Thesis (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 83-89)

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T06:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0

Resumo: Macrobrachium amazonicum e Macrobrachium rosenbergii são espécies de camarão de água doce de grande importância econômica e como fontes de alimento de alto valor nutritivo. Existem poucas informações a respeito da composição química do camarão de água doce produzido no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química das duas espécies e determinar o perfil de aminoácidos de M. amazonicum. Exemplares provenientes de cultivo foram lavados e limpos (retirada cefalotórax e exoesqueleto) para a determinação dos teores de umidade, proteína, cinzas, lipídeos e aminoácidos totais. Os teores de umidade foram 76,55 e 78,39g/100g, cinzas de 1,34 e 1,31g/100g, proteína de 21,49 e 18,48g/100g e lipídeo de 1,48 e 1,17g/100g, para M. amazonicum e M. rosenbergii, respectivamente. O conteúdo total de M. amazonicum foi 20,60g/100g. Os aminoácidos mais representativos foram ácidos glutâmico e aspártico, arginina, alanina e glicina. Estes dados podem ser utilizados futuramente como informação nutricional aos consumidores e para análises em estudos de nutrição e no processamento. / Abstract: Species of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are species of freshwater prawn of great importance and that may be utilized as source of high nutritional value food. There are few data about the chemical composition of freshwater prawns produced in Brazil. The aim of this study was evaluate the chemical composition of both species and determinate the amino acids profile of M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii. Samples from culture were washed and have peeled tails. They were determined moisture, protein, ash, lipid and total amino acids contents. The values of moisture were 76.55 and 78.39g/100g, ash 1.34 and 1.31g/100g, protein 21.49 and 18.48g/100g and lipid 1.48 and 1.17g/100g to M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii, respectively. The total amino acid content of M. amazonicum were 20.60g/100g. The most abundant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids, arginine, alanine, and glycine. These data may use as nutritional information for consumers and for future analysis on nutrition and processing. / Orientadora: Léa Sílvia Sant'Ana / Coorientador: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Débora Helena Markowicz Bastos / Banca: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Patrícia Maria Contente Moraes Valenti / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanieleBS_TESE.pdf: 1862407 bytes, checksum: 8d9294c58d04d24f0b4ec0114afd4206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Understanding the behavioral activities of freshwater shrimp in captivity is of paramount importance for the appropriate management of the species. In Brazil, the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii is currently the most widely used species in the freshwater shrimp culture due to its high potential for cultivation and good market acceptance. Thus, the present study aimed to describe and characterize the behavioral activities of M. rosenbergii in monosex and in mixed (male and female) (manuscript 1, 2 and 3) populations and the growth performance of this species in restrictive feeding conditions and in different feeding management (manuscript 4 and 5, respectively) . Juvenile and adult shrimps were collected from ponds of the Aquaculture Station - Unidade Especializada em Ci?ncias Agr?rias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Maca?ba/RN and then transferred to the Laborat?rio de Estudos do Comportamento do Camar?o LECC (Laboratory for Shrimp Behavioral Studies) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). For each treatment , eight aquaria of 250 L (50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm) were used in a closed recirculating water system with artificial lighting, constant aeration , continuous filtration through a biochemical and biological filter (canister filter), and fine sand as substrate . The water quality was monitored daily. The lab consisted of two rooms with artificial lighting system , controlled by a timer with dark / light cycle of 12:12 h . In manuscript 1, the behavioral categories of the species were presented through an ethogram, which described 31 behaviors, subdivided into general and agonistic behaviors. Manuscript 2 compared the behavioral profile of shrimps in male and in female monosex and mixed populations over 24 hours in laboratory. In three types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex) of populations during the light and dark phases of the 24 hour cycle, the shrimps showed higher occurrence of cleaning behavior. Manuscript 3 examined the influence of the color of the shelter on the frequency of its use and behavioral activities of shrimp in mixed, in male monosex and in female monosex populations over 24 hours. We observed that the shrimp M. rosenbergii burrow more frequently during the light phase in male monosex and mixed populations; they also tend to choose the black shelters. Female monosex populations tend to use red and orange shelters. In manuscript 4, we evaluated in laboratory the behavioral activities and growth performance of juvenile shrimps under food restriction. We observed that a mild food restriction may be used since there is no loss concerning the growth of the animals; feeding management on alternate days , compared to daily management can be financially productive both reducing labor costs and reducing the amount of feed used . Manuscript 5 evaluated the behavior of shrimps in monosex and in mixed populations, as well as the latency of reach the food according to feed offer (tray or food dispersal) . Our results indicate that animals adjust to both types of feed offer food dispersal as much as tray, but they spend more time to reach the feed when it is offered in trays (feeders). Comparing culture types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex), the latency to reach the food was lower for female monosex population. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of identifying different pressures and environmental stimuli on the behavioral responses of this species. This knowledge would support management improvement to optimize the levels of animals‟ welfare, resulting in a better zootecnical performance / O entendimento das atividades comportamentais de camar?es de ?gua doce em cativeiro ? de suma import?ncia para a indica??o de caminhos adequados para o manejo da esp?cie. O camar?o Macrobrachium rosenbergii ? atualmente no Brasil a esp?cie mais utilizada na carcinicultura de ?gua doce devido ao seu alto potencial para cultivo e boa aceita??o no mercado. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou descrever e caracterizar as atividades comportamentais de M. rosenbergii em popula??es mistas e monosexo (macho e f?meas) (manuscrito 1, 2 e 3), bem como avaliar o desempenho zoot?cnico desta esp?cie em condi??es de restri??o de alimento e em diferentes tipos de manejo alimentar (manuscrito 4 e 5, respectivamente). Camar?es juvenis e adultos foram coletados de viveiros da Esta??o de Aquicultura da Unidade Especializada em Ci?ncias Agr?rias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Maca?ba/RN e, em seguida, transferidos para o laborat?rio de Estudos do Comportamento do Camar?o (LECC), da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Para cada tratamento, foram utilizados oito aqu?rios de 250 L (50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm), em sistema fechado de recircula??o de ?gua com ilumina??o artificial, aera??o constante, filtra??o cont?nua atrav?s de filtro bioqu?mico e filtro biol?gico (filtro Canister), e areia fina como substrato. A qualidade da ?gua foi monitorada diariamente. O laborat?rio era composto por duas salas com sistema de ilumina??o artificial, controlado por um temporizador hor?rio (timer), com ciclo claro/escuro de 12:12 h. No manuscrito 1 foram apresentadas as categorias comportamentais da esp?cie atrav?s de um etograma que descreveu 31 comportamentos, subdivididos em comportamentos gerais e agon?sticos. O manuscrito 2 comparou em laborat?rio a varia??o das atividades comportamentais dos camar?es em popula??es monossexo e mista ao longo de 24 horas. Nos tr?s tipos de cultivo (misto, monosexo macho e monosexo f?mea), durante a fase de claro e de escuro, os camar?es exibiram maior ocorr?ncia do comportamento de limpeza. O manuscrito 3 analisou o efeito da colora??o do abrigo sobre a frequ?ncia de ocupa??o e das atividades comportamentais de camar?es em cultivos misto, monosexo macho e monosexo f?mea ao longo de 24 horas. Foi observado que os camar?es M. rosenbergii se entocam mais na fase de claro do dia, em popula??es monosexo macho e mista; tamb?m, apresentam uma tend?ncia a prefer?ncia por abrigo de cor preta. Em cultivo monosexo f?mea, houve uma tend?ncia pela utiliza??o de abrigos de cores vermelha e laranja. No manuscrito 4, avaliamos em laborat?rio as atividades comportamentais e o desempenho zoot?cnico de camar?es juvenis submetidos a per?odo de restri??o alimentar. Observamos que a restri??o alimentar leve pode ser utilizada desde que n?o haja preju?zo com rela??o ao crescimento dos animais e que, o manejo alimentar praticado em dias alternados, quando comparado ao manejo di?rio, pode levar a uma economia em termos de custos com m?o de obra e uma redu??o na quantidade de ra??o utilizada. O manuscrito 5 avaliou o comportamento dos camar?es em popula??es mista e monosexo, bem como a lat?ncia de chegada ao alimento em fun??o da oferta alimentar (bandeja ou lan?o). Nossos resultados indicam que os animais se adaptam bem ? oferta do alimento tanto a lan?o quanto em bandeja, mas gastam mais tempo para ter o acesso ao alimento (ra??o) quando este ? ofertado em bandejas (comedouros). Comparando os tipos de cultivo (mistos, monosexo macho e monosexo f?meas), a lat?ncia de chegada ao alimento foi menor para o tratamento monosexo f?mea. Os dados obtidos neste estudo demonstram a import?ncia do conhecimento das respostas comportamentais dessa esp?cie sob diferentes press?es e est?mulos ambientais. Esse conhecimento favorece a melhoria das condi??es de manejo para a otimiza??o dos n?veis de bem-estar dos animais, e em ?ltima instancia, resultando em um melhor desempenho zoot?cnico

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) is an important aquaculture species but one that has the disadvantage of heterogeneous individual growth (HIG) according to different morphotypes. Chemical cues, especially, pheromones, are one of the most important communication types between individual prawns, along with visual and tactile methods. Testing pheromones, whilst restricting other cues, may therefore lead to a better understanding of the influence of these communicatory compounds on the prawn reproductive process. The three principle objectives of this study were therefore: 1) To examine the effect of moult stage and morphotype on pheromone-induced sexual behaviour 2) To examine the role of pheromone / urine concentrations on sexual attraction behaviour 3) To describe the functional morphology of the antennal gland and examine its possible role in pheromone production and release. Identical bioassay tanks were designed and constructed to study the reproductive behaviour of prawns. Experiments were set up to examine responses to pheromone release by live prawns over 30 minutes and behavioural response observations were made with the aid of a Closed-Circuit Videotape System (CCVS). Results were statistically analysed using a repeated measures general linear model (GLM). Three trials were designed to test the effect of moult stage of both males and females and male morphotypes on sexual attraction behavioural responses. Twelve prawns were used for each trial and each prawn was used five times (1 no-pheromone control and 4 for experimental tests). The first trial studied the effect of female moult stages (pre-, inter and newly-moulted) on sexual attraction behaviour of blue claw (BC) male. Results of this trial showed that newly-moulted females spent significantly (p<0.05) less time approaching the BC male than the pre- and inter-moult females. The second trial studied the effect of male moult stage (pre-, inter and newly-moulted) on sexual attraction to receptive females. Results showed that the time taken by the inter-moult males was (p<0.05) less than the pre- and newly-moulted males in approaching the newly-moulted female. The third trial tested the effect of male morphotypes (small male, SM, orange claw, OC and dominant blue claw, BC) on sexual attraction behaviour towards newly-moulted females. Results showed that the BC male was significantly more attractive (p<0.05) than other morphotypes to newly-moulted females and that the OC male was the least attractive. The role of moulting stage for both male and female prawns on reproductive response behaviour was investigated. Because BC males responded significantly faster towards newly-moulted female more than to either pre-or inter-moult females, results of the first trial suggest that BC males are able to use different chemical cues to gather information about a conspecific’s gender and can differentiate female’s moult stages. Since BC males responded significantly faster towards newly-moulted females more than to either pre-or inter-moult females, this suggests that females at this particular stage released a distinct sexual pheromone or concentration of pheromone that differed from those pheromones released by both pre- and inter-moult females. In contrast, newly-moulted females prefer the inter-moult BC males which indicate that females have an ability to distinguish the moult status of BC males. Furthermore, it indicates that pheromone characteristics change with the moult status of BC males. Also, newly-moulted females are most likely to be avoiding the potential costs of mate guarding with soft shell BC males. Results obtained from the third trial suggested that a newly-moulted female can discriminate male morphotypes (SM, OC and BC) from their pheromone cues. This indicates that male morphotypes release pheromones which differ from each other in some way. Newly-moulted females responded positively to both SM and BC males with different levels of attraction with the greatest attraction to BC males to BC males suggesting that pheromone released from the BC male may carry information relating to dominance status. Urine is believed to be one of the main carriers of pheromone and is usually released from the antennal gland. Different urine concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10µl l-1) of collected urine from BC males were used to test the sexual attraction behaviour of receptive newly-moulted females. Also, the attractant capability of fresh urine following exposure to different temperature regimes (cooled at 4ºC, frozen at -70ºC and heated at 70ºC) was tested. Since newly-moulted female M. rosenbergii were attracted to BC male urine, this indicates the existence of sex pheromone in the fresh urine. Also, it was found that the sexual response of females to fresh urine of BC males was directly proportional to urine concentration with faster responses observed with increasing urine concentrations. At the three fresh urine concentrations 0.1 µl l-1, 1.0 µl l-1 and 2.0 µl l-1, statistical analysis indicated no significant difference (p>0.05) between these three concentrations while a significant (P<0.05) response was to concentrations more than 3.0 µl l-1. This may indicate that these three concentrations were not sufficient to elicit attraction behaviour in newly-moulted females. A concentration of 3.0 µl l-1 of fresh urine is suggested to be a sufficient concentration to elicit a significant sexual attraction under laboratory conditions. Response of newly-moulted female prawns to the various temperature treatments tested declined in response to nominally increasingly degradative treatments. Also, statistical analysis showed that temperature treatment and concentration added both had a significant effect on the response of females. The greatest degradation of urine attractiveness was found with the 70ºC heat treatment. It can be concluded that the pheromone components of prawn urine are friable when exposed to high temperatures. Using light and transmission electron microscopes, ultrastructural observation of the antennal gland (AG) of M. rosenbergii suggests that it has four distinct regions, the coelomosac, the nephridial tubules, the labyrinth and the bladder. Morphological and functional descriptions of each of these regions were compared with those of other aquatic Crustacea.

In 2003, seeds of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked at 2, 4, and 6 postlarvae/m2 as well as 1, 2 and 3 juveniles/m2 with two culture systems, the integrated and rotational prawn - rice systems. Prawns were fed with pellets twice a day. Water levels in rice plots were arranged at the same levels for both systems. The dissolved oxygen concentrations in the integrated system were lower than in the rotational system. The growth of prawns decreased at higher stocking densities. Prawns in the rotational system grew faster than those in integrated system. The yields ranged from 286 ± 32 to 516 ± 51 and 412 ± 17 to 584 ± 37 kg/ha in the integrated and rotational system at stocking PL, respectively. The yields of prawns ranged from 251 ± 16 to 430 ± 54 and 297 ± 24 to 486 ± 38 kg/ha in integrated and rotational prawn - rice systems stocking juveniles, respectively. However, at higher density, the investment cost significantly increased (P < 0.05), while profit significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At low density, cost benefit ratio and profit were the highest (P < 0.05). Finally, the integrated rice - prawn system gives lower profits than the rotational system. In 2004, an experiment on the effects of stocking densities (1, 2, 3 and 4 PL/m2) and feeding types, pellets only (P) and pellets + snail meat (PS), on the production and economic aspects of rotational prawn culture in the rice fields were carried out in the same culture facilities. Water levels were 0.3 - 0.6 m in rice-grown areas. Water temperatures were higher than the suitable range for prawns at noon in the hot months. After 7 months, survival rates of prawns were 28.0 - 50.3 %. Final mean weights were 32.0 - 39.8 g/prawn. Yields ranged from 194 ± 82 to 373 ± 32 kg/ha. There was no significant difference between the two types of feeding on production parameters (P > 0.05). The total cost significantly increased at higher densities (P < 0.05) but it was not different between feed types (P > 0.05). Net profit and cost benefit ratio of treatment PS were significantly higher than in treatment P. In the present study, yield (394 ± 22 kg/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1.57 ± 0.07) in treatment PS at 3 PL/m² were significantly the highest (P < 0.05). The effects of stocking densities of postlarvae (0.5, 1 and 2 PL/m2) on the production and economics of prawn culture in the integrated rice - prawn system were studied to affirm the efficiency of this model with low investment. The high temperature in the dry season and low dissolved oxygen after rice harvesting caused small final mean weights, low survival rates and low yields. However, low investment in this system led to good cost benefit ratio. The on farm trials of rotational rice - prawn farming in the semi-deep water area were monitored with the farmers in six rice fields (0.7 - 1.0 ha). Two treatments of feed types (pellets and pellets + snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m2. Prawns in two treatments of densities (4 and 5 PL/m2) were fed on a combination of pellets and snail meat. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn were improved and larger than 50 g/prawn in all treatments. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m2 was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in the treatment using a combination of pellets and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop). The integrated two rice crop and one prawn crop system with low investment costs can be applied by poor farmers, while the rotational a rice crop and one prawn crop system with higher operating costs can be practiced by moderately well off and rich farmers. Due to a higher economic return than monoculture of rice or rice - fish systems, rice - freshwater prawn system is spreading very rapidly in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. En 2003, de jeunes Macrobrachium rosenbergii furent stockés à 2, 4 et 6 postlarves/m² ainsi qu’à 1, 2 et 3 juvéniles/m² dans deux systèmes de culture: riz et crevettes produits soit en même temps (intégration) soit successivement (rotation). Les crevettes étaient alimentées de granulés deux fois par jour. Les niveaux d’eau dans les casiers rizicoles ont été maintenus identiques dans les 2 systèmes. Les concentrations en oxygène dissous dans le système intégré étaient plus faibles que dans le système en rotation. La croissance des crevettes a diminué aux plus fortes densités. Les crevettes dans le système en rotation ont grandi plus rapidement que dans le système intégré. Les récoltes à partir de postlarves se sont étalées de 286 ± 32 à 516 ± 51 et de 412 ± 17 à 584 ± 37 kg/ha respectivement dans le système intégré et en rotation. Les récoltes à partir de juvéniles se sont étalées de 251 ± 16 à 430 ± 54 et de 297 ± 24 à 486 ± 36 kg/ha respectivement dans le système intégré et en rotation. Cependant, à plus forte densité, les coûts d’investissement augmentent significativement (P < 0,05), tandis que le profit diminue significativement (P < 0,05). A faible densité le rapport coûtbénéfice et le profit ont été les plus élevés (P < 0,05). Finalement, le système intégré riz-crevette donne des profits plus faibles que le système en rotation. En 2004, une expérience sur les effets de différentes densités de mise en charge (1, 2, 3 et 4 PL/m²) et des types d’aliments, granulés uniquement (G) ou granulés et viande d’escargot (GE), sur la production et les aspects économiques de la culture riz-crevette en rotation ont été effectués dans les mêmes installations que précédemment. Les niveaux d’eau ont varié de 0,3 à 0,6 m dans les zones de production du riz. Les températures de l’eau ont été plus élevées que la température optimale pour la crevette du moins à midi pendant les mois les plus chauds. Après 7 mois, les taux de survie ont été de 28,0 à 50,3 %. Les poids moyens finaux étaient de 32,0 à 39,8 g/crevette. Les récoltes s’étalaient entre 194 ± 82 à 373 ±32 kg/ha. Aucune différence statistique (P < 0,05) concernant les paramètres de production n’a été enregistrée entre les deux types d’alimentation. Les coûts totaux ont augmenté significativement (P < 0,05) à plus fortes densités de mise en charge mais n’étaient pas différents selon les types d’aliments. Le profit net et le rapport coût bénéfice ont été significativement plus élevés avec les aliments combinés (GE) qu’avec les granulés seuls (G). Nos travaux démontrent que la récolte (394 ± 22 kg/ha) et le rapport coût bénéfice du traitement aliment combiné (GE) à 3 PL/:m² donne les meilleurs résultats (P < 0,05). Les effets de différentes densités de mise en charge de postlarves (0,5, 1 et 2 PL/m²) sur la production et le gain monétaire de l’élevage de crevette d’eau douce dans le système riz –crevette intégré ont été étudiés afin de confirmer l’efficacité de ce modèle basé sur un faible investissement. La température élevée en saison sèche et les faibles concentrations en oxygène dissous de l’eau après la récolte du riz induisent des poids moyens finaux faibles, de faibles taux de survie et de faibles récoltes. Cependant, le faible investissement nécessaire conduit à un bon rapport coût bénéfice. Les essais sur fermes du système riz-crevette en rotation dans les zones semi-profondes du district de Codo ont été effectués de façon participative avec les fermiers dans six champs de riz (0,7-1,0 ha). Deux types d’aliments (G et GE) ont été testés à la densité de 4 PL/m² et deux types de densité (4 et 5 PL/m²) ont été testés avec l’aliment combiné (GE). Grâce à des récoltes partielles en cours de production, les poids moyens finaux des crevettes ont été améliorés et étaient supérieurs à 50 g/crevette pour tous les traitements. La récolte de crevette à 5 PL/m² a été la plus élevée (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Les profits nets du traitement combinant les 2 types d’aliments (GE) ont varié de 861 ± 193 US$/ha à 1.019 ± 25 US$/ha pour la récolte de crevettes et de 1.393 ± 71 US$/ha à 1.576 ± 180 US$/ha pour l’ensemble du système (riz + crevette). Le système intégré de deux récoltes de riz et 1 récolte de crevette par an nécessite peu d’investissement et peut être appliquée par les fermiers les plus pauvres tandis que le système une récolte de riz et une récolte de crevette en rotation par an nécessite des investissements plus conséquents et ne peut être appliqué que par des fermiers aisés ou riches. Etant donné que le revenu économique du système riz-crevette est nettement plus élevé que la seule riziculture ou même que la rizipisciculture, ce système est en train de se développer très rapidement dans le delta du Mékong.

This thesis is concerned with social and economic aspects of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture development in converted paddy field gher systems in SW Bangladesh, based on economic features of prawn production and social impacts within and around prawn farming communities. Based on a sample of 400 farmers from the four different zones in Bagerhat district in SW Bangladesh, 345 (86.25%) cultured prawn with fish and rice in their gher. The culture period is typically nine months, wild fry are stocked when available in May-June and harvested from November to January. A variety of feeds are used but the preferred material is the freshwater snail, Pila globosa. Productivity is variable, averaging 432 kg ha-!. The freshwater prawn is a highly valued product for international markets and is therefore almost all exported. All farmers in all zones and different gher size categories made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs. Considerable variation in production costs and profitability was observed. The culture of prawn in gher systems is technically possible in a variety of conditions though expanding small scale of farming mainly depends on reducing production costs. Future targets could be to integrate with other agricultural activities especially dike cropping and rice production in the monsoon. The livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with prawn farming. Four different fry, snail and prawn markets were surveyed, including a sample of 60 fry catchers, 40 fry traders, 75 snail collectors, 40 snail traders and 40 prawn traders. A sample of 200 women, associated with gher farms was also surveyed. In spite of socio-economic constraints, most of the households of farmers (81 %) have improved their status through prawn farming where prawn have brought out clearly positive changes of economic activities and generated new employment. All appeared to have gained from their activities, women have enhanced their position in families and societies. However, concerns arise about the long-term sustainability of prawn farming due to high production costs, low supply of wild fry and snail meat, poor natural resources, poor institutional support and inadequate extension services, all of which have affected sustainable livelihoods of farmers and associated groups. It may necessary to establish local ingredients feed industries, prawn hatcheries and to provide low-interest credit with institutional and policy support for sustainable gher farming.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 boock_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 816842 bytes, checksum: 01fc8022e8314991c83533aef2b391ec (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os sistemas de aquicultura integrada otimizam o uso dos recursos naturais, das instalações e da mão-de-obra, ampliando a sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica. Permitem ainda, a transformação de poluentes em biomassa de alto valor econômico. No presente estudo foram estudadas duas espécies de camarões de água doce, o camarão-da-malásia (M. rosenbergii) e o camarão-daamazônia (M. amazonicum), criados em sistema integrado simultâneo com a cultura do arroz irrigado por inundação na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. As variáveis de produção: comprimento, peso, produção e produtividade foram estudadas para ambas as espécies de camarão. Para o sistema de monocultivo do arroz avaliou-se a produção e a produtividade do arroz, comparando-se estas às obtidas para o sistema de rizicarcinicultura. Indicadores de viabilidade econômica foram calculados para os sistemas de monocultivo de arroz e de rizicarcinicultura. Os indicadores de sustentabilidade ambiental foram calculados para comparar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de monocultivo de arroz e da rizicarcinicultura (com M. amazonicum). Medições da emissão de gás metano (CH3 -), gás carbônico (CO2 -), estimativas da excreção de amônia (NH3 +) e do conteúdo de nitrogênio e fósforo nas fezes dos camarões também foram realizadas / Aquaculture integrated systems optimize the use of natural resources, facilities and manpower, expanding economical and environmental sustainability. They also allow to transform pollutants into biomass of high economic value. The present study focus on two species of freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium amazonicum, reared in a simultaneous integrated system with rice (Oryza sativa) culture irrigated by flooding, in the northeastern region of Sao Paulo State. Production variables were determined for both prawn species: length, weight, production and productivity. Production and productivity were also determined for the rice monoculture in order to compare with the production variables of the rice-prawn system. Financial feasibility indicators were determined for the rice monoculture and for the rice-prawn system. Environmental Sustainability indicators were calculated to compare the sustainability of rice monoculture system and rice-prawn (M. amazonicum) system. The emissions of methane gas (CH3 -) and carbonic gas (CO2 -) were measured; ammonium (NH3 +) excretion, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in feces of the prawns were estimated too

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 portella_cg_dr_jabo.pdf: 619272 bytes, checksum: 967fa2a2ecd78204650d28b2592f3a8e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Macrobrachium amazonicum e Macrobrachium rosenbergii são espécies de camarão de água doce de grande importância econômica e como fontes de alimento de alto valor nutritivo. Existem poucas informações a respeito da composição química do camarão de água doce produzido no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química das duas espécies e determinar o perfil de aminoácidos de M. amazonicum. Exemplares provenientes de cultivo foram lavados e limpos (retirada cefalotórax e exoesqueleto) para a determinação dos teores de umidade, proteína, cinzas, lipídeos e aminoácidos totais. Os teores de umidade foram 76,55 e 78,39g/100g, cinzas de 1,34 e 1,31g/100g, proteína de 21,49 e 18,48g/100g e lipídeo de 1,48 e 1,17g/100g, para M. amazonicum e M. rosenbergii, respectivamente. O conteúdo total de M. amazonicum foi 20,60g/100g. Os aminoácidos mais representativos foram ácidos glutâmico e aspártico, arginina, alanina e glicina. Estes dados podem ser utilizados futuramente como informação nutricional aos consumidores e para análises em estudos de nutrição e no processamento. / Species of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are species of freshwater prawn of great importance and that may be utilized as source of high nutritional value food. There are few data about the chemical composition of freshwater prawns produced in Brazil. The aim of this study was evaluate the chemical composition of both species and determinate the amino acids profile of M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii. Samples from culture were washed and have peeled tails. They were determined moisture, protein, ash, lipid and total amino acids contents. The values of moisture were 76.55 and 78.39g/100g, ash 1.34 and 1.31g/100g, protein 21.49 and 18.48g/100g and lipid 1.48 and 1.17g/100g to M. amazonicum and M. rosenbergii, respectively. The total amino acid content of M. amazonicum were 20.60g/100g. The most abundant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids, arginine, alanine, and glycine. These data may use as nutritional information for consumers and for future analysis on nutrition and processing.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciencias Agrarias. Inclui apendice / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T05:05:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T18:22:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 92207.pdf: 2622436 bytes, checksum: ff3291e0dea79524954228878d349032 (MD5) / Quatro dietas isonitrogenadas (25% de pb) e isocalóricas (2,9kcal/g de energia digestível) foram testadas em três experiências, quanto à estabilidade em água, ao consumo voluntário de matéria seca e ao crescimento. Camarões Macrobrachium rosenbergii na fase de engorda, visando avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por raspa de mandioca . As rações foram compostas de vários ingredientes sendo que o milho e a mandioca representaram 51% da dieta, em proporções respectivas para as 4 dietas de 51 e 0%; 34 e 17%; 17 e 34% e 0 e 51%, correspondendo a uma substituição do milho por raspa de mandioca na ordem de 0,0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100%, respectivamente. A estabilidade foi avaliada com imersão dos peletes em água doce durante 30, 60, 120, 240 e 360 min. O consumo de matéria seca foi mensurado com camarões de cinco faixas de tamanho em áquarios de 40l. Quanto à avaliação do crescimento, 16 gaiolas cilíndricas de 1m2 foram mantidas em um viveiro de 1800 m2 e cada uma estocada com 8 camarões juvenis. Quanto ao crescimento, todas as dietas testadas não apresentam diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) com relação ao ganho de peso individual, ganho de biomassa, sobrevivência e conversão alimentar, sendo constatada a possibilidade de substituição de 100% de milho, correspondendo à utilização de até 51% de raspa de mandioca em rações de engorda desse camarão, desde que sejam atendidos os requerimentos nutricionais da espécie.