We have surveyed 84 Class 0, Class I, and flat-spectrum protostars in mid-infrared [Si II], [Fe II], and [S I] line emission, and 11 of these in far-infrared [O I] emission. We use the results to derive their mass. outflow rates, (M) over dot(w). Thereby we observe a strong correlation of (M) over dot(w) with bolometric luminosity, and with the inferred mass accretion rates of the central objects, (M) over dot(a), which continues through the Class 0 range the trend observed in Class II young stellar objects. Along this trend from large to small mass. flow rates, the different classes of young stellar objects lie in the sequence Class 0-Class I/flat-spectrum-Class II, indicating that the trend is an evolutionary sequence in which (M) over dot(a) and (M) over dot(w) decrease together with increasing age, while maintaining rough proportionality. The survey results include two that. are key tests of magnetocentrifugal outflow-acceleration mechanisms: the distribution of the outflow/accretion branching ratio b = (M) over dot(w)/(M) over dot(a), and limits on the distribution of outflow speeds. Neither rules out any of the three leading outflow-acceleration, angular-momentum-ejection mechanisms, but they provide some evidence that disk winds and accretion-powered stellar winds (APSWs) operate in many protostars. An upper edge observed in the branching-ratio distribution is consistent with the upper bound of b = 0.6 found in models of APSWs, and a large fraction (31%) of the sample have a. branching ratio sufficiently small that only disk winds, launched on scales as large as several au, have been demonstrated to account for them.

The timescale of cluster formation is an essential parameter in order to understand the formation process of star clusters. Pre-main sequence (PMS) stars in nearby young open clusters reveal a large spread in brightness. If the spread were considered to be a result of a real spread in age, the corresponding cluster formation timescale would be about 5-20 Myr. Hence it could be interpreted that star formation in an open cluster is prolonged for up to a few tens of Myr. However, difficulties in reddening correction, observational errors, and systematic uncertainties introduced by imperfect evolutionary models for PMS stars can result in an artificial age spread. Alternatively, we can utilize Li abundance as a relative age indicator of PMS star to determine the cluster formation timescale. The optical spectra of 134 PMS stars in NGC 2264 have been obtained with MMT/Hectochelle. The equivalent widths have been measured for 86 PMS stars with a detectable Li line (3500 < T-eff [K] <= 6500). Li abundance under the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) was derived using the conventional curve of growth method. After correction for non-LTE effects, we find that the initial Li abundance of NGC 2264 is A(Li)= 3.2 +/- 0.2. From the distribution of the Li abundances, the underlying age spread of the visible PMS stars is estimated to be about 3-4 Myr and this, together with the presence of embedded populations in NGC 2264, suggests that the cluster formed on a timescale shorter than 5 Myr.

The disk mass is among the most important input parameter for every planet formation model to determine the number and masses of the planets that can form. We present an ALMA 887 mu m survey of the disk population around objects from similar to 2 to 0.03 M-circle dot in the nearby similar to 2 Myr old Chamaeleon I star-forming region. We detect thermal dust emission from 66 out of 93 disks, spatially resolve 34 of them, and identify two disks with large dust cavities of about 45 au in radius. Assuming isothermal and optically thin emission, we convert the 887 mu m flux densities into dust disk masses, hereafter M-dust. We find that the M-dust-M* relation is steeper than linear and of the form M-dust proportional to (M*)(1.3-1.9), where the range in the power-law index reflects two extremes of the possible relation between the average dust temperature and stellar luminosity. By reanalyzing all millimeter data available for nearby regions in a self-consistent way, we show that the 1-3 Myr old regions of Taurus, Lupus, and Chamaeleon. I share the same M-dust-M* relation, while the 10 Myr old Upper. Sco association has a steeper relation. Theoretical models of grain growth, drift, and fragmentation reproduce this trend and suggest that disks are in the fragmentation-limited regime. In this regime millimeter grains will be located closer in around lower-mass stars, a prediction that can be tested with deeper and higher spatial resolution ALMA observations.

To investigate the potential connection between the intense X-ray emission from young low-mass stars and the lifetimes of their circumstellar planet-forming disks, we have compiled the X-ray luminosities (L-X) of M stars in the similar to 8 Myr old TW Hya Association (TWA) for which X-ray data are presently available. Our investigation includes analysis of archival Chandra data for the TWA binary systems TWA 8, 9, and 13. Although our study suffers from poor statistics for stars later than M3, we find a trend of decreasing L-X/L-bol with decreasing T-eff for TWA M stars, wherein the earliest-type (M0-M2) stars cluster near log(L-X/L-bol) approximate to -3.0 and then log(L-X/L-bol) decreases, and its distribution broadens, for types M4 and later. The fraction of TWA stars that display evidence for residual primordial disk material also sharply increases in this same (mid-M) spectral type regime. This apparent anticorrelation between the relative X-ray luminosities of low-mass TWA stars and the longevities of their circumstellar disks suggests that primordial disks orbiting early-type M stars in the TWA have dispersed rapidly as a consequence of their persistent large X-ray fluxes. Conversely, the disks orbiting the very lowest-mass pre-MS stars and pre-MS brown dwarfs in the Association may have survived because their X-ray luminosities and, hence, disk photoevaporation rates are very low to begin with, and then further decline relatively early in their pre-MS evolution.

Field observations of the Greater Himalayan Sequence in Eastern Nepal demonstrate a ductile, highly strained package of metamorphic rocks that show extensive evidence of crustal anatexis throughout. These can be distinguished from the Lesser Himalayan sequence below by a distinct reduction in metamorphic grade, an inverted metamorphic sequence and a high strain zone corresponding to the Main Central Thrust. Metamorphic studies are combined with geochronology to demonstrate a protracted period of crustal melting followed by rapid decompression from 18.7 Ma to 15.6 Ma. A metamorphic decompression rate is quantified at c.2mm/yr during this period. This is interpreted to represent exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Sequence by a process of ductile, channelised flow from the mid-crust beneath Tibet. Below a prominent band of kyanite gneiss, previously used to locate the Main Central Thrust, but here mapped within the Greater Himalayan Sequence, partial melting is still exhibited. Here monazites are dated at 10.6 Ma. In the Lesser Himalaya below, allanites record a similar 10.1 Ma event. This implies that following channel flow during the mid-Miocene, the channel widened in the lower-Miocene to incorporate a greater structural thickness. Following these two periods of exhumation and ductile extrusion, separated in time and space, Fission Track studies indicate that much slower, erosion driven exhumation proceeded, at <1 mm/yr. This rate increases slightly in the Pliocene, most likely in response to Northern Hemisphere glaciation; no difference in exhumation is seen across the Greater Himalayan Sequence with respect to the different, earlier, phases of ductile channel flow related exhumation. These results demonstrate the episodic nature of channel flow in the Himalaya and reconcile arguments about the position of the MCT in Eastern Nepal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce travail se propose d’étudier une esthétique propre à l’époque romantique : l’expression parla fragmentation du corps. En effet, l'esthétique romantique trouve dans la fragmentation récurrente du corps une issue à son opacité et un moyen d'exprimer au mieux l'essence du Tout. La tête et l'oeil en sont deux exemples particulièrement expressifs utilisés dans l’art. Mais c’est la main qui synthétise le mieux cette démarche esthétique : en unissant le sensible à l’intelligible, la main se fait centre de gravité de la création artistique.Le Künstlerroman et le Bildungsroman, mettent particulièrement en lumière la prégnance de ces enjeux esthétiques, tant en France qu’en Allemagne. Nous étudions de ce fait ici le Franz Sternbal deTieck, le Wilhelm Meister et le Faust de Goethe ainsi que sept contes d’Hoffmann afin de prouver la récurrence de cette esthétique au sein de genres littéraires aussi divers que le roman, le théâtre ou le conte. Ces trois genres sont également défendus par un corpus français prenant en compte l’un des bastions du romantisme hexagonal, Le Rouge et le Noir de Stendhal, en y alliant plusieurs nouvellestraitant de l’art : Sarrasine et Le Chef-d’oeuvre inconnu de Balzac, Le Fils du Titien de Musset et La Toison d’Or de Théophile Gautier. Ajouter Lélia de George Sand à notre corpus permet de prouver que cette esthétique s'étend jusqu'à l'un des plus grands succès littéraires de son époque. Enfin des oeuvres romantiques offrant au corps le premier rôle telles le Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, Fragoletta deLatouche, La Main du diable d'Alphonse Karr et La Main enchantée de Gérard de Nerval viennent renforcer notre thèse. / This work deals with an aesthetics specific to the Romantic Era : the expression through thefragments of the body. For the Romantics the recurrent fragmentation of the body is indeed a solutionto its opacity and the best way to express the real nature of the Whole. The head and the eye are twostrong and meaningful examples used in arts. But the hand is definitely the fragment which bestembodies this aesthetic approach: by bringing the tangible and intelligible together, the hand becomes abridge and the centre of artistic creation.Künstlerroman and Bildungsroman highlight especially well the pregnancy of these aestheticissues both in France and Germany. Therefore Tieck's Franz Sternbald, Goethe's Wilhelm Meister andFaust will be studied in our work as well as seven tales by Hoffmann in order to prove the recurrenceof these aesthetics in various genres such as novels, plays and tales. These three genres are alsorepresented by a French corpus including one of the works of reference in terms of Romantism, LeRouge et le Noir by Stendhal, compared to several short stories dealing with the theme of arts:Sarrasine and Le Chef-d’oeuvre inconnu by Balzac, Le Fils du Titien by Musset and La Toison d’Or byThéophile Gautier. Adding George Sand's Lelia to the corpus allows us to see how this aestheticsinfluenced even one of the greatest successes of its time. At last a few Romantic works featuring thebody as main character such as Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Fragoletta by Latouche, La Main dudiable by Alphonse Karr and La Main enchantée by Gérard de Nerval reinforce our theory.

Title: Brand personality Škoda Auto and its influence on sponsored international sport events Objective: The aim of this thesis is to measure the brand personality of Škoda Auto and to define its effect on the sponsored international sport events Ice Hockey World Championship and Tour de France. The level of concordance of the personality characteristics will be measured by comparing the results of brand personality between the brand Škoda Auto and the brands of sponsorship. High level of concordance of personality characteristics of brands is assumed in long-term sponsorship. Methods: To identify the brand personality, the standardized method of measuring brand personality by Belgian authors Geuens, Weijters, De Wulf 2009 is utilized, which allows to measure and compare brands of different product categories. The agreement rate of personality characteristics gets measured by comparison of averages of brand personality characteristics and regression and correlation analysis. Results: Škoda Auto is perceived as a stable and responsible brand. International sport events Ice Hockey World Championships and the Tour de France are perceived as active and dynamic brand. During comparison of averages of brand personality characteristics, a higher level of concordance between the brands Škoda Auto and Ice...

La théorie de la croissance endogène souligne l’importance de la formation pour exploiter le capital humain. Cela constitue un élément fondamental pour notre analyse sur la formation du transfert de la main d œuvre rural excédentaire en Chine.La formation de la main d œuvre rurale en Chine se divise en formation de la technologie agricole et formation du transfert, dont la première est destinée à la main d’œuvre rurale travaillant dans le secteur agricole et la deuxième est pour les ouvriers ruraux. Pour la formation du transfert, la formation à grande échelle a débuté en 2003 par « Le projet national deformation des ouvriers-paysans : 2003-2010 ». Ensuite, le gouvernement central a lancé « Le projet national « soleil » de transfert de la main d’oeuvre rurale » et « Le projet du renforcement de la formation et de l’emploi ». La formation de la main d’œuvre rural en Chine s’est caractérisée par l’orientation gouvernementale et les organismes professionnels de formation et les entreprises qui ne sont pas assez actives. Ces dernières années, bien que la formation de la main d’œuvre rurale en Chine ait connu une certaine réussite, il reste encore beaucoup de choses à résumer et à améliorer.Cette thèse s’est concentrée principalement sur l’analyse de la formation de la main d’œuvre rurale excédentaire en Chine.L’analyse est fondée sur des bases de statistiques. / The theory of endogenous growth underlines the importance of training for the utilization of human capital. This is a fundamental element of our analysis of the training of surplus rural labour in China. The training of the rural labour force in China is divided into training in agricultural technology and retraining for industry. The first type targets rural workers in the agricultural sector and the second is for rural workers in industry. Large-scale industrial retraining commenced in 2003 with the “National Training Project for Peasant Workers: 2003-2010”. Then central government launched the “National ‘Sun’ Project for the transfer of the Rural Labour Force” and the “Project for the Reinforcement of Training and Employment”.The training of the rural labour force in China has been characterised by governmental strategic orientation, and a lack of commitment on behalf of professional training organisations and companies. In recent years, despite some success in training the Chinese rural labour force, there are still many solutions to be found or improved. The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the training of the surplus rural labour force in China. Statistical databases are used for the analysis.