Cette étude est dédiée à la compréhension du processus de granulation humide en mélangeurs à haut taux de cisaillement. Une étude systémique et méthodologique a été menée permettant l'investigation de l'influence des paramètres opératoires, de la technologie employée et des propriétés physico-chimiques des matières premières. Cette investigation est réalisé a travers des techniques de caractérisation morphologiques, rhéologiques et mécaniques. En reliant les courbes de couple enregistrés lors de la granulation humide à la cinétique de croissance des granules, aux caractérisations microscopiques et aux propriétés mécaniques des granules la prédiction du comportement lors de la granulation devient possible. La caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques des granules a été étudié à deux échelles: à l'échelle du milieu humide la consistance a été caractérisé par un rheometre à torque et à l'échelle de l'agglomérat sec la résistance mécanique a été caractérisé par des mesures de compression directe des grains individuelles. Cette approche permet d'avoir des informations complémentaires permettant de mieux décrire l'évolution des courbes de couple dépendantes de propriétés de la masse humide et la compétition entre les forces interfaciales et visqueuses conditionnant la qualité des grains secs résultés. Les paramètres investigués par cette approche sont l'effet du taux de remplissage du réacteur, l'effet de la vitesse d'agitation, de la présence et de la conception de l'émotteur, de la conception du réacteur employé, des propriétés physico-chimiques de la solution liante et des propriétés des mélanges binaires des poudres hydro-solubles / hydro-insolubles. / This study is dedicated to the understanding of the wet granulation process in high shear mixers. A systematic study has been carried out that allows the investigation of the influence of operating conditions, technology and physico-chemical properties of the starting materials. This investigation is achieved by morphological, rheological and mechanical characterization methods. By linking recorded torque curves during the granulation process to granule growth kinetics, microscope characterizations and to the end-granule properties granulation outcome prediction becomes possible. The characterization of the mechanical properties has been done at two scales: at the granule bed scale the bulk wet mass consistency has been determined on a mixer torque rheometer, at the granule scale single dry granule direct compression tests were carried out. This approach gives complementary information allowing better description of the torque curves directly related to the wet mass properties and the competition between static and viscous forces conditioning the dry end granule quality. The factors investigated in this study are: the effect of fill ratio, impeller speed, chopper presence and design, mixer design, binder physico-chemical properties and formulation properties for binary water-soluble / water insoluble powder mixtures.

Η περιοχή των ραδιοσυχνοτήτων (RF) για σχεδίαση ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων για τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα αποτελεί ένα χώρο έντονης ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας. Το πρότυπο υπερευρείας ζώνης με την ονομασία Ultra Wideband (UWB), που καταλαμβάνει συχνότητες από 3.1-10.6 GHz, αποτέλεσε αντικείμενο της παρούσης έρευνας με σκοπό την σχεδίαση, κατασκευή και μέτρηση ολοκληρωμένων κυκλωμάτων με έμφαση στα κυκλώματα του μπροστινού τμήματος του UWB δέκτη. Η κατανόηση της λειτουργίας του πομποδέκτη και των παραμέτρων λειτουργίας σε επίπεδο συστήματος αποτέλεσε την αρχική προσέγγιση, με σκοπό τον καθορισμό των προδιαγραφών λειτουργίας των πιο κρίσιμων στοιχείων. Η ανάλυση έλαβε χώρα τόσο σε θεωρητικό επίπεδο όσο και σε επίπεδο εξομοίωσης και τα ηλεκτρονικά στοιχεία των υψηλών συχνοτήτων όπως είναι ο ενισχυτής χαμηλού θορύβου (Low Noise Amplifier - LNA) καθώς και ο μίκτης είναι τα πιο απαιτητικά στη σχεδίαση. Η έρευνα επικεντρώθηκε αρχικά στο κύκλωμα του ενισχυτή χαμηλού θορύβου , το οποίο ευρισκόμενο αμέσως μετά την κεραία λήψης, καλείται να ικανοποιήσει πολλές και αντικρουόμενες μεταξύ τους απαιτήσεις όσον αφορά το εύρος ζώνης, το κέρδος, την κατανάλωση ενέργειας και επιφανείας πυριτίου και το θόρυβο. Στα πλαίσια της μελέτης εξερευνήθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν οι υφιστάμενες τοπολογίες που έχουν εμφανιστεί στη βιβλιογραφία και επιλέχθηκαν δύο από αυτές για περεταίρω διερεύνηση. Το πρώτο ολοκληρωμένο που κατασκευάστηκε περιλαμβάνει τρεις ενισχυτές, οι δύο από αυτούς χρησιμοποιούν την τοπολογία κοινής πηγής με φίλτρο εισόδου και πηνίο στην πηγή (inductive source degeneration) και διαφέρουν στον τρόπο μέτρησης, όπου ο ένας ενισχυτής μετράται πάνω στο ολοκληρωμένο (on-wafer probing) και ο έτερος τοποθετείται σε πλακέτα (chip on board). Με τον τρόπο αυτό αποκτάται διαίσθηση όσον αφορά την επίδραση των παρασιτικών που υπεισέρχονται εξαιτίας των διασυνδέσεων των αγωγών (bondwires) μεταξύ ολοκληρωμένου και πλακέτας. Ταυτόχρονα για τον συγκεκριμένο ενισχυτή εφαρμόζεται και στρατηγική προστασίας από ηλεκτροστατικά φορτία (ESD). Ο τρίτος ενισχυτής βασίζεται στην τοπολογία ανάδρασης και αποτέλεσε προϊόν πρωτότυπης έρευνας και χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τεχνικές διεύρυνσης του εύρους ζώνης λειτουργίας με χρήση επαγωγικών στοιχείων. Οι μετρήσεις που επακολούθησαν την κατασκευή αποδείχθηκαν επιτυχείς και κατά κανόνα υπήρξε σύγκλιση με την εξομοίωση. Ο τρίτος ενισχυτής παρουσιάζει την πιο ανταγωνιστική απόδοση και είναι ικανός να λειτουργήσει μέχρι τα 7GHz. Επακόλουθο της κυκλωματικής μελέτης των ενισχυτών χαμηλού θορύβου υπήρξε η εστίαση σε επίπεδο συστήματος για την κατασκευή του συνολικού RF τμήματος του δέκτη σε ολοκληρωμένο και για λειτουργία μέχρι τα 10.6GHz. Το σύστημα περιλαμβάνει τον LNA της τοπολογίας με ανάδραση και στη συνέχεια δύο πανομοιότυπα μονοπάτια αποτελούμενα το καθένα από μίκτη, υψιπερατό φίλτρο και απομονωτή εξόδου στα 50 Ω για τις ανάγκες της μέτρησης. Ως κύριες προκλήσεις ανέκυψαν ο σχεδιασμός του μίκτη και κυρίως της διεπαφής με τον LNA, ο οποίος παρέχει σήμα μονής εξόδου ενώ ο μίκτης λειτουργεί διαφορικά. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής προτάθηκε μια τεχνική για κύκλωμα μετατροπής μονού σε διαφορικό σήμα (balun), η οποία συνδυαζόμενη με την τοπολογία του μίκτη που επελέγη, ουσιαστικά ενσωματώνεται στο μίκτη και παρέχει διαφορικά σήματα με πολύ καλή ακρίβεια στο πλάτος και τη φάση. Το balun βασίζεται στην τοπολογία του διαφορικού ζεύγους και επεκτείνει πάνω σε αυτήν με χρήση πηνίου που στο κέντρο του παρέχει έναν τρίτο ακροδέκτη διασύνδεσης στην τροφοδοσία. Καταυτόν τον τρόπο λαμβάνει χώρα σύζευξη μεταξύ των φορτίων του balun που εγγυάται την ακρίβεια των μεγεθών που προαναφέρθηκαν. Η τεχνική υποστηρίζεται από ενδελεχή μαθηματική ανάλυση και παρουσιάζονται συγκρίσεις μεταξύ θεωρίας και εξομοίωσης με σύγκλιση μεταξύ των. Ο μίκτης που κατέληξε η έρευνα ανήκει στην κατηγορία της συνδεσμολογίας folded cascode. Δεδομένων επίσης των περιορισμών που υπήρχαν στον εξοπλισμό μέτρησης εφαρμόστηκαν τεχνικές με πιο σημαντική την τροφοδότηση των σημάτων ταλαντωτή τα οποία εσωτερικά του ολοκληρωμένου μετατρέπονται σε διαφορικά και καθοδηγούνται για αποφυγή ασυμμετριών σε ισομήκης μεταλλικές γραμμές μεταφοράς. Σε όλα τα κρίσιμα σημεία έχει προβλεφτεί στρατηγική θωράκισης των υψίσυχνων σημάτων ενώ η τοποθέτηση ενός πολύ μεγάλου αριθμού στοιχείων στο πυρίτιο υπήρξε προϊόν συγκερασμού διαφορετικών απαιτήσεων στη χωροταξία τους με πολυάριθμες τεχνικές και εμπειρικούς κανόνες να έχουν εφαρμοστεί. Η τελική προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική τύπου άμεσης μετατροπής παρόλα τα σχεδιαστικά ρίσκα που είχαν ληφθεί, λειτούργησε επιτυχώς μέχρι και τα 8.5GHz επισφραγίζοντας την συνολική προσπάθεια. / The domain of RF engineering for electronic circuits, targeting the application of telecommunication systems, constitutes a field of intense research activities. The UWB protocol that occupies a frequency spectrum between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz is the subject of the current work which aims to the design, fabrication and measurement of electronic circuits with emphasis put on the receiver’s RF front end. The initial focus of the research work targets the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) circuit, a demanding and challenging circuit that being at the very front of the receiver’s chain, has to compromise among different and contradictory requirements, namely the extended bandwidth, the gain, the power and chip area consumption and the noise performance. Existing topologies in the literature were explored and classified and two among them were selected for further research. The first fabricated chip includes three LNAs, two of which apply the common source topology with input bandpass filter and inductive source degeneration and their difference lies in the measurement method. One amplifier is measured on wafer while the other is mounted on board. That way, intuition is acquired regarding the effect of the bondwires that act as the interface between the chip and the board. At the same time, ESD protection strategy is applied as the chip is more vulnerable to static currents. The third LNA is based on the feedback topology and constitutes a work of novelty, where bandwidth extension techniques were applied, comprising of inductive elements. The following measurement procedure was successful indicating an upper frequency of operation for the feedback LNA up to 7GHz. The focus of the work after the LNAs was shifted to system level for the implementation of the total RF front end of the receiver up to 10.6GHz. The system comprises an improved version of the feedback LNA followed by two identical paths, each one consisting of a mixer, a high pass filter and an output buffer at 50 Ohm for measurement purpose. The challenges that are mostly highlighted are the mixer design in conjunction with the necessary balun interface from the single ended output of the LNA to the differential mixer. A novel technique is proposed for the balun that builds on the differential pair topology and provides coupling between the load elements that both are implemented with a center tapped inductor. That way the designed balun achieves balanced outputs in terms of amplitude and phase. The technique is supported by mathematical analysis and the comparison between computed and simulated results show convergence. The resulting mixer that includes the balun belongs to the folded cascode differential connection. Moreover, given the limitations of the available measurement equipment, several layout techniques were applied; particularly in the issue of the external LO signal feeding. The two quadrature LO signals are provided in single ended form and traverse the chip by two equal length transmission lines that are separated at the center of the chip and reach the on chip single to differential converters that are placed close to the mixers. In every critical point, care is taken to shield the high frequency signals from interferences. In any case, the placing of a high number of individual elements that have different requirements on the same chip requires for compromises, while layout techniques and rules of thumb have been applied to the maximum extend. The final proposed architecture belongs to the direct conversion category and worked successfully up to the frequency of 8.5GHz. It achieves gain of 25dB, double sideband noise figure of 7dB and power consumption of 62.7 mW.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-03-03T10:48:26Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T10:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T12:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T12:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-03-03T10:48:26Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T10:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O desenvolvimento de novos procedimentos e tecnologias tem proporcionado um grande avanço no tratamento de feridas e queimaduras, melhorando a qualidade de vida das vítimas e reduzindo as taxas de mortalidade de pessoas com queimaduras graves. Entretanto as complicações infecciosas continuam sendo um desafio e uma das principais causas de óbito de queimados. Por outro lado, em todo o mundo tem-se observado um crescente interesse no uso de hidrogéis para aplicação como curativos para queimaduras, ferimentos e úlceras de pele, tendo em vista que são capazes de absorver exsudatos, ajudam na cicatrização e proporcionam conforto ao paciente, uma vez que favorecem o alívio da dor. Além disso, os hidrogéis também podem ser aplicados como matrizes para sistemas de liberação controlada de princípios ativos e agentes antimicrobianos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades mecânicas e físico-químicas de hidrogéis compostos por blendas formadas por Poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona)/ Polietilenoglicol/ ágar (PVP/PEG/ágar), Poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona)/ glicerol/ ágar (PVP/glicerol/ágar); Poli(álcool vinílico)/ kappa-carragena/ ágar (PVA/KC/ágar), reticuladas por radiação ionizante. Para a preparação das blendas, utilizou-se planejamento de misturas como ferramenta, oferecendo assim subsídios a futuros desenvolvimentos de novos hidrogéis, que possam ser usados como curativos e como matrizes poliméricas para liberação de ativos hidrofílicos e lipofílicos. Foram otimizadas três formulações e sintetizadas seis, três das quais hidrogéis nanocompósitos de prata. As nanopartículas de prata (NPAg) foram sintetizadas, in situ, por radiação gama, sem uso de catalisadores ou outro reagente para obtenção de curativo mais puro e com ação antimicrobiana. A caracterização físico-química dos hidrogéis foi obtida por análises de fração gel, intumescimento, ensaios de tração e perfuração, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis). Também foi avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana dos hidrogéis e realizado estudo de citotoxicidade in vitro. O planejamento de misturas apresentou modelos confiáveis para os resultados de fração gel e intumescimento, porém, para as propriedades mecânicas, os resultados devem ser vistos com cautela. O uso da radiação se mostrou eficaz para a síntese de NPAg in situ nas blendas estudadas. Os resultados sugerem que os hidrogéis sintetizados não liberaram NPAg, porém os hidrogéis de PVP apresentaram atividade bactericida para S. aureus e P. Aeruginosa, enquanto que o hidrogel de PVA apresentou atividade bactericida para P. aeruginosa e atividade bacteriostática para S. aureus, sendo essa atividade pelo contato direto. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T12:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T12:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / De acordo com o conceito de sistemas de liberação controlada, o presente estudo foi baseado na utilização de polímeros hidrofílicos biocompatíveis, formadores de hidrogéis, para o desenvolvimento de matrizes na forma de filmes finos. Os polímeros utilizados para a formação das matrizes foram a quitosana proveniente das cascas de camarão, o amido de milho modificado e a poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) - PVP. As matrizes foram reticuladas utilizando glutaraldeído. O fármaco escolhido para testar a capacidade de liberação dos dispositivos foi o anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) diclofenaco sódico. Para obtenção das matrizes com propriedades adequadas para essa finalidade, foram testadas misturas de quitosana-amido e quitosana-PVP. Após a triagem qualitativa, os dispositivos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxidade, intumescimento máximo, fração gel, parâmetros cinéticos associados à absorção de vapor de água e à capacidade de liberação de diclofenaco sódico in vitro. As formulações de quitosana-PVP foram as que apresentaram melhores propriedades para a aplicação proposta nesse estudo, se destacando a formulação A3, com alto percentual de liberação, boas propriedades de manuseio, poucos componentes na formulação diminuindo o potencial alergênico e aprovação no teste de citotoxicidade em células de camundongo (NCTC) pelo método de incorporação do vermelho neutro. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

No description available.

<p>In this research, liquid-liquid dispersion of viscous fluids was studied in an SMX static mixer in the laminar regime. Backlighting technique was used for flow visualization, and the Hough transform for circle detection was used in OpenCV to automatically detect and measure drop diameters for obtaining the size distribution. Silicone oil and an aqueous solution of high fructose corn syrup were used for dispersed and continuous phases respectively, and sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as the surfactant to modify the interfacial tension. Experiments were conducted at varying viscosity ratios and flow rates-each at zero, low (~200 ppm) and high (~1000 ppm) surfactant concentrations. The effect of holdup was explored only for a few cases, but it was found to have a minimal effect on the weighted average diameter D₄₃.</p> <p>It was found that the superficial velocity and the continuous phase viscosity had a dominant effect on D₄₃. The tail at the higher end of the droplet size distribution decreased with increasing superficial velocity and continuous phase viscosities. It was also found that D₄₃ decreased with lowering of the interfacial tension. Furthermore, the effect of the dispersed phase viscosity was significant only at non zero surfactant concentrations.</p> <p>An approximate model has been proposed that relates D₄₃ to the capillary number. It is based on an energy analysis of the work done by the viscous and surface forces on a drop of an initial diameter that is largely determined by the gap distance between the cross bars in the element</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This dissertation presents novel Harmonic Rejection (HR) Mixer architectures to obtain a high level of harmonic rejection. This is achieved by reducing the sensitivity to mismatches in devices operating at high frequencies. Consequently, the HR performance for this mixer architecture is primarily determined by resistor and capacitor matching at low intermediate frequencies (IF). Since large resistor areas can be used at relatively less power penalty in the low frequency IF section, superior HR performance is realized. A design fabricated in 110 nm CMOS process, rejects up to the fi rst 14 local oscillator (LO) harmonics and achieves 3rd, 5th and 7th HR ratios in excess of 52, 54 and 55 dB respectively, without any calibration or trimming. This mixer architecture also rejects flicker noise, has improved image rejection (IR) and second-order input-intercept-point (IIP2) performance. By using a clock N times the desired LO frequency, this scheme rejects the (N-1)th LO harmonic only by an amount of 20log(N-1) dB. A new technique is presented that enables better HR for the (N-1)th harmonic while preserving the level of rejection for other harmonics. This mixer fabricated in 55 nm standard CMOS process has a programmable number of 8, 10, 12 or 14 mixer phases and achieves an improvement of 29 dB for the (N-1)th harmonic while achieving 52 dB of rejection for the 3rd harmonic. It also rejects flicker noise and has an IIP2 performance of 68 dBm. The mixers presented in this dissertation set the state-of-the-art in HR performance for single-stage mixers with configurable number of phases without using any calibration or trimming. / text

Scope of work was technical-commercial analyze with the aim of finding out if the foundation of a specialized subsidiary company by maintenance department outsourcing would have a real and economical justness. The specialized subsidiary would receive right and know-how of patented modern technology the DS Jet mixers designated for crude oil tank mixing and cleaning. Outcome of the thesis is found break-even point when applies the plan in terms of organizational-economical matters and which action would be necessary taken. Theoretical part of work explains specific of enterprise in new sphere of business, new technologies and services trends in Europe. There are discussed typical Europe crude oil market issues, explained principals of market and product analyze, internal process optimization methods and outsourcing in this part. Financial and break-even point analyzes is defined. Practical and analytical part includes the DS Jet Mixers technology description, implementation of the system in the MERO ČR, a. s. and the technology SWOT analyzes inclusive of competition benchmark. With market research had been checked EU market opportunities and marked attractive markets. The way of subsidiary foundation is proposed. The Integral part of the analytical part creates intended the break-even point. In the summary is comprehensive analyzes outcomes and recommended solution in current statute. Furthermore is advised marginal number of orders since when outsource the activities with the DS Jet mixers into subsidiary company.