhésion des cellules peut être exclue ou permise. Finalement, nous avons mis un gel de peptides auto-assemblés dans les pores du matériau pour fournir aux cellules un environnement similaire à leur matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons pu montrer que le gel permet d’augmenter la prolifération des MSCs. / Porous materials are an ideal solution in tissue engineering since they can provide a three-dimensional environment to the cells that is close to their extracellular matrix while keeping suitable mechanical properties. In the first part of this Thesis we develop porous materials made from polyurethane (PU) whose architecture is controlled to allow cells colonisation and growth. These materials are subsequently surface-treated (polydopamine (PDA) coating and plasma treatment) to enhance the adhesion of the cells. We were able to show that the interconnection diameter (i.e. the aperture connecting two adjacent pores) has an important impact on the long-term cell survival and organization in the material. Polydopamine coating was shown to be efficient for fibroblasts, whereas plasma treatment promoted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) colonisation. Besides, we also studied the influence of the PU formulation on the adhesion capacity of the cells. We demonstrated that at a given ratio between the reactants, cell adhesion could be allowed or prevented. Finally, we put a hydrogel of self-assembled peptides inside the pores of the material to provide an environment close to the extracellular matrix for the cells. We could show that the gel increases the proliferation ability of MSCs. In summary, this Thesis puts forward the important interplay between material properties and morphology of porous scaffolds.

Les champs électriques pulsés sont largement utilisés dans la recherche, la médecine, l'industrie alimentaire et d'autres procédés biotechnologiques. L'interaction d'une impulsion de 100 µs avec la membrane plasmique et la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique a été évaluée dans deux types cellulaires différents. La perméabilisation des organites cellulaires avec ce type d'impulsions est démontrée expérimentalement pour la première fois. L'utilisation d'une telle impulsion afin de contrôler les oscillations calciques spontanées dans les cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines issues du tissu adipeux a été évaluée. En créant des pics calciques électro-induits d’amplitudes différentes, l'impulsion peut ou bien induire un pic calcique supplémentaire ou bien inhiber les oscillations spontanées pour quelques dizaines de minutes. Cette inhibition rend possible d’imposer à la cellule des pics d’amplitude et de fréquence désirés. Un essai d’application de l'impulsion 100 µs à des cellules souches subissant une différenciation osseuse a aussi été réalisé. Une impulsion électrique semble retarder la différenciation. Lors d'une différenciation osseuse, plusieurs couches cellulaires ont été observées. La caractérisation de ces couches a donné des résultats qui pourraient aider à obtenir des ostéoblastes matures dans un temps moindre que la normale. L'utilisation des champs électriques pulsés microsecondes, pour perméabiliser la membrane plasmique et les membranes internes des cellules, ainsi que pour moduler les concentrations du calcium intracellulaire, semble donc très intéressante pour étudier le rôle du calcium dans de nombreux processus physiologiques et pour manipuler les dynamiques calciques (oscillations, vagues, pics) dans différents types de cellules. Ainsi, cette technologie simple, facile à appliquer et disponible dans beaucoup de laboratoires serait envisageable pour la modulation et le contrôle de fonctions cellulaires basiques telles que la prolifération, la différenciation et l'apoptose. / Pulsed electric fields are widely used in research, medicine, food industry and other biotechnological processes. The interaction of one 100 µs pulse with the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane was evaluated in two different cell types. Pulse amplitude ranged between 100 and 3 000 V/cm. Organelles membrane permeabilization using this kind of pulses was experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The use of such a pulse to control the spontaneous calcium oscillations in human-adipose mesenchymal stem cells was also assessed. By creating electro-induced calcium spikes of different amplitudes, the pulse can either add a supplementary spike, or, on the contrary, inhibit the spontaneous oscillations for some tens of minutes. During this inhibition period, the electric pulse-mediated addition of calcium spikes of desired amplitude and frequency is still possible. The delivery of 100 µs pulses to stem cells undergoing osteodifferentiation was also performed. The electric pulse seemed to delay the differentiation. Moreover, during osteogenic differentiation, cells cultures displayed an organization in a few cell layers. The characterization of these layers gave results that may help to obtain mature osteoblast in less time than usual one. The use of the microsecond electric pulses technology to permeabilize the plasma and the internal cell membranes as well as to modulate internal calcium concentrations is therefore interesting to study the role of calcium in many physiological processes and to manipulate the cell calcium dynamics (oscillations, waves, spikes) in different cell types. Doing so, this available, simple and easy to apply technology could be used for the modulation and the control of basic cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.