La figure du couple machiavélique, présente chez Shakespeare, Laclos, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Henry James, James M. Cain, entre autres, est étudiée selon une triple approche. La première approche, d'inspiration structurale, vise à dégager les éléments constitutifs de la figure et son scénario permanent. L’analyse conduite sur la base de cette approche confirme l'existence de deux matrices, l'une fondée sur le couple Macbeth, l'autre sur le couple de libertins des Liaisons dangereuses. La seconde approche, qui relève d'une démarche herméneutique, met en évidence le substrat biblique de la figure du couple machiavélique dans sa version shakespearienne, qui serait une réécriture du récit de la Chute de la Genèse. La version laclosienne du couple machiavélique serait pour sa part le marqueur de la dégradation des relations amoureuses dans leur conception post-courtoise. Enfin, la troisième approche est esthétique: elle vise à étudier la construction de la figure, son effet sur le lecteur, et sa valeur ajoutée par rapport à la figure canonique du Méchant. Elle s'attache aussi à définir l'esthétique du mal associée à la figure du couple machiavélique. / The figure of the Machiavellian couple, which appears in Shakespeare, Laclos, Barbey d’Aurevilly, Henry James, James M. Cain, among others, is studied through a three-fold approach. The first one is a structural one and aims at identifying the basic elements of the figure and its scenario. This approach confirms the existence of two matrix, one based on the couple of Macbeth and the other on the pair of libertines of Laclos’ novel Les Liaisons dangereuses. The second approach is interpretative and underlines the biblical basis of the figure of the Machiavellian couple in its Shakespearean version, which is a rewriting of the Fall of Adam and Eve while the couple of Laclos signals the deterioration of romantic relationships in a courtly meaning. The third approach deals with aesthetics and aims at studying the forms and poetics of the figure and its effect on the reader as well as its added value in relation to the “Canon figure” of the Villain. This third approach deals also with the aesthetics of Evil linked to the figure of the Machiavellian couple.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis re-examines Shakespeare’s creation of tragic character through the concept of ‘arrivals’. What arrives is not an ‘individual’ but what I call a ‘subject’, which is a diffused dramatic process of arriving, rather than a self-contained entity that arrives in a final form. Not all characters are ‘subjects’. A subject only arrives through dramatic ‘events’ that rupture the existing structures of the play-world and the play-text. The generators of these irruptions are found equally in the happenings of plot and in changes of poetic intensity and form. The ‘subject’ is thus a supra- individual irruption that configures new forms of language, structure, and action. Accordingly, I explain why scrupulous historicism’s need for nameable continuums is incommensurate to the irruptive quality of Shakespearean character. The concepts of ‘process’, ‘subject’ and ‘event’ are informed by a variety of thinkers, most notably the contemporary French philosopher Alain Badiou. Badiou develops an ‘evental’ model of subjectivity in which the subject emerges in fidelity to a ‘truth- event’, which breaks into a situation from its ‘void’. Also important is the process- orientated philosophy of Bergson and Whitehead, which stresses that an entity is not a stable substance but a process of becoming. The underlying connection between the philosophers I embrace – also including the likes of Žižek, Kierkegaard, Latour, Benjamin, and Christian thinkers such as Saint Paul and Luther – is that they establish a creative alternative to the deadlock between treating the subject as either a stable substance (humanism) or a decentred product of its place in the world (postmodernism). The subject is not a pre-existing entity but something that comes to be. It is not reducible to its cultural and linguistic circumstances but is precisely what exceeds those circumstances. Such an excessive creativity is what gives rise to Shakespeare’s subjects and, I argue, underpins the continuing force of his drama. But it also produces profound dangers. In Shakespeare, ‘events’ consistently expose subjects to uncertainty, catastrophe, and horror. And these dangers imperil both the subject and the relationship between Shakespeare and the affirmative philosophy of the event.

Η ποιότητα, άρα και ο τρόπος παρακολούθησης της, δηλαδή ο ποιοτικός έλεγχος, σχετίζεται άμεσα με την κερδοφορία μιας επιχείρησης• είτε αυτό επιτευχθεί μέσω αύξησης των πωλήσεων είτε μέσω μείωσης του κόστους παραγωγής ή παροχής υπηρεσιών. Ολοένα και περισσότερο γίνεται αποδεκτό το γεγονός ότι η υψηλή ποιότητα του προϊόντος και των υπηρεσιών και η σύνδεσή τους με την ικανοποίηση του πελάτη, είναι το κλειδί για την επιβίωση οποιασδήποτε επιχείρησης. Επομένως, κρίνεται επιτακτική ανάγκη η μελέτη και έρευνα γύρω από την σχέση της ποιότητας και των επιχειρήσεων και ειδικά σε περιόδους οικονομικής κρίσης και έντονων πιέσεων των καταναλωτών και της αγοράς. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να παρουσιάσει τη μεθοδολογία σχεδιασμού ενός συστήματος ποιοτικού ελέγχου με τη χρήση μεθόδων πολυκριτηριακής ανάλυσης και να γίνει σύγκριση αυτών των μεθόδων. / The purpose of this thesis is to describe the methodology of a Quality Control System planning using methods of multictiteria analysis and to compare these methods.

In Brazil, since 1985 after the end of military dictatorship and the return to democratic freedoms - all segments of society have undergone significant changes, being observed also in artistic doings, especially in theater. If, before the productions turned their eyes mostly for the scenic composition of shows that prioritized issues related to engaging in an action against oppression established, now permeate the reflections by the trade issue, as well as the search for new conceptions of aesthetic languages .Within this perspective, the purpose of this study is the analysis of critical theatrical performances involving Macbeth (Fagundes Artistic Productions, directed by Ulysses Cruz) and Throne of Blood (Macunaíma Group, directed by Antunes Filho), both in 1992. Sought, therefore, raise discussions, within the historical perspective, allowing to understand the issues swathing the reception of the shows and their relationship to the contemporary theatrical scene. / No Brasil, a partir de 1985 após o fim da ditadura militar e o retorno às liberdades democráticas todos os segmentos sociais passaram por significativas mudanças, observadas também nos fazeres artísticos, em especial no teatro. Anteriormente grande parte as produções voltavam seus olhares majoritariamente para a composição cênica de espetáculos que priorizavam temáticas ligadas ao engajamento político. Tratava-se da ação contra a opressão estabelecida pela censura e perseguição política. Nesse novo momento que se estabelecia as reflexões perpassavam pela questão comercial assim como pela busca de novas concepções de linguagens estéticas. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a proposta deste trabalho é a análise das críticas teatrais envolvendo os espetáculos Macbeth (Fagundes Produções Artísticas, direção de Ulysses Cruz) e Trono de Sangue (Grupo Macunaíma, direção de Antunes Filho), ambas em 1992. Buscou-se, portanto, suscitar discussões que, dentro da perspectiva histórica, permitam a compreensão das questões envolvidas na recepção dos espetáculos e suas relações com a cena teatral contemporânea. / Mestre em História

Shakespeare's ideas about free will and moral choice, as illustrated in his play Macbeth, may have been influenced by Dante's Inferno. Dante was known to Shakespeare's contemporaries, and therefore most likely to the Bard himself. Current literature has not conclusively addressed this topic, and a focused examination is important, because it offers both an additional perspective on free will in Inferno, and adds to the understanding of free will in Macbeth. Read at face value, Macbeth seems to bear no responsibility for his actions because they were preordained by the fates. Dante believed in free will, and Macbeth bears more than one similarity to his Commedia. Read through a Dantean lens, Macbeth has free will - even if choosing not to exercise it. Through the mere contemplation of the four reasons for not killing Duncan, Macbeth recognizes that he has the choice whether to become a traitor, with the consequences of suffering contrapasso damnation. But Macbeth elects to disregard the wisdom passed down in Dante's Commedia, and knowingly commits a heinously immoral act. Shakespeare uses his predecessor Dante as a tool to advocate for human agency and moral choices in a text that would otherwise be fatalistic. Both then and now, Shakespeare sought to influence his audiences' understanding of their own free will. One first has to believe in possessing free will, in order to use it to make the best possible choices. Dante and Shakespeare reaffirm our possession of free will to help us avoid individual and societal tragedies.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Aufgabe der Studienarbeit ist die Entwicklung einer Software mit grafischer Benutzeroberfläche, welche es ermöglicht, Farbtesttabellen (color test charts) mit Hilfe des Spektralfotometers Spectrolino der Firma X-Rite Incorporated (ehemals GretagMacbeth GmbH) und dem dazugehörigen XY-Tisch SpectroScan zu messen. Das zu schreibende Programm soll standardisierte und auch nicht standardisierte Testtafeln weitgehend automatisch messtechnisch erfassen können.

The nineteenth century critics appraised Shakespeare's heroines by standards different from those of the twentieth; consequently the two ages reached different conclusions. The purpose of this paper is to point out just what these differences are. A paper of this scope had to be narrowed in some ways. Otherwise a formidable array of heroines would have been enumerated, but little depth of research could have been shown. In the general conclusion the result would have been the same, as I have discovered through wide reading. To limit the subject only the most famous heroines could be included. The process of assembling a bibliography on the field of criticism of Shakespeare's heroines showed that some heroines bad been fully discussed, while others had been given little in the way of criticism. A great mass of material on a certain heroine, for example, would show that, since she was considered important by many writers of a certain period, she should be given consideration in this discussion. In this way the number of heroines discussed in this paper was limited to seven: Portia (in Merchant of Venice), Rosalind, Juliet, Ophelia, Desdemona, Cleopatra, and Lady Macbeth.

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