Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 2, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 338-345).

No description available.

No description available.

nÃo hà / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Trata-se aqui de esclarecer a apropriaÃÃo do pensamento epistemolÃgico de Ernst Mach (1838-1916) por Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) e Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990). SemelhanÃas e diferenÃas foram encontradas a este respeito, mediante o que Abib chamou de prÃ-texto em seu mÃtodo epistemolÃgico. As categorias machianas que serviram de anÃlise foram: (1) o monismo das sensaÃÃes; (2) o papel da subjetividade na ciÃncia; (3) delimitaÃÃo da ciÃncia e o modelo explicativo de Mach. Considerando o fundamento agnosticista que Freud conferiu à Metapsicologia, constatou-se que a apropriaÃÃo realizada por ele compreende como referentes, ora as relaÃÃes entre a ciÃncia e a filosofia, ora os limites da ciÃncia enquanto saber aberto e dinÃmico. Os referentes machianos em Skinner foram: a identificaÃÃo de relaÃÃes funcionais como modelo explicativo; a crÃtica ao mecanicismo; a adoÃÃo do monismo; objeto, objetivos e validade em ciÃncia e da mÃxima machiana descrever à explicar. A respeito da apropriaÃÃo aludida, foram encontradas as seguintes semelhanÃas entre Freud e Skinner: a concepÃÃo machiana de que a ciÃncia à uma atividade humana na busca pelo estabelecimento de relaÃÃes funcionais; o carÃter transitÃrio da explicaÃÃo cientÃfica; nenhuma relaÃÃo com o fenomenismo das sensaÃÃes. Quanto Ãs diferenÃas nas apropriaÃÃes, constatou-se que Skinner aderiu mais amplamente Ãs propostas de ciÃncia de Mach, enquanto Freud, considerando para alÃm desta, os modelos do fisicalismo e energetismo implicou o que Assoun chamou de realismo racionalista que aliava o fenomenismo machiano a um racionalismo operacional. Skinner manteve os princÃpios machianos da adequaÃÃo dos pensamentos aos fatos e o papel das hipÃteses, mas foi alÃm destes referentes; concebeu tambÃm a interpretaÃÃo como uma via de produÃÃo do conhecimento cientÃfico. Eis outra diferenÃa encontrada: Skinner estruturou sua lÃgica funcional e anti-metafÃsica referindo-se à crÃtica machiana ao mecanicismo; Freud considerou os argumentos do energetismo em detrimento da crÃtica machiana aludida. Constatou-se, finalmente, que, apesar de suas apropriaÃÃes quanto ao pensamento epistemolÃgico de Mach, Freud e Skinner tambÃm criaram concepÃÃes inÃditas em suas ciÃncias. / This attends to clarify the appropriation of epistemological thinking of Ernst Mach (1838-1916) by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990). Similarities and distinctions were found in this respect, by which Abib called pre-text in its epistemological method. The categories that served to machians analysis were: (1) monism of sensations, (2) the role of subjectivity in science, (3) definition of science and scientific explanation by Mach. Wheras the agnosticist foundation that Freud gave to Metapsychology, it was found the appropriation perteins sometimes to relationship between science and philosophy, sometimes to the boundaries of science as an dynamic and open knowledge. The Machâs referees in Skinner were: the functional relations in his scientific explanation, the criticism of the mechanical explanations, the adoption of a monism; and, the object, objectives and validity in science, beyond the adoption of Machâs descriptivism as an explanation in science. Regarding the appropriations alluded to, the following similarities were found between Freud and Skinner: Machianâs conception that science is a human activity in pursuit of functional relations, the transient character of scientific explanation, and no relation to the sensational phenomenism. Regarding differences in the appropriations, it was found that the Skinner alluded more widely to the Machâs proposes to science, while Freud, beyond this, considered models of physicalism and energetismo, what Assoun called rational realism; what combined a Machianâs phenomenalism and an operational rationalism. Skinner maintained the principles of adequacy of thoughts to facts and the role of hypotheses according to Mach, but were beyond; also conceived interpretation as a means of production of scientific knowledge. Hereâs another distinction founded: Skinner structured its theory on the functional relations model and the anti-metaphysical critique adopted by Mach, while Freud considers the arguments of the energestismâs critics. It was found, finally, that despite its appropriations on the Machâs epistemological view, both Freud and Skinner created novel concepts in their science.

L’objectif de cette étude est de modéliser et de simuler numériquement des phénomènes d’interaction fluide-structure dans un cadre compressible pour des écoulements non-visqueux. La modélisation proposée repose sur une formulation monolithique du couplage fluide-structure en considérant une unique équation permettant de résoudre simultanément le mouvement du fluide et du solide. Un terme supplémentaire dans l’équation de quantité de mouvement traduit la présence de l’obstacle dans l’écoulement. La contribution de ce terme de pénalisation est étudiée à travers l’analogie avec une formulation variationnelle et un intérêt est porté à la rigueur physique, mathématique et numérique de l’unification des deux milieux, en particulier à l’interface. L’approche numérique correspond à une méthode à pas fractionnaire, en tout point identique aux méthodes de prédiction correction utilisées en incompressible. Quelques résultats numériques clôturent ce travail et permettent de préciser les conditions d’application de ce modèle d’interaction fluide-structure en régime compressible. / This study deals with the modeling and simulation of fluid-structure interactions in a compressible framework for inviscid flows. A monolithic approach has been chosen for treating the coupling between the fluid and the solid through a single equation that solves the motion of both simultaniously. An additionnal term in the momentum equation allows to take into account the obstacle in the flow. A weak formulation is derived from previous similar works that confirms the unification problem is mathematically well-posed, especially on the interface. The numerical procedure relies on a time-splitting method similar to prediction-correction methods for incompressible flows. Some numerical examples illustrate this work and allows to conclude on the feasibility of this fluid-structure interaction model for compressible flows.

On s'intéresse à la localisation de l'axe du cône de Mach lié au déplacement supersonique d'un source acoustique en milieu réverbérant à l'aide d'un nombre limité de microphones. L'application faisant l'objet du financement doctoral est la localisation de tireurs embusqués, dans le cadre de la protection du combattant. Le principe du retournement temporel stipule que, lors de la réémission des mesures renversées dans le temps depuis leurs positions respectives, tout se passe comme si le champ de pression acoustique se propageait en remontant le temps et focalisait à l'endroit de la distribution de sources. Cette focalisation est d'autant plus efficace que les positions de capteurs ont tendance à former une surface fermée autour des sources. On considère une distribution discrète de microphones à hauteur constante dans une rue rectiligne. Dans une première approche, le déplacement supersonique est modélisé selon le principe de Huygens-Fresnel comme une sommation de sources monopolaires. Cela permet une formulation analytique du problème direct pouvant être résolue par des simulations numériques simples en accord avec un montage expérimental de synthèse de cône de Mach au moyen d'une ligne de haut-parleurs. La résolution du problème inverse se fait en calculant numériquement le champ rétropropagé depuis les positions des microphones jusque dans des tranches verticales disposées le long de la rue. L'utilisation d'un critère statistique d'ordre supérieur permet de réduire la contribution des termes de sources dans le champ rétropropagé, à l'origine d'une divergence du champ de pression autour des positions de microphones. L'axe du cône de Mach peut alors être localisé avec une bonne précision angulaire. Dans une deuxième approche, on considère un front d'onde conique réel en déplacement supersonique. Les temps d'arrivée obéissent à des lois de retard bien précises. Notre modèle de réverbération permet de prédire la plupart des pics correspondant à l'arrivée au point de mesure des signaux impulsionnels réfléchis. La réverbération n'a pas un effet aussi bénéfique dans le cadre d'une source supersonique réelle que dans le cas d'une source statique, ni même que dans celui de la ligne de haut-parleurs, car la source supersonique présente des contraintes géométriques particulières dont le retournement temporel ne tient pas compte, étant donnée la différence de géométrie des ondes directe (un cône) et retournée dans le temps (une superposition d'ondes sphériques). Cependant, la focalisation autour du passage de l'axe est observée dans les tranches horizontales, avec une qualité dépendant fortement de l'agencement de l'antenne de microphones. / We are interested into the localisation of the Mach cone --- created by the supersonic motion of an acoustic source into a reverberant medium --- by means of a limited amount of microphones. The application concerns sniper localisation, hence protection of the soldier. Theory of time-reversal states that when reemitting measures reversed in time from their respective positions, everything happens as if the pressure field were propagating travelling backwards in time and focused on the source distribution. This result is enhanced when the microphone distribution over space forms a closed surface surrounding the sources, according to Kirchhoff-Helmholtz formula. Aiming at a physically and technologically implementable method, we consider a discrete distribution of microphones, disposed at a constant height in a reverberating area reproducing the geometry of a straight narrow street.The problem shows specific constraints due to its specific geometry that we aim to use sparsely. In a first approach, we consider the supersonic displacement from the viewpoint of Huygens-Fresnel principle as a discrete sum of monopolar sources, which allows an analytical formulation of the direct problem solvable by simple numerical simulations. This model is in agreement with an experimental framework, were the Mach cone is synthesized by means of a loudspeaker array. The resolution of the inverse problem is made by computing the time-reversed pressure field into vertical slices disposed along the street. The use of a fourth-order spatiotemporal statistical criterion (kurtosis) allows to reduce unwanted contribution of source term causing a divergence around microphone positions. A maximum of kurtosis is observed around the intersection between the time-reversal slice and the Mach cone axis, allowing localisation of the latter with good angular precision. In a second approach, we investigate the previous method on a real Mach cone. It is necessary to adopt the point of view of dynamical space-time geometry to understand the behaviour of the times of arrival of the different image sources. It is also necessary to take into account the finiteness of the reberberating walls. Our geometrical theory of reverberation allows a modelisation of the direct problem in good agreement with experimental measurements. We show that the effect of reverberation does not enhance time-reversed focalisation as well as it does with a static source. This is mainly due to geometric constraints that are not reproduced in the time-reversed wavefront superposition. The resolution of the inverse problem strongly depends on the disposition of the microphone set: on the 9 configurations, only one allows detection of the axis.

Detonation waves are supersonic combustion waves that have a multi-shock front structure followed by a spatially non-uniform reaction zone. During propagation, a de-coupled shock-flame complex is periodically re-initiated into an overdriven detonation following a transient Mach reflection process. Past researchers have identified mechanisms that can increase combustion rates and cause localized hot spot re-ignition behind the Mach shock. But due to the small length scales and stochastic behaviour of detonation waves, the important mechanisms that can lead to re-initiation into a detonation requires further clarification. If a detonation is allowed to diffract behind an obstacle, it can quench to form a de-coupled shock-flame complex and if allowed to form a Mach reflection, re-initiation of a detonation can occur. The use of this approach permits the study of re-initiation mechanisms reproducibly with relatively large length scales. The objective of this study is to experimentally elucidate the key mechanisms that can increase chemical reaction rates and sequentially lead to re-initiation of a de-coupled shock-flame complex into an overdriven detonation wave following a Mach reflection. All experiments were carried out in a thin rectangular channel using a stoichiometric mixture of oxy-methane. Three different types of obstacles were used - a half-cylinder, a roughness plate along with the half-cylinder and a full-cylinder. Schlieren visualization was achieved by using a Z-configuration setup, a high speed camera and a high intensity light source. Results indicate that forward jetting of the slip line behind the Mach stem can potentially increase combustion rates by entraining hot burned gas into unburned gas. Following ignition and jet entrainment, a detonation wave first appears along the Mach stem. The transverse wave can form a detonation wave due to rapid combustion of unburned gas which may be attributed to shock interaction with the unburned gas. Alternatively, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can produce vortices along the slipline that may lead to mixing between burned-unburned gases and potentially increase combustion rates near the transverse wave. However, the mechanism(s) that causes the transverse wave to re-initiate into a detonation wave remains to be satisfactorily resolved.

Detonation waves are supersonic combustion waves that have a multi-shock front structure followed by a spatially non-uniform reaction zone. During propagation, a de-coupled shock-flame complex is periodically re-initiated into an overdriven detonation following a transient Mach reflection process. Past researchers have identified mechanisms that can increase combustion rates and cause localized hot spot re-ignition behind the Mach shock. But due to the small length scales and stochastic behaviour of detonation waves, the important mechanisms that can lead to re-initiation into a detonation requires further clarification. If a detonation is allowed to diffract behind an obstacle, it can quench to form a de-coupled shock-flame complex and if allowed to form a Mach reflection, re-initiation of a detonation can occur. The use of this approach permits the study of re-initiation mechanisms reproducibly with relatively large length scales. The objective of this study is to experimentally elucidate the key mechanisms that can increase chemical reaction rates and sequentially lead to re-initiation of a de-coupled shock-flame complex into an overdriven detonation wave following a Mach reflection. All experiments were carried out in a thin rectangular channel using a stoichiometric mixture of oxy-methane. Three different types of obstacles were used - a half-cylinder, a roughness plate along with the half-cylinder and a full-cylinder. Schlieren visualization was achieved by using a Z-configuration setup, a high speed camera and a high intensity light source. Results indicate that forward jetting of the slip line behind the Mach stem can potentially increase combustion rates by entraining hot burned gas into unburned gas. Following ignition and jet entrainment, a detonation wave first appears along the Mach stem. The transverse wave can form a detonation wave due to rapid combustion of unburned gas which may be attributed to shock interaction with the unburned gas. Alternatively, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can produce vortices along the slipline that may lead to mixing between burned-unburned gases and potentially increase combustion rates near the transverse wave. However, the mechanism(s) that causes the transverse wave to re-initiate into a detonation wave remains to be satisfactorily resolved.

Connaitre précisément la structure interne des corps célestes est indispensable pour, à la fois, comprendre la physique qui régit leur existence et le processus qui leur a donné naissance. La sismologie, d’abord appliquée à la Terre puis au soleil, s’est révélée être un outil très efficace pour sonder leurs intérieurs. Dans les années 70 (Vorontsov et al 1976), des premiers travaux théoriques ont étudié la possibilité d’une sismologie des planètes géantes gazeuses. Les premières tentatives de mesures d’oscillations ont eu lieu à la fin des années 80. La détection des modes d’oscillations de Jupiter s’est avérée une entreprise très délicate en raison de sa rotation rapide. Pour augmenter les chances de détection, un instrument spécifique a été construit au début des années 2000 à l’OCA. Cet instrument, appelé SYMPA, est un spectromètre imageur de type Mach-Zehnder capable de produire une carte de vitesse radiale de Jupiter. Une détection de modes d’oscillations sur Jupiter par cet instrument a été publiée par Gaulme et al en 2011. Une version améliorée de l’instrument (appelé DSI) a été proposée pour la mission spatiale JUICE à destination de Jupiter, et un nouveau prototype a été construit dans ce but. Par la suite, le projet s’est réorienté vers un programme d’observation depuis le sol sous la forme d’un réseau de trois télescopes répartis en longitude (USA, France, Japon) et financé par l’ANR à partir de 2015 (ANR JOVIAL). L’intérêt de la mise en réseau est d’assurer la continuité des données (météo mise à part). L’instrument étant capable de produire des cartes de vitesse radiales, le projet permet également l’étude de la dynamique atmosphérique des planètes géantes. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de préparation de JOVIAL, avec pour objectif de caractériser l’instrument en laboratoire et d’identifier les problèmes liés aux conditions réelles d’observation. Les mesures en laboratoires ont montré des performances conformes aux attentes, avec un bruit de mesure propre à l’instrument inférieur au bruit de photon attendu sur Jupiter. Les premières mesures sur le ciel avec un télescope ont mis en évidence une sensibilité de l’instrument au degré de polarisation de la lumière ainsi qu’une dérive de la vitesse mesurée liée aux instabilités de position de la pupille pendant les observations. Le design de l’instrument et de son interface avec le télescope a été revu pour résoudre ces problèmes. Plusieurs campagnes d’observations de Jupiter ont été réalisées, permettant de mettre sur pied une chaine complète de traitement des données, dont la validité a été vérifiée par des simulations réalistes. Les observations de Jupiter ont donné des résultats scientifiques particulièrement intéressants. L’analyse des données de deux campagnes de 2015 et 2016 a fourni des séquences temporelles de cartes de vitesses radiales de Jupiter. Une première étude a consisté à chercher dans ces cartes la signature des vents zonaux et de les comparer aux mesures réalisées par suivi des nuages sur des images résolues (cloud-tracking). Une telle mesure n’avait jamais été faite par effet Doppler. Le résultat, bien qu’affecté par des biais de mesures identifiés, montre des profils de vents stables d’une année sur l’autre et en cohérence avec les valeurs issues du cloud-tracking, sauf au niveau de la partie nord de la bande équatoriale de Jupiter. La mesure Doppler suggère en effet une vitesse de vent bien inférieure à la vitesse apparente dans cette zone, ce qui a potentiellement des implications sur les modèles de dynamique atmosphérique. Ces résultats sont très importants pour mieux comprendre les mesures de la sonde Juno, actuellement en orbite autour de Jupiter. L’analyse fréquentielle des données temporelles a été abordée en fin de thèse. Les analyses préliminaires ne semblent pas pour l’instant reproduire la détection de SYMPA. Une analyse plus poussée est nécessaire avant de conclure à une absence du signal. / To know precisely the internal structure of the celestial bodies is essential to both to understand the physics which governs their existence, and the process which gave them birth. First applied to the Earth and then to the sun, seismology has proven to be a very effective tool to sound their interiors. It has become natural and legitimate to question the possibility of seismology of gaseous giant planets. The first theoretical work was carried out in the 1970s (Vorontsov et al. 1976), and the first attempts to measure oscillations at the end of the 1980s. The detection of Jupiter's oscillating modes turned out to be very difficult (reduced flux, small apparent diameter, fast rotation ...). To increase the chances of detection, a specific instrument was built in the early 2000s at the OCA. This instrument, called SYMPA, is a Mach-Zehnder-type imaging spectrometer enable to produce radial velocity maps of Jupiter. A first detection of acoustic modes on Jupiter with this instrument was published by Gaulme et al in 2011. An improved version of the instrument (called DSI), based on the same principle, was built in the wake, with the primary objective of boarding a spacecraft to Jupiter. The project was finally reoriented towards an observation program from the ground in the form of a network of three telescopes equidistant in longitude (USA, France, Japan) and supported by the ANR fund starting in 2015 (ANR JOVIAL). The interest of the network is to ensure the continuity of data (weather apart). The instrument being able to produce radial velocity maps, the project also aims to study the atmospheric dynamics of giant planets. This thesis work is part of a preparation for JOVIAL, with the aim of characterizing the instrument and identifying the problems related to real observations conditions. Laboratory measurements showed expected performances with an instrumental noise level (related to thermal fluctuations) lower than expected photon noise on Jupiter. The first measurements on the sky with a telescope showed a sensitivity of the instrument to the degree of polarization of the light as well as drifts of the velocity measurements due the motions of the pupil position. Some adjustments of the design of the instrument and its interface with the telescope were necessary to solve these issues. Several Jupiter observation campaigns were carried out during the thesis, allowing the development of full data processing software. The complete procedure was tested against simulated data and validated. Two observations runs in 2015 and 2016 were analyzed to produce time sequences of radial velocity maps of Jupiter, providing very interesting scientific results. First, the maps were analyzed to look for the signature of the zonal winds and to compare them with the measurements made by cloud-tracking. Such measurements by Doppler effect were never made before. The result, albeit affected by measurement biases, showed stable year-to-year wind patterns and coherent results with cloud-tracking measurements, except at the northern part of the Jovian’s equatorial band. The Doppler measurement indeed suggests a wind speed well below the apparent speed in this area, which potentially has implications for the theory of atmospheric dynamics and will be helpful to interpret the Juno (a spacecraft presently orbiting Jupiter) measurements. Frequency analysis of temporal data was undertaken at the end of the thesis. The preliminary results do not seem for the moment to reproduce the SYMPA detection. Further analysis is necessary before concluding if the signal is absent or attenuated.

Neste trabalho é realizado o estudo das etapas de fabricação de um dispositivo eletro-termo-óptico. O dispositivo baseia-se em um interferômetro Mach-Zehnder (IMZ) onde um micro-resistor é colocado em um dos braços do IMZ. Este interferômetro foi construído usando guias de onda ARROW (Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide) onde filmes de oxinitreto de silício e carbeto de silício amorfo hidrogenado foram utilizados como materiais constituintes. Estes materiais foram depositados pela técnica de PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) a baixas temperaturas (~300°C) usando silano (SiH4), nitrogênio (N2), hidrogênio (H2), oxido nitroso (N2O) e metano (CH4) como gases precursores. Para isolar termicamente a região de aquecimento do dispositivo, parte do braço sensor do IMZ foi suspenso através da corrosão superficial do substrato de silício em solução de hidróxido de potássio (KOH). Basicamente o dispositivo termo-eletroóptico utiliza para seu funcionamento o efeito termo-óptico dos materiais constituintes. Neste caso, com a aplicação de uma corrente elétrica no micro-resistor localizado em uma pequena região de um dos braços do IMZ é produzido uma variação na temperatura e no índice de refração dos filmes próximos ao microresistor. Com isto, o aparecimento de uma diferença de fase entre as ondas propagantes dos dois braços do IMZ é ocasionado e, como conseqüência, uma interferência eletromagnética dependente da diferença de fase das ondas propagantes causada pela variação de temperatura é originado. Dessa maneira, é possível fabricar um dispositivo termo-eletro-óptico onde uma variação da corrente aplicada no micro-resistor produz uma alteração da potência óptica na saída do interferômetro. / In this work, a study of the steps to fabricate an electro-thermo-optical device is realized. This device is based in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (IMZ) where a micro-resistor is placed in one of the IMZ arms. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer was fabricated using Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide (ARROW) where oxinytride and amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide films were used as constituent materials. These materials were deposited by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique at low temperatures (~300°C) using silane (SiH4), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) as precursor gases. In order to isolate thermally the heating region of the structure, part of the IMZ sensor arm was suspended by the surface etching of the silicon substrate in KOH solution. Basically, the electro-thermo-optical device is based in the Thermo- Optic Effect of the constituent materials. In this case, with the application of an electrical current in the micro-resistor located in a small region of the sensor arm of the IMZ, a change in the temperature and in the refractive index of the films close to the micro-resistor is produced. So, a phase difference between the electromagnetic waves that travel by the two arms of the IMZ is produced and, as consequence, an electromagnetic interference dependent of the temperature variation is originated. In this way, it is possible fabricate an electro-thermo-optical device where the optical power output depends of the electrical current applied to a micro-resistor.