La science a connu des avancées significatives en matière de gestion du risque au cours de la dernière décennie. Toutefois, les pratiques actuelles de gestion du risque dans le domaine industriel n'ont pas tiré tout le profit de ces développements. Le sujet de recherche de cette thèse peut être formulé ainsi : comment bâtir un cadre de gestion du risque afin de gérer les risques dans le transport, en adoptant les perspectives modernes du risque et les dernières connaissances de sécurité, tout en considérant le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe ? Ceci, à travers la perspective d'une agence nationale de la sécurité des transports, dont la responsabilité est la supervision de la sécurité de plusieurs modes de transport, incluant l'aérien, le maritime, le ferroviaire et le routier. La connaissance scientifique actuelle est passée en revue pour les sujets de risques et d'appréciation du risque, de sécurité et de gestion de la sécurité ainsi que les systèmes adaptatifs complexes. L'approche moderne du risque implique reconnaitre l'importance de l'incertitude et la solidité des connaissances dans l'analyse du risque ainsi que le rôle des imprévus. Le système de transport est identifié comme un système adaptatif complexe. De tels systèmes se caractérisent par un large volume d'interactions, de nombreuses boucles de rétroaction, des phénomènes non-linéaires, l'émergence, l'imprévisibilité et la contre-intuitivité. Sont étudiées les façons recommandées d'interagir avec les systèmes complexes afin de tenter de parvenir à un changement positif. Les concepts relatifs à la gestion de la sécurité sont également présentés et notamment le concept de résilience qui peut être interprété soit comme une élégante extensibilité des équipes ou des organisations, soit comme une adaptabilité continue. Les cadres existants de management du risque sont revus à la fois dans l'industrie et dans la littérature scientifique ainsi que la norme internationale ISO 31000. Basé sur l'état de l'art, un ensemble de critères pour un processus moderne de management du risque est développé. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque dans le transport comprend des perspectives modernes du risque et considère le système de transport comme un système adaptatif complexe. Il permet de présenter les risques des différents modes de transport dans une visualisation globale de risque et de l'utiliser en tant que support pour prise de décision afin d'optimiser l'impact sur la sécurité avec les ressources qui sont toujours limitées. L'impact est encore renforcé par les moyens d'intervention tels que les stratégies adaptives et l'expérimentation, qui sont bien adaptés aux systèmes complexes. Elle est validée selon les critères élaborés et par comparaison avec les cadres existants. Le cadre proposé de gestion du risque ainsi que la thèse sont tous deux structurés d'après la norme ISO 31000. Enfin une étude de cas présente la mise en œuvre actuelle de cette nouvelle approche à l'Agence Nationale Finlandaise de la Sécurité des Transports. / Over the last ten-fifteen years, science has made significant advances in fields relevant for risk management. However, current risk management practices in industry have not yet benefitted from these developments. The research question addressed in this dissertation is: What kind of risk management framework should be used for managing transport risks when the modern risk perspectives and the latest understanding of safety are embraced, and the transport system is considered a complex adaptive system? The focus of this research is on transport risks, taking the perspective of a national transport safety agency, tasked with overseeing safety across several modes of transport, including aviation, maritime, railway and road safety. The scientific literature on risk and risk assessment, safety and safety management, as well as complex adaptive systems are reviewed. The research illustrates that a modern risk perspective recognizes the importance of uncertainty and strength of knowledge in risk analysis, as well as the role of surprises. The transport system is identified as a complex adaptive system, characterized by a high number of interactions, emergence, multiple feedback loops, nonlinear phenomena, unpredictability and counter-intuitiveness. The recommended ways to interact with such complex systems and to try to achieve positive change are explained. Concepts related to safety management are also investigated, especially the concept of resilience, which is interpreted as graceful extensibility of teams or organizations, or as sustained adaptability. Evidence of existing risk management frameworks in both the industry and scientific literature is outlined and reference is made to the international ISO 31000 standard for risk management. Based on the literature review, a set of criteria for a modern risk management process is developed. A risk management framework for managing transport risks which embraces modern risk perspectives and accounts for the transport system as a complex adaptive system is proposed. It enables risks in all transport modes to be presented in a single risk picture and supports decision-making to maximize the safety impact achievable with limited resources. The impact is further enhanced by intervention strategies such as adaptive policies and experimentation, which are well-suited to complex systems. The framework is validated against the criteria developed, and by comparison to existing methods. A case study presents the on-going implementation of the developed risk management framework at the Finnish Transport Safety Agency. Both the proposed risk management framework and the dissertation are structured according to the ISO 31000 framework.

A inovação social (IS) ganhou destaque nos últimos anos devido à demanda por abordagens mais efetivas dos problemas sociais, e, por isso, a IS é principalmente desenvolvida por empresas cuja missão é social. Contudo, estruturas que auxiliem a empresa social (ES) a gerir a IS são escassas e adaptadas de outros contextos e/ou de casos específicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor um modelo de gestão da inovação social, a partir de práticas efetivas recomendadas pela literatura e das adotadas pelas ES inovadoras, que contribua para potencializar a sua capacidade de inovar socialmente. Foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de seis ES, os resultados foram analisados à luz da teoria sobre inovação e empresa social e empregada a técnica de análise proposicional quantitativa (APQ). Posteriormente, foi realizada uma regressão logística com dados de uma survey com 71 empresas sociais, o que evidenciou que inovação aberta e gestão de portfólio de projetos de inovação aumentaram, respectivamente, em 3,56 e 3,13 vezes as chances da empresa social inovar socialmente. As ES investigadas iniciaram suas atividades a partir de uma inovação (55%), atuam em diversos setores, são de pequeno porte, reinvestem o lucro na empresa, mas permitem a sua distribuição e realizaram algum tipo de inovação (92%), sendo a IS, seguida da inovação tecnológica (produto e processo), as mais comuns. O modelo proposto é formado por um conjunto de práticas distribuídas em sete momentos: mapeamento (monitoramento de redes sociais, envolvimento dos usuários e entendimento das causas do problema social), seleção (gestão de portfólio estratégico), mobilização do conhecimento (máximo envolvimento da rede, benchmarking, ambiente criativo e visão periférica) implementação (gestão de portfólio operacional), avaliação (fóruns virtuais, grupo focado e análise técnica), difusão (rede como difusora da IS, repositório do conhecimento e franquia) e mudança sistêmica. O enfoque da inovação aberta é o principal diferencial da estrutura, portanto, são agentes do processo a ES, outras empresas, organizações de apoio, governo, investidores/apoiadores, e outros colaboradores com participações pontuais, e a geração de valor social interesse maior que une e orienta todos os integrantes da rede. / In recent years, Social Innovation (SI) has gained prominence due to the demand for more effective approaches to social problems. They are addressed in the development of SI in order to generate social welfare and, for this reason, the SI is mainly developed by companies that pursue a social mission. Notwithstanding, structures to aid social enterprise (SE) managing the SI are scarce, adapted from other contexts, or even from specific cases. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose a management model of social innovation, from effective practices recommended in the literature, and also from the practices adopted by the innovative SEs, which can contribute to enhance their ability to innovate socially. To this end, interviews with representatives of six SE were carried out. The results were analyzed based on the theory of SI and SE, and the Quantitative Propositional Analysis technique (QPA) was adopted. Subsequently, a logistic regression was performed comprising data from a survey covering 71 social enterprises. The assessment indicated that open innovation and portfolio management of innovation projects, respectively, increased in 3.56 and 3.13 times the likelihood of SE to innovate socially. The SE investigated are small businesses which have started their activities from an innovation (55%), operate in several industries, reinvest profits in the company, but allow their distribution, and have performed some type of innovation (92%), having the SI preceding technological innovation (product and process) as the most common type displayed. The proposed model consists a set of practice distributed in seven moments: mapping (monitoring social networking, user involvement and understanding the causes of the social problem), selection (strategic portfolio management), knowledge mobilization (maximum involvement network, benchmarking, creative environment and peripheral vision) implementation (operational portfolio management), evaluation (virtual forums, focus group and technical analysis), diffusion (network as the SI diffusion, the repository of knowledge and franchise) and systemic change. The focus of open innovation is the main differential structure. Thus, the agents of the process are the SE, other companies, support organizations, the government, investors/supporters, and other collaborators. The generation of social value is the higher interest which unites and directs all members of the network.

This research is in accordance with ¡§The Integrating Reference Frame of Public Affair Management¡]PAM¡^¡¨ to demonstrate ¡§The policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area¡¨ and apply Moore ¡¦s V.C.S., the triangle strategic analysis in Value, Capacity and Support addressed in 1995, in searching for the reference variables in value, capability and support while making policy and explain the different comprehensions among each policy-maker by the mold of Social Judgment Theory, SJT, engaging in the questionnaires of SJT and proposing the policy modification after comparing with general questionnaires to enhance the acceptance of the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area. In Sept 1982, the Ministry of Education engaged in drafting ¡§The Method of the Examination and Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨ in accordance with ¡§Act Governing Relations between Peoples of The Taiwan Area and The Mainland Area¡¨ and released and administered the method in Oct 1997. However, next two years, this method was redressed from Control Yuan and put off the administration till now. Nevertheless, in more than one decade, cross-Straits policy and conditions, including international, politics, economy and society, has been changed a lot; the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area has been craved and even explored the avenue of judicatory relief without hesitation. The case of administrative lawsuit of ¡§the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area¡¨ filed by Cheng Shi-Chi, Mainland spouse, in May 2006 can be a good example. For this public policy of ¡§The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨, the mode of policy-making what government considers seems closely bound up with the controversy of cross-Straits policy in Taiwan in these years. Its policy making is still being affected by the governing party and gets bogged down in the mud of dispute about nation independence and consolidation and becomes the clincher of social cognitive dispute in Taiwan. For solving such political predicament, the government must implement the perestroika on policy to decrease political factors in policy making. And for responding the intension of public policy which is under diversified society with various points of view, this text shall delve the related factors of policy in depth from the aspects of economy, society, politics and government to strengthen the systematic intension evaluated by public policy and refer this policy dilemma to the tactical issue. With using the V.C.S. tactical analysis to obtain the variables in the strategic decision and applying Social Judgment Theory in the individuals¡¦ cognition for the policy of recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area and expect to reconcile the conflict of policy by clarifying the differences of cognition. To sum up, the research can be summarized as following four points. I. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation matching with the people's demand and considering the impact on education, the more the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be acceptable II. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation on considering the impact on the aspect of national security, the more the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be unacceptable. III. With the three variables of policy-making, the students and parents from southern and northern Taiwan have different comprehensions for the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China". IV. Most of people who agree at the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area are pre-engaging regarding the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland Area" as the issue of people's demand; therefore, students' options for the location of studying overseas should be much respected. And those who disagree are pre-engaging regarding that policy as the issue of national security; the evaluation of impact on our intelligence security should be much taken account of while policy making. The solution should be setting off in social aspect to let people self-determine to comprehend the public affairs and build up a public sphere arising from the mechanism of liberty and equality. Per the mold that the public join the policy making with rational thinking and debating and integrating the individuals¡¦ different recognitions, making a common consensus in group and affecting the government in measure of administration to get the public value of policy back must be able to decrease the conflict in society and advance the development of society in harmony.

In the current pluralistic societies, public policy-makings had to take into account various stakeholders as well as the social values. The research, based on the integrated public affairs management¡]PAM¡^ framework (Wang et al., 2004a) and place marketing strategy (Kotler, 1999), defined the applicable operational variables which includes three major factors of economical, social and political, and government, and nine derivative attributes, two situations of direct three-links between Taiwan and Mainland China, and status quo are used as the scenario. Altogether they will influence the stakeholders as decision-makers while deciding if they should invest, live, or work in Kaohsiung. For research design, we employed three major multiple-attribute theories or methods for individual stakeholders¡¦information processing and integration, Information Integration Theory¡]IIT¡^, Analytical Hierarchy Process¡]AHP¡^, Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique¡]SMART¡^, and Rating. In particular, the way the information is integrated cognitively is empirically examined instead of assumed with the averaging model of the IIT (Anderson, 1991a), and the scale values (equivalent to the utility component in MAUT or AHP) and the weights are concurrently separated and measured as results of the examination. Such separation rendered measurement of the psychological weights with theoretical validity possible, and could be used as the standard so that weights measured with the other three methods are evaluated and compared. Findings of the research are as follow, in the aspect of multiple-attribute weight measurement methods applied in the place marketing of Kaohsiung¡G 1. Among the three major factors, the most important is ¡§economic development¡¨, the second is ¡§government function¡¨, and then the third is ¡§social and political development¡¨. 2. For economic development, under the situation of maintain status quo, the most crucial derivative attribute is¡§ the level of economic globalization of Kaohsiung¡¨. The second one is ¡§the industrial structure of Kaohsiung city¡¨. The last one is ¡§the competitiveness of Kaohsiung Port and Airport project¡¨¡FUnder the situation of opening for three direct-links, the most crucial derivative attribute is still ¡§the level of economic globalization of Kaohsiung¡¨. The second one is ¡§the competitiveness of Kaohsiung Port and Airport project¡¨. The last one is ¡§the industrial structure of Kaohsiung city¡¨. 3. For the factor of social and political development, the most important attribute is ¡§the level of citizen participation in public affairs and the extent they influence public policies¡¨, the second is ¡§the public values and culture¡¨, the last is ¡§the operational mechanism of politics and election¡¨. 4. As for government function, the most essential attribute is ¡§the provision of public infrastructures¡¨. The second is ¡§the elected officials¡¦ perception of place marketing and capabilities of policy planning¡¨. The third is¡§the career officials¡¦ identifications for the elected officials¡¦ ambitions and abilities to carry out the place marketing policies¡¨. 5. The second group examinees think that direct-links has positive effects on the developments of Kaohsiung and most of them approve of the policy of three direct-links¡Fthe first group examinees have diverse opinions on it. 6. Based on PAM framework, we will sum up the problems of place marketing of Kaohsiung and brings out policy suggestions for Kaohsiung city. In the aspect of Multiple-attribute weight measurement methods theory¡G 1. Take the weight parameters derived from IIT¡¦s averaging model as the standard, weights from rating¡BAHP and SMART are all theoretically valid. The theoretical validity of rating outperforms that of AHP, AHP outperforms that of SMART. Among the convergence validity or consistence of four methods, between rating and AHP with IIT¡¦s averaging model fit better in convergence validity, between SMART and IIT¡¦s averaging model don¡¦t. 2. All three models had fairly high predictability and notable for subjects¡¦ holistic judgments. The predictability of IIT is the a little bit higher than SMART, the third one is AHP, and the last one is rating. 3. For convergence, measured with accumulative weights derived from subjects selected 15-20 examinees randomly, IIT was better than SMART, and SMART was better than AHP. 4. In terms of perceived performance, degree of operational easiness and fondness, the three models are not significantly different. As for the degree of confidence, IIT outperformed AHP, and AHP outperformed SMART.

No description available.

The dynamics around managing urban infrastructure are changing dramatically. Today???s infrastructure management challenges ??? in the wake of shrinking coffers and stricter stakeholders??? requirements ??? include finding better condition assessment tools and prediction models, and effective and intelligent use of hard-earn data to ensure the sustainability of urban infrastructure systems. Wastewater collection networks ??? an important and critical component of urban infrastructure ??? have been neglected, and as a result, municipalities in North America and other parts of the world have accrued significant liabilities and infrastructure deficits. To reduce cost of ownership, to cope with heighten accountability, and to provide reliable and sustainable service, these systems need to be managed in an effective and intelligent manner. The overall objective of this research is to present a new strategic management framework and related tools to support multi-perspective maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement (M, R&R) planning for wastewater collection networks. The principal objectives of this research include: (1) Developing a comprehensive wastewater collection network asset database consisting of high quality condition assessment data to support the work presented in this thesis, as well as, the future research in this area. (2) Proposing a framework and related system to aggregate heterogeneous data from municipal wastewater collection networks to develop better understanding of their historical and future performance. (3) Developing statistical models to understand the deterioration of wastewater pipelines. (4) To investigate how strategic management principles and theories can be applied to effectively manage wastewater collection networks, and propose a new management framework and related system. (5) Demonstrating the application of strategic management framework and economic principles along with the proposed deterioration model to develop long-term financial sustainability plans for wastewater collection networks. A relational database application, WatBAMS (Waterloo Buried Asset Management System), consisting of high quality data from the City of Niagara Falls wastewater collection system is developed. The wastewater pipelines??? inspections were completed using a relatively new Side Scanner and Evaluation Technology camera that has advantages over the traditional Closed Circuit Television cameras. Appropriate quality assurance and quality control procedures were developed and adopted to capture, store and analyze the condition assessment data. To aggregate heterogeneous data from municipal wastewater collection systems, a data integration framework based on data warehousing approach is proposed. A prototype application, BAMS (Buried Asset Management System), based on XML technologies and specifications shows implementation of the proposed framework. Using wastewater pipelines condition assessment data from the City of Niagara Falls wastewater collection network, the limitations of ordinary and binary logistic regression methodologies for deterioration modeling of wastewater pipelines are demonstrated. Two new empirical models based on ordinal regression modeling technique are proposed. A new multi-perspective ??? that is, operational/technical, social/political, regulatory, and finance ??? strategic management framework based on modified balanced-scorecard model is developed. The proposed framework is based on the findings of the first Canadian National Asset Management workshop held in Hamilton, Ontario in 2007. The application of balanced-scorecard model along with additional management tools, such as strategy maps, dashboard reports and business intelligence applications, is presented using data from the City of Niagara Falls. Using economic principles and example management scenarios, application of Monte Carlo simulation technique along with the proposed deterioration model is presented to forecast financial requirements for long-term M, R&R plans for wastewater collection networks. A myriad of asset management systems and frameworks were found for transportation infrastructure. However, to date few efforts have been concentrated on understanding the performance behaviour of wastewater collection systems, and developing effective and intelligent M, R&R strategies. Incomplete inventories, and scarcity and poor quality of existing datasets on wastewater collection systems were found to be critical and limiting issues in conducting research in this field. It was found that the existing deterioration models either violated model assumptions or assumptions could not be verified due to limited and questionable quality data. The degradation of Reinforced Concrete pipes was found to be affected by age, whereas, for Vitrified Clay pipes, the degradation was not age dependent. The results of financial simulation model show that the City of Niagara Falls can save millions of dollars, in the long-term, by following a pro-active M, R&R strategy. The work presented in this thesis provides an insight into how an effective and intelligent management system can be developed for wastewater collection networks. The proposed framework and related system will lead to the sustainability of wastewater collection networks and assist municipal public works departments to proactively manage their wastewater collection networks.

The overall goal of this research is to develop an integrated system dynamics framework for sustainable management of municipal water and wastewater systems. Canadian municipalities have traditionally relied on grants received from senior levels of government to finance construction of water supply and wastewater collection infrastructure. User fees for water and wastewater services were determined so as to recover only the operating expenditures with no allowance to recoup the capital costs of infrastructure. As the infrastructure assets started approaching the end of their service life, investments needed to rehabilitate these assets were deferred in the expectation of receiving further grants for this purpose. Hence, a significant backlog of deteriorated infrastructure has accumulated over the years. Recently enacted regulations require that all expenditures incurred on provision of water and wastewater services should ultimately be financed from user fee based revenues. Another piece of legislation provides for establishment of service performance standards. Urban water and wastewater systems involve interconnections among physical infrastructure, financial, and socio-political factors. Several interacting feedback loops are formed due to these interconnections and render the management of water and wastewater infrastructure as a complex, dynamic problem. Existing asset management tools in the literature are found inadequate to capture the influence of feedback loops. A novel system dynamics approach is used to develop a demonstration model for water and wastewater network management. Model results for a case study show significance of feedback loops for financial sustainability of the system. For example, user fees have to be substantially increased to achieve financial sustainability, especially when price elasticity of water demand is considered. A detailed causal loop diagram for management of wastewater collection networks is presented. The causal loop diagram lays out qualitative causal relationships among system components and identifies multiple interacting feedback loops. Based on this causal loop diagram, a system dynamics model comprised of a wastewater pipes sector, a finance sector, and a consumers sector, is developed. Policy levers are included in the model to facilitate formulation of different financing and rehabilitation strategies for the wastewater collection network. Financial and service performance indicators included in the model allow comparison of different financing and rehabilitation strategies. Data requirements for implementation of the model are discussed. The wastewater collection network model is implemented for a case study of a medium-sized Canadian municipality with a substantial backlog of deteriorated pipes. A methodology for parameterization of the model using existing data sources is presented. Simulation results indicate that different financing strategies ranging from no borrowing to full utilization of debt capacity can achieve similar total life-cycle costs but with significantly varying impacts for consumers in terms of service performance and financial burden. A detailed causal loop diagram for management of a watermain distribution network is employed to identify feedback loops. The causal loop diagram is then developed into a system dynamics model comprised of watermain pipes, financial, and consumer sectors. Data requirements for implementation of the model are discussed.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Innovation is widely considered a key prerequisite for achieving organisational competitiveness and sustained long-term wealth in our increasingly volatile business environment. It is therefore imperative that organisations enable themselves to relentlessly pursue constant innovation; to grow and mature their innovation capability. A study aimed at organisational support by means of business tools toward maturity growth in these innovation capability areas is therefore warranted. Knowledge management plays a fundamental role in the enterprise’s ability to innovate successfully, and the question arises whether knowledge management tools and organisational facilitating conditions can be used to grow innovation capability maturity. The existing literature on the subject is sparse, which led to the following research problem statement: No formal guidelines exist for the use of knowledge management to grow innovation capability maturity. Knowledge conversion is a prominent theme within the knowledge management field. Knowledge creation processes form the core of this knowledge creation model and therefore, one solution to the above-stated problem is to investigate the use of knowledge creation processes to grow innovation capability maturity. This notion provides the platform for aligning knowledge creation processes to the requirements for innovation capability growth from one maturity level to the next as the cornerstone for developing a knowledge management framework that enables innovation capability maturity growth. In order to align these knowledge processes with the requirements for growth in innovation capability maturity, the author identified a knowledge creation path as a key enabler for maturity growth in each innovation capability area. Knowledge management tools and organisational facilitating conditions that support the specific knowledge processes highlighted in the identified path were identified through a literature study and subsequently synthesised to form a framework. The impact of this framework lies in providing guidelines for the use of knowledge management as a vehicle for innovation capability maturity growth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Innovasie word allerweë beskou as ’n kernvereiste vir die verkryging van organisatoriese mededingendheid en volhoubare langtermynsukses in ons toenemend wisselvallige sake-omgewing. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat organisasies hulself in staat stel om meedoënloos konstante innovasie na te streef; om hul innovasievermoë uit te brei en volwassenheid daarin te bereik. ’n Studie gemik op organisatoriese ondersteuning deur middel van sake-hulpmiddels ten einde groei in volwassenheid in hierdie innovasievermoë-areas te bereik, is dus nodig. Kennisbestuur speel ’n fundamentele rol in die onderneming se vermoë om suksesvol te innoveer, wat die volgende vraag ontlok: Kan kennisbestuurhulpmiddels en organisatoriese fasiliteringsomstandighede gebruik word om innovasievermoëvolwassenheid te bereik? Die bestaande literatuur oor die onderwerp is gebrekkig, wat aanleiding tot die volgende probleemstelling gegee het: Daar is geen formele riglyne vir die gebruik van kennisbestuur om innovasievermoëvolwassenheid te verbeter nie. Kennisomskakeling is ’n prominente tema in die gebied van kennisbestuur. Kennisskeppingsprosesse vorm die kern van hierdie kennisskeppingsmodel en daarom is een oplossing tot bogenoemde probleem om die gebruik van kennisskeppingsprosesse om innovasievermoëvolwassenheid te verbeter, te ondersoek. Hierdie idee skep ’n platform om kennisskeppingsprosesse met die vereistes vir innovasievermoëverbetering van een volwassenheidsvlak tot die volgende te belyn, as hoeksteen vir die ontwikkeling van ’n kennisbestuurraamwerk om innovasievermoëvolwassenheid te verbeter. Ten einde hierdie kennisprosesse met die vereiste vir groei in innovasievermoëvolwassenheid te belyn, het die outeur ’n kennisskeppingspad as kernelement geïdentifiseer om volwassenheidsgroei in elke innovasievermoë-area in die hand te werk. Kennisbestuurhulpmiddels en organisatoriese fasiliteringsomstandighede wat die spesifieke kennisprosesse wat in die geïdentifiseerde pad uitgelig word, ondersteun, is deur middel van ’n literatuurstudie geïdentifiseer en daarna gesintetiseer om ’n raamwerk te vorm. Die impak van hierdie raamwerk lê daarin om riglyne vir die gebruik van kennisbestuur as ’n middel tot innovasievermoëvolwassenheidsgroei te bied.

A inovação social (IS) ganhou destaque nos últimos anos devido à demanda por abordagens mais efetivas dos problemas sociais, e, por isso, a IS é principalmente desenvolvida por empresas cuja missão é social. Contudo, estruturas que auxiliem a empresa social (ES) a gerir a IS são escassas e adaptadas de outros contextos e/ou de casos específicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor um modelo de gestão da inovação social, a partir de práticas efetivas recomendadas pela literatura e das adotadas pelas ES inovadoras, que contribua para potencializar a sua capacidade de inovar socialmente. Foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de seis ES, os resultados foram analisados à luz da teoria sobre inovação e empresa social e empregada a técnica de análise proposicional quantitativa (APQ). Posteriormente, foi realizada uma regressão logística com dados de uma survey com 71 empresas sociais, o que evidenciou que inovação aberta e gestão de portfólio de projetos de inovação aumentaram, respectivamente, em 3,56 e 3,13 vezes as chances da empresa social inovar socialmente. As ES investigadas iniciaram suas atividades a partir de uma inovação (55%), atuam em diversos setores, são de pequeno porte, reinvestem o lucro na empresa, mas permitem a sua distribuição e realizaram algum tipo de inovação (92%), sendo a IS, seguida da inovação tecnológica (produto e processo), as mais comuns. O modelo proposto é formado por um conjunto de práticas distribuídas em sete momentos: mapeamento (monitoramento de redes sociais, envolvimento dos usuários e entendimento das causas do problema social), seleção (gestão de portfólio estratégico), mobilização do conhecimento (máximo envolvimento da rede, benchmarking, ambiente criativo e visão periférica) implementação (gestão de portfólio operacional), avaliação (fóruns virtuais, grupo focado e análise técnica), difusão (rede como difusora da IS, repositório do conhecimento e franquia) e mudança sistêmica. O enfoque da inovação aberta é o principal diferencial da estrutura, portanto, são agentes do processo a ES, outras empresas, organizações de apoio, governo, investidores/apoiadores, e outros colaboradores com participações pontuais, e a geração de valor social interesse maior que une e orienta todos os integrantes da rede. / In recent years, Social Innovation (SI) has gained prominence due to the demand for more effective approaches to social problems. They are addressed in the development of SI in order to generate social welfare and, for this reason, the SI is mainly developed by companies that pursue a social mission. Notwithstanding, structures to aid social enterprise (SE) managing the SI are scarce, adapted from other contexts, or even from specific cases. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose a management model of social innovation, from effective practices recommended in the literature, and also from the practices adopted by the innovative SEs, which can contribute to enhance their ability to innovate socially. To this end, interviews with representatives of six SE were carried out. The results were analyzed based on the theory of SI and SE, and the Quantitative Propositional Analysis technique (QPA) was adopted. Subsequently, a logistic regression was performed comprising data from a survey covering 71 social enterprises. The assessment indicated that open innovation and portfolio management of innovation projects, respectively, increased in 3.56 and 3.13 times the likelihood of SE to innovate socially. The SE investigated are small businesses which have started their activities from an innovation (55%), operate in several industries, reinvest profits in the company, but allow their distribution, and have performed some type of innovation (92%), having the SI preceding technological innovation (product and process) as the most common type displayed. The proposed model consists a set of practice distributed in seven moments: mapping (monitoring social networking, user involvement and understanding the causes of the social problem), selection (strategic portfolio management), knowledge mobilization (maximum involvement network, benchmarking, creative environment and peripheral vision) implementation (operational portfolio management), evaluation (virtual forums, focus group and technical analysis), diffusion (network as the SI diffusion, the repository of knowledge and franchise) and systemic change. The focus of open innovation is the main differential structure. Thus, the agents of the process are the SE, other companies, support organizations, the government, investors/supporters, and other collaborators. The generation of social value is the higher interest which unites and directs all members of the network.

The construction industry is considered the world over as a major contributor to the high rates of waste generation in developed countries. The negative influence of waste generation on the environment, natural resources, and the profitability of firms puts increasing pressure on the industry to reduce the waste it generates. The pressures to reduce waste are heightened by current trends demanding sustainable management of waste for the purposes of economic, social, and environmental gains. Literature on factors influencing waste management (WM) suggests government legislation is the most critical success factor for ensuring waste is sustainably managed. A review of the literature however indicated that researches holistically investigating the practices of construction firms and the extent to which these practices meet the intended outcomes of government legislation on waste are not present. Thus this research was undertaken to holistically investigate WM practices in the UK construction industry, to identify best practices and the extent to which they meet the intended outcomes of government WM legislation ad policy. The study adopted a multiple case study design to examine WM approaches, strategies and practices at both the corporate and project level within construction companies. Four construction companies who had won awards for their sustainability and environmental performance were purposefully selected to investigate best practice WM. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, passive observations, and documentary analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that the drivers for WM in the construction industry are: economic considerations; company sustainability agenda; company image; client requirements; environmental concerns; government legislation; moral and social demands; industrial benchmarking; environmental concerns; and the requirements of standards. Regarding the influence of legislation, the results revealed that government legislation plays a secondary role in influencing WM as clients are interested in using only compliant firms. Best practices targeting design to reduce waste through standardisation and prefabrication; on-site segregation through multi-skip provision; supply take back schemes; intensified site education; and the use of incentives were identified to lead to improved WM. The results also indicated that company sustainability agenda is the most influential driver for achieving sustainable construction, demolition and excavation (CD&E) WM. The findings highlighted the importance of having a clear vision and structure for WM at the corporate level alongside strategies to be implemented on projects to ensure sustainable WM is achieved. To help construction firms in achieving sustainable WM, which is the ultimate goal of government legislation, a best practice framework has been developed based on the findings from the study and evaluated using semi-structured interviews with selected target participants. The framework presents a coherent and systematic approach for achieving sustainable WM in construction companies by providing a roadmap for instituting measures at both corporate and project levels, taking into account factors that are likely to promote or inhibit the achievement of sustainable WM.